Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky And Martinus Willem Beijerinck-Discoveries,Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and the Discovery of Chemosynthesis, Scientific contributions
this presentation show details regarding how the concept of agricultural microbiology came into existance and also the contribution of various scientists
Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky And Martinus Willem Beijerinck-Discoveries,Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and the Discovery of Chemosynthesis, Scientific contributions
this presentation show details regarding how the concept of agricultural microbiology came into existance and also the contribution of various scientists
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
J.Miguel Barea - La era de la biotecnología microbiana en la agriculturaFundación Ramón Areces
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
Defence development of biopesticide for the control of root pathogenic fung...Shazia Shahzaman
Thesis titled "Development of Biopesticide for the control of Root Pathogenic Fungi in Chickpea using Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ".
• Supervised by Prof. Dr. M. Inam-ul-Haq.
• Isolation and Characterization of Rhizbacterial isolates from Rawalpindi District
• Utilization of PGPR antagonistic potential in the form of biopesticide formulation against Fungal Root Infecting Pathogens.
• The Developed formulations with best shelf life and Rhizobacterial viability were evaluated for their efficacy under open field conditions for disease control and plant growth enhancement.
A Power point presentation on Scope of microbiology. In this ppt I had covered four major fields of microbiology.
Hope you guys like it and it will give you enough information about the topic to prepare for your seminar.
Please send feedback.
Contact us on 13aquibraz@gmail.com
Cancer gwas and genetic risk predictionDavid Enoma
Genome wide association studes and its application in cancer as well as genetic risk prediction scoring for cancers. Especially in populations of African ancestry.
Studies of African Genetics including pharmacogenetics, disparities and GWAS approaches to solving the cancer disparity between people of African Ancestry and other populations.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in
plant growth promotion: a review
Rifat Hayat, Safdar Ali, Ummay Amara,
Rabia Khalid & Iftikhar Ahmed
Ann Microbiol (2010) 60:579–598
2
3. SOIL BENEFICIAL BACTERIA AND
PLANT GROWTH.
Soil bacteria are very important in
biogeochemical cycles and have been
used for crop production for
decades.(Hayat et al., 2010).
Free-living soil
bacteria beneficial to plant growth,
usually referred to as plant
growth promoting rhizobacteria
(PGPR).
3
4. 4Figure 1. Below ground Chemical Communication of Plants
with other Organisms.(van Dam & Bouwmeester)
5. PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING
RHIZOBACTERIA
According to their relationship with the plants,
PGPR can be divided into two groups: symbiotic
bacteria and free-living rhizobacteria.
PGPR benefit the growth and development of
plants directly and indirectly through several
mechanisms.
5
6. BENEFITS OF SOIL BACTERIA
The production of secondary metabolites, i.e.
plant growth substances, changes root
morphology resulting in greater root surface area
for the uptake of nutrients.
Siderophores production.
Antagonism to soil-borne root pathogens.
Phosphate solubilisation.
Di-nitrogen (N2) fixation (Hayat et al., 2010). 6
7. 7Table 1. Biological control by PGPR against diseases, pathogens and insects in
different crops (Hayat et al., 2010).
8. Characterization of Hydrocarbon-
Degrading Microorganisms Isolated from
Crude Oil Contaminated Soil and
Remediation of the Soil by Enhanced
Natural Attenuation.
A.K. Onifade and F.A. Abubakar
Research Journal of Microbiology
Year: 2007 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 2 | Page
No.: 149-155
8
9. RELEVANCE OF OIL POPULATION
Petroleum is at present, Nigeria’s and indeed, the
world’s most important derived energy source.
The growth and activities of petroleum and
petroleum associated industries in Nigeria and in
other parts of the world has led to the increased oil
pollution in our environment that damages our
ecosystem.
9
10. BIOREMEDIATION OF THE SOIL BY
ENHANCED NATURAL ATTENUATION.
The principle by which a mixture of
microorganisms act together to bring about
oxidation of complex compounds is known as co-
metabolism.
This principle is employed by oil companies in
Nigeria to remediate oil polluted sites in a
process known as Remediation by Enhanced
Natural Attenuation (RENA) (Onifade &
Abubakar, 2007).
10
11. ENHANCED NATURAL ATTENUATION
RENA was employed to remediate an oil
contaminated site in the Gokana Local
Government Area of Rivers State between
January and September 2006 (Onifade &
Abubakar, 2007).
Mineral salt medium to which crude oil was used
as a sole source of carbon and energy to isolate
hydrocarbon utilizers from the sample collected
from different plots of the contaminated site. 11
12. HYDROCARBON-DEGRADING
MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM SOIL
This study shows that there is residual crude oil in the
soil after 18 weeks of investigation.
The active crude oil utilizing microorganisms
identified were specied of Pseudomonas,
Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Lactobacter, and
Articulosporium (Onifade & Abubakar, 2007).
12
13. BIOREMEDIATION OF THE SOIL BY
MICROORGANISMS
Two fungi, Articulosporium inflata and Zoopage
mitospora; as well as five genera of bacteria,
Lactobacter, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas
and Micrococcus were isolated and identified.
Finally, the study has shown that Remediation by
Enhanced Natural Attenuation is effective in the
clean up of polluted sites in the Niger Delta.
13
14. BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL WITH BACTERIA
A combination of treatments, consisting of the
application of fertilizers and oxygen exposure,
was evaluated in situ during a period of six
weeks.
The results of this study indicate that the
application of increased concentrations of
nutrients lead to greater rates of
biodegradation of petroleum-polluted
agricultural soils from Port harcourt
(Ayotamuno et al., 2006)
14
15. The challenge of emerging and re-
emerging infectious diseases
David M. Morens, Gregory K. Folkers &
Anthony S. Fauci
Nature 430, 242–249 (08 July 2004)
15
16. 16Figure 2. Leading causes of death worldwide. About 15
million (>25%) of 57 million annual deaths worldwide
(Morens et al., 2004)
17. 17Figure 3. Global examples of emerging and re-emerging
infectious diseases. (Morens et al., 2004)
18. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious diseases have for centuries ranked with wars
and famine as major challenges to human progress and
survival.
Emerging infections (EIs) can be defined as “infections
that have newly appeared in a population or have existed
previously but are rapidly increasing in incidence or
geographic range.
EIs have shaped the course of human history and have
caused incalculable misery and death.
18
19. MICROORGANISMS AND EMERGING
INFECTIONS
Newly emerging infections are
those that have not previously been recognized in man.
HIV has so far infected more than 60 million people
worldwide.
Examples include the associations of hepatitis
B and C with chronic liver damage and hepatocellular
carcinoma.
Human Papilloma Virus with cancer of the uterine cervix, of
Epstein–Barr virus with Burkitt’s lymphoma (largely in
Africa).
Nasopharyngeal carcinomand a (in China), of human
herpes virus 8 with Kaposi sarcoma.
19
20. THE CHALLENGE OF EMERGING AND RE-
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Re-emerging and resurging infections are those that existed in the
past but are now rapidly increasing either in incidence or in geographical
or human host range.
Example, Malaria, Tuberculosis, Drug resistant microbes, Re-emerging
zoonotic and vector-borne diseases and Influenza A virus.
Deliberately emerging microbes are those that have been developed
by man, usually for nefarious use.
Example, anthrax
and bioengineered microorganisms such as those created by the
insertion of genetic virulence factors that produce or exacerbate
disease.
20
21. REFERENCES
van Dam, N. M., & Bouwmeester, H. J. Metabolomics in the Rhizosphere:
Tapping into Belowground Chemical Communication. Trends in plant
science, 21(3): 256-265. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.008
Ayotamuno, M. J., Kogbara, R. B., Ogaji, S. O. T., & Probert, S. D. (2006).
Bioremediation of a crude-oil polluted agricultural-soil at Port Harcourt,
Nigeria. Applied Energy, 83(11): 1249-1257. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.01.003
Hayat, R., Ali, S., Amara, U., Khalid, R., & Ahmed, I. (2010). Soil beneficial
bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Annals of
Microbiology, 60(4): 579-598. doi: 10.1007/s13213-010-0117-1
Onifade, A. K., & Abubakar, F. A. (2007). Characterization of hydrocarbon-
degrading microorganisms isolated from crude oil contaminated soil and
remediation of the soil by enhanced natural attenuation. Research Journal
of Microbiology, 2(2): 149-155. doi: 10.3923/jm.2007.149.155
Morens, D. M., Folkers, G. K., & Fauci, A. S. (2004). The challenge of
emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 430: 242. doi:
10.1038/nature02759
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