Toxicity can be defined as the capacity of a substance to cause adverse health effects. Food can contain natural toxic substances like cyanogenic glycosides, solanine, and mycotoxins. Toxic substances in food come from natural sources, industrial pollutants, and those formed during food processing. Some examples of food toxicants are alkaloids, glycosides, heavy metals, pesticides, and aflatoxins. Aflatoxins, produced by certain Aspergillus species, are carcinogenic mycotoxins found in foods like peanuts, tree nuts, and corn. Proper storage and prevention of mold growth is needed to reduce aflatoxin contamination in foods.
what is food toxicology? what will be the health hazards associated with food toxicology? Intensity, causes and symptoms of intrinsic and extrinsic chemicals.
During food processing numbers of toxicants are formed. In this presentation there is list of various toxicants formed and measures to protect the food from such toxicants.
what is food toxicology? what will be the health hazards associated with food toxicology? Intensity, causes and symptoms of intrinsic and extrinsic chemicals.
During food processing numbers of toxicants are formed. In this presentation there is list of various toxicants formed and measures to protect the food from such toxicants.
This power point presentation is describe more information about the food additive.Presentation have a number of additive with their pictorial as well as theoretical description.
This is very knowledgeable for graduated and post graduated student.
Presentation are very strategic. I hope this is helpful for you.
of all the ways we see animals are producing toxicity in humans, we can also observe the other aspect of this issue that such toxicity is arising all due to the human negligence. the only way to enjoy full nourishment from foods of animal origin is to STOP BEING NEGLECTING towards other species on earth.
This power point presentation is describe more information about the food additive.Presentation have a number of additive with their pictorial as well as theoretical description.
This is very knowledgeable for graduated and post graduated student.
Presentation are very strategic. I hope this is helpful for you.
of all the ways we see animals are producing toxicity in humans, we can also observe the other aspect of this issue that such toxicity is arising all due to the human negligence. the only way to enjoy full nourishment from foods of animal origin is to STOP BEING NEGLECTING towards other species on earth.
NTRODUCTION
Thousands of food additives are used in foodstuffs for imparting various properties
during food processing. The European Union Regulation EC 1333/2008 defined food additives as substances that are not intended for food individually but are added to impart
technological features like color, flavor, preservation, and acidity regulation. Some food
additives also functions as thickeners, stabilizers, and emulsifier or anticaking agents.
They may be natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic in nature and sometimes xenobiotic substances that are not present in the human body (Mepham, 2011). Food safety is important
for health, control of illness, and quality of livelihood and it is critical for safer food development. The main food contaminants come from anthropogenic substances like pharmaceuticals, pesticide residues, Maillard reaction products, and organic pollutants, and heavy
metals, metalloids, marine biotoxins, and mycotoxins come from natural sources (Alvito
et al., 2016). Legislation for food safety starts with the framing of the Pure Food and Drugs
Act in 1906 in the United States, and in 1938, the Food, Drugs and Cosmetic Act was introduced to ensure the identity, quality of ingredients, and standard for packing of finished
products. The U.S. Food Safety Law 1958 was introduced along with the Food Additive
Amendment in 1958. It came in existence to provide rules and regulation for the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA). In 1982, the FDA framed Food Safety Regulation for
food additives in the U.S. FDA’s “Red Book” (Pressman et al., 2017).
CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD ADDITIVES
Chemical Contaminants
Chemical contaminants in food and food additives mainly contain traces of heavy
metals such as lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury, and arsenic. Some forms of nitrates,
organic environmental contaminants like organochlorides (polychlorinated biphenols), and
pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane may also present in food and food
additives. Some other preparations were also reported for their health hazardous effect on
consumers (Larsen et al., 2001). The main sources of chemical contaminants are soil, personal care products, disinfectant byproducts, water, air, and material used for packaging
of products. Such contaminants reach systemic circulation of humans by consumption, use
of plastic containers, disinfectants, deodorants, detergents, pesticides, herbicides, weedicides, etc. (Rather et al., 2017).
Another category of chemical contaminants belongs to mycotoxins like aflatoxins,
ochratoxin A, patulin, and trichothecenes produced by various fungi, which can produce
disorders related to liver, kidneys, and nervous system (Larsen et al., 2001).
Some food additives such as salicylates, artificial colors, and flavors directly or by reacting with other food ingredients produce various physiological disorders that may cause
hypersensitivity reactions or hyperactivity and neurophysiological disturbances especially
in children (Wroblewska, 200
Cancer gwas and genetic risk predictionDavid Enoma
Genome wide association studes and its application in cancer as well as genetic risk prediction scoring for cancers. Especially in populations of African ancestry.
Studies of African Genetics including pharmacogenetics, disparities and GWAS approaches to solving the cancer disparity between people of African Ancestry and other populations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Toxicity can be defined as “the capacity of a
substance to cause adverse health effects
on a living organism” (Altug, 2002).
Paracelsus evidence-”All substances are
poisons; there is none which is not a
poison. The right dose differentiates a
poison and a remedy.”
Generally, food toxins are substances that
cause foods to become toxic.
3. Food is not only the elementary source of
nutrients for humans but may also contain
natural chemical substances with toxic
properties.
Some substances which are naturally
occurring include cyanogenic glycosides,
solanine, industrial pollutants, biogenic
amines and mycotoxins.(Dabrowski &
Sikorski, 2004).
4. Physical: glass, stone, metal, wood, etc.
Chemical- natural toxins, residues,
pesticides, metals, toxins formed during
food processing.
Microbiological: pathogenic
microorganisms (bacteria, viruses,
parasites, etc).
5. 1) Natural toxins of plant origin
1) Nitrogen containing e.g. alkaloids and glycosides.
2) Nitrogen free e.g. organic acid and phenolic toxins.
2) Toxins of Animal origin
1) Animal liver e.g. Bile acids and vitamin A
2) Marine animals e.g. saxitoxin, tetrodoxin etc.
3) Fungal toxins e.g. mycotoxins of ergotism,
alfatoxins.
4) Food toxins from industrial wastes
1) Chlorinated hydrocarbons e.g. polychlorinated
biphenyls
2) Heavy metals e.g. Lead, mercury and cadmium
6. 5) Bacterial toxins e.g. Cholera toxin and E.
coli enterotoxin
6) Toxins from pesticide residues e.g. DDT
and Chlorinated cyclodiene insecticide
7) Toxins from food additives and
preservatives e.g. benzoic acid
8) Toxins formed during food processing e.g.
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-
nitrosamines
7. According to Dabrowski and Sikorski
(2004) over 100,000 secondary
compounds have been identified and
categorized into two major classes:
Nitrogen containing compounds that include
alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, polypeptides,
amines and non protein amino acids.
Nitrogen free compounds that include some
organic acids, alchohols, polyacetylenes,
resinous toxins and mineral toxins.
8. Lupine alkaloids are stored in epidermal cells
and in seeds (Wink et al., 1995).
Livestock deaths have generally occurred under
conditions in which animals consume large
amounts of pods or toxic plants in a brief period
of time.
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF LUPINES.
9. Cyanogenic glycosides are glycosides from
which cyanide is formed by the activity of
hydrolytic enzymes. They are widely spread in
higher plants.
Can be found in food plants like cassava, lima
beans and the seed of some fruits (e.g.
peaches) cyanide content
Fresh cassava cortex produces cyanide in
quantities ranging from 1.0 to more than 60.0
mg per 100 g, depending on several conditions,
including variety, source, time of harvest and
field conditions.
10.
11. The animal liver is a nutritious protein-rich food
in which important enzymes are concentrated.
In dried bear liver, the bile acid acts as a
suppressant on the central nervous system
(Shibamoto, Bjeldanes, & Taylor, 2012).
Vitamin A is necessary for normal growth and
vision in animals although it is toxic to humans
at the level of 2-5 million IU ( one IU
corresponds to 0.3mg of pure crystalline vitamin
A)
12. Mushroom toxicity is Caused by the high
content of amatoxins in mushrooms.
Mushrooms identified as containing amatoxin
toxins are the species Amanita bisporigera, A.
temifolia, A. ocreata, A. suballiacea, Galerina
autumnalis, and Lipiota brunneolilacea.
There are four categories of mushroom toxins:
1. Neurotoxins
2. Protoplasmic poisons
3. Gastrointestinal irritants
4. Disulfram-like toxins
13. Aflatoxins are the most important mycotoxins,
which is produced by certain species of
Aspergillus (A. flavus and A. parasiticus), which
develop at high temperatures and humidity
levels.
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic substances and may
be present in a large number of foods. This toxin
can cause cancer, cirrhosis of the liver.
For substances of this type there is no threshold
below which no harmful effect is observed.
14. The most common commodities
contaminated are tree nuts, peanuts, and
corn and cottonseed oil.
The major aflatoxins of concern are B1, B2,
G1, and G2 usually found together in
various proportions. Aflatoxin B is usually
predominant, and it is the most toxic and
carcinogenic.
TLC method can detect aflatoxins.
15. Foods that have been poisoned with any of the previously mentioned
bacteria forms may lead to poisoning and so the above mentioned
pathogens are food toxicants. (Dabrowski & Sikorski, 2004)
16. Toxic substances such as dioxins, mycotoxins,
heavy metals, pesticides, veterinary drugs and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are almost
ubiquitous in the environment. Thus, they are also
present in ingredients for animal feed.
Depending on their physico-chemical
characteristics, some substances are metabolized
into naturally occurring and generally harmless
constituents. Most veterinary drugs and feed
additives fall into this group.
(Kan & Meijer, 2007)
17. Other substances are persistent and remain in
the animal and in animal products, like dioxins.
Heavy metals are not metabolized at all. Some
metals irreversibly are bound to body tissues,
e.g. lead to bone or cadmium to kidneys.
They result from either agricultural or
industrial production or through accidental or
deliberate misuse.
These heavy metals include lead, cadmium,
mercury and arsenic.
18. For food toxicology the important categories of
target organisms are insecticides, fungicides and
herbicides.
Glory years of nobel prize discovery, DDT.
19. Altug, T. (2002). Introduction to Toxicology and
Food: Taylor & Francis.
Dabrowski, W. M., & Sikorski, Z. E. (2004). Toxins
in Food: CRC Press.
Shibamoto, T., Bjeldanes, L. F., & Taylor, S.
(2012). Introduction to Food Toxicology: Elsevier
Science.
Wink, M., Meibner, C. and Witte, L.(1995).
Patterns of quinolizidine alkaloids in 56 species
of the genus Lupinus, Phytochemistry, 38, 139 –
153.