This document summarizes the keynote presentation by José-Miguel Barea on beneficial microbes for agriculture and biosphere protection. It discusses:
1) The challenges of intensive agriculture including increased resource use, environmental contamination, and ecosystem degradation. Microbes help plants thrive in stressful environments and can be harnessed to improve plant health and soil quality.
2) Research approaches exploiting plant-microbe interactions like mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria. Microbes provide beneficial services like nutrient cycling, plant protection, and bioremediation.
3) Future opportunities include establishing sustainable agriculture practices using microbial inoculants, understanding plant-microbiome interactions with new techniques, and engineering the
Plant growth-promoting mechanisms of endophytesThe Tiny Domain
The global changes in climate and increasing population have unfortunate effects in food production and will become insufficient to feed the world. The green revolution could alleviate poor crop production by using high yielding varieties and use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals. But excessive use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals has resulted in the deterioration of soil fertility. Hence, agronomic practices are moving toward sustainable and environment friendly approach.
Plant growth-promoting mechanisms of endophytesThe Tiny Domain
The global changes in climate and increasing population have unfortunate effects in food production and will become insufficient to feed the world. The green revolution could alleviate poor crop production by using high yielding varieties and use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals. But excessive use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals has resulted in the deterioration of soil fertility. Hence, agronomic practices are moving toward sustainable and environment friendly approach.
PGPR are a group of bacteria which actively colonize plant roots / Rhizosphere Rhizosphere. They enhance plant Growth and Yield Directly or Indirectly. The knowledge of this particular area and the understanding of its mechanism are highly important to use them as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers, hence it ultimately guides towards sustainable agriculture.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial productsPrograma TF Innova
Ponencia: Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial products
Autor: Dr. Gary Strobel
Evento TF Innova: Workshop Biotechnology "Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from vascular plants"
this presentation show details regarding how the concept of agricultural microbiology came into existance and also the contribution of various scientists
In this PPT presentation you will be learning about how the POTASSIUM RELEASING % ZINC SOLIBLIZING MICROORGANISMS fix the microorganisms in the soil and how it plays a major role in the growth of the plants.
Agricultural Microbiology: Role of microbes in soil fertilitySarthakMoharana
Description on different microbes which plays role in maintaining soil fertility.
Fertile soils teem with microorganisms, which directly contribute to the biological fertility of that soil.
Biological fertility is under-studied and our scientific knowledge of it is incomplete.
In addition to fertility, soil microorganisms also play essential roles in the nutrient cycles that are fundamentally important to life on the planet.
In the past, agricultural practices have failed to promote healthy populations of microorganisms, limiting production yields and threatening sustainability.
Scientific research is exploring new and exciting possibilities for the restoration and promotion of healthy microbial populations in the soil.
‘Soil is essential for the maintenance of biodiversity above and below ground. The wealth of biodiversity below ground is vast and unappreciated: millions of microorganisms live and reproduce in a few grams of topsoil, an ecosystem essential for life on earth…’
From: Australian Soils and Landscape, An Illustrated Compendium
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
PGPR are a group of bacteria which actively colonize plant roots / Rhizosphere Rhizosphere. They enhance plant Growth and Yield Directly or Indirectly. The knowledge of this particular area and the understanding of its mechanism are highly important to use them as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers, hence it ultimately guides towards sustainable agriculture.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial productsPrograma TF Innova
Ponencia: Introduction to endophytes and their application to develop commercial products
Autor: Dr. Gary Strobel
Evento TF Innova: Workshop Biotechnology "Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from vascular plants"
this presentation show details regarding how the concept of agricultural microbiology came into existance and also the contribution of various scientists
In this PPT presentation you will be learning about how the POTASSIUM RELEASING % ZINC SOLIBLIZING MICROORGANISMS fix the microorganisms in the soil and how it plays a major role in the growth of the plants.
Agricultural Microbiology: Role of microbes in soil fertilitySarthakMoharana
Description on different microbes which plays role in maintaining soil fertility.
Fertile soils teem with microorganisms, which directly contribute to the biological fertility of that soil.
Biological fertility is under-studied and our scientific knowledge of it is incomplete.
In addition to fertility, soil microorganisms also play essential roles in the nutrient cycles that are fundamentally important to life on the planet.
In the past, agricultural practices have failed to promote healthy populations of microorganisms, limiting production yields and threatening sustainability.
Scientific research is exploring new and exciting possibilities for the restoration and promotion of healthy microbial populations in the soil.
‘Soil is essential for the maintenance of biodiversity above and below ground. The wealth of biodiversity below ground is vast and unappreciated: millions of microorganisms live and reproduce in a few grams of topsoil, an ecosystem essential for life on earth…’
From: Australian Soils and Landscape, An Illustrated Compendium
Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
Impact of crop rotation on mycorrhizal fungi in irrigated soils of the Doukka...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study has been conducted on the soils of irrigated perimeter of Doukkala. It is to assess the impact of the rotation of a species not mycotrophic (Beta vulgaris) with cereals on the natural resources of the mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi whose profits for the growth of plants are known. The results obtained show that this type of culture has a negative effect on the richness of the soil in spores and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi, and on the content of arbuscules which are the places of exchanges between the partners. The authors offer recommendations on cultivation practices which can be modulated in order to preserve this natural resource.
This is the slide deck (which you can download with commentary from the presentation built into the "notes") outlining the Georgia Department of Administrative Services (DOAS) online outreach strategy.
DOAS provides business solutions to Georgia’s state and local government entities. DOAS' product and service offerings encompass a broad spectrum that includes purchasing (procurement), risk management, enterprise human resources, fleet support services, and surplus property transactions. DOAS strives to meet the business needs of its customers while providing the highest level of customer service in a rapidly changing state government. And so identifying a clear strategy for effective social outreach, so as best to serve our customers, was imperative.
Semio is a strategic think tank guiding brands in their path to distinction. We match semiotic methodology and ethnographic approach to adapt our tools to different channels helping brands to reach their business goals in the digital scenario.
The effect of rhizosphere growth promoter bacteria on enzymes activities of H...Innspub Net
Soils and accumulated materials are resources of heavy metals, which are available for absorbance by plants. One
of the potential methods for eliminating heavy metals from polluted places includes usage of resistance creature
to metals which are able to accumulate and absorb high amount of material. Present study was carried out in a
greenhouse format in completely accidental plots with 4 times repetition and 2 plants of Hordeum vulgare and Brassica napus. This experiment was done in 2011 in Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. Variance analysis results showed significant effect of pb levels, growth promoters bacteria and interaction effects of them on capabilities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes (P<0.01).
Understanding the term conservation and biodiversity.
Importance of the conservation methods and need.
Methods and the strategy to conserve the natural flora.
Enhancing the roles of ecosystem services in agriculture: agroecological prin...FAO
Presentation from Etienne Hainzelin from CIRAD, describing the principles of agroecological systems and the role of research within these. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
# Background to climate change issues.
# Impact of temperature, water availability, and CO2 on mycotoxin production
# Prediction strategies.
# Trends in mycotoxin occurrence.
Environment literally means surrounding and everything that affect an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment. In another words “Environment is sum total of water, air and land interrelationships among themselves and also with the human being, other living organisms and property”. It includes all the physical and biological surrounding and their interactions.
Environmental studies provide an approach towards understanding the environment of our planet and the impact of human life upon the environment.
Thus environment is actually global in nature, it is a multidisciplinary subject including physics, geology, geography, history, economics, physiology, biotechnology, remote sensing, geophysics, soil science and hydrology etc. Scope of Environmental Science Environmental science is a multidisciplinary science whose basic aspects have a direct relevance to every section of the society.
Its main aspects are:
• Conservation of nature and natural resources.
• Conservation of biological diversity.
• Control of environmental pollution.
• Stabilization of human population and environment.
• Social issues in relation to development and environment.
• Development of non-polluting renewable energy system and providing new dimension to nation’s security. Importance of Environmental Science Environment belongs to all the living beings and thus is, important for all.
Each and every body of whatever occupation he or she may have, is affected by environmental issues like global warming, depletion of ozone layer, dwindling forest, energy resources, loss of global biodiversity etc.
Environment study deals with the analysis of the processes in water, air, land, soil and organisms which leads to pollute or degrade environment. It helps us for establishing standard,Environment and Ecology for safe, clean and healthy natural ecosystem.
It also deals with important issues like safe and clean drinking water, hygienic living conditions and clean and fresh air, fertility of land, healthy food and development. Sustainable environmental law, business administration, environmental protection, management and environmental engineering are immerging as new career opportunities for environment protection and managements.
Need for Public Awareness With the ever increasing development by modern man, large scale degradation of natural resources have been occurred, the public has to be educated about the fact that if we are degrading our environment we are actually harming ourselves.
To encourage meaningful public participation and environment, it is necessary to create awareness about environment pollution and related adverse effects. The United Nations conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, followed by Earth summit on sustainable Development have high-lighted the key issues of global environmental concern and have attracted the general public towards the...
Jordi Torren - Coordinador del proyecto ESVAC. Agencia Europea de Medicamento...Fundación Ramón Areces
El martes 5 de junio del 2018 organizamos una Jornada en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre el consumo de antibióticos y transmisión de resistencia entre humanos y animales.
Dominique L. Monnet Director del programa ARHAI (Antimicrobial Resistance an...Fundación Ramón Areces
El martes 5 de junio del 2018 organizamos una Jornada en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre el consumo de antibióticos y transmisión de resistencia entre humanos y animales.
El jueves 24 de mayo del 2018 organizamos una Conferencia con Antonio Cabrales en la Fundación Ramón Areces. Una conferencia en la cual el tema fue: Estilo negociador y confianza, ¿hay diferencias entre hombres y mujeres?
Teresa Puig - Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Espa...Fundación Ramón Areces
El lunes y martes 21 y 22 de mayo del 2018 realizamos un Simposio Internacional en la Fundación Ramón Areces, tratando el tema de la superconductividad y presión: una relación fructífera en el camino hacia la superconductividad a temperatura ambiente.
Elena Bascones - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Es...Fundación Ramón Areces
El lunes y martes 21 y 22 de mayo del 2018 realizamos un Simposio Internacional en la Fundación Ramón Areces, tratando el tema de la superconductividad y presión: una relación fructífera en el camino hacia la superconductividad a temperatura ambiente.
El jueves 17 de mayo del 2018 se organizó una Mesa Redonda en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre las subidas de tipos en la era Trump y la nueva globalización.
El jueves 17 de mayo del 2018 se organizó una Mesa Redonda en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre las subidas de tipos en la era Trump y la nueva globalización.
El miércoles 16 de mayo del 2018 celebramos una Jornada en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre las nuevas fronteras de investigación sobre la distribución comercial y el comportamiento del consumidor.
El miércoles 16 de mayo del 2018 celebramos una Jornada en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre las nuevas fronteras de investigación sobre la distribución comercial y el comportamiento del consumidor.
Juan Carlos López-Gutiérrez - Unidad de Anomalías Vasculares, Hospital Unive...Fundación Ramón Areces
El jueves y viernes 10 y 11 de mayo del 2018 realizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces un Simposio Internacional, en el cual se trató el tema del mosaicismo somático en malformaciones vasculares.
Víctor Martínez-Glez. - Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM). I...Fundación Ramón Areces
El jueves y viernes 10 y 11 de mayo del 2018 realizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces un Simposio Internacional, en el cual se trató el tema del mosaicismo somático en malformaciones vasculares.
Rudolf Happle - Dermatología, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg...Fundación Ramón Areces
El jueves y viernes 10 y 11 de mayo del 2018 realizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces un Simposio Internacional, en el cual se trató el tema del mosaicismo somático en malformaciones vasculares.
Rafael Doménech - Responsable de Análisis Macroeconómico, BBVA Research. Fundación Ramón Areces
El martes 8 de mayo de 2018 realizamos una conferencia en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre el futuro de las pensiones: una visión global.
El martes 8 de mayo de 2018 realizamos una conferencia en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre el futuro de las pensiones: una visión global.
El martes 8 de mayo de 2018 realizamos una conferencia en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre el futuro de las pensiones: una visión global.
Nicholas Barr - Profesor de Economía Pública, London School of Economics. Fundación Ramón Areces
El martes 8 de mayo de 2018 realizamos una conferencia en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre el futuro de las pensiones: una visión global.
El viernes 27 de abril del 2018 se celebró en la Fundación Ramón Areces una Jornada sobre física , en la cual se trataron diversos temas como: Los materiales mecanocalóricos, magnetísmo, biofísica, la energía oscura y instrumentación astronómica.
El viernes 20 de abril organizamos una Jornada sobre la ciencia en el corazón de Europa, en colaboración con Científicos Españoles en Bélgica (CEBE) y realizada en la Fundación Ramón Areces.
Marta Olivares - Investigadora Postdoctoral en Université catholique de Louva...Fundación Ramón Areces
El viernes 20 de abril organizamos una Jornada sobre la ciencia en el corazón de Europa, en colaboración con Científicos Españoles en Bélgica (CEBE) y realizada en la Fundación Ramón Areces.
El viernes 20 de abril organizamos una Jornada sobre la ciencia en el corazón de Europa, en colaboración con Científicos Españoles en Bélgica (CEBE) y realizada en la Fundación Ramón Areces.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
6. The problem:
more people to feed !!!
The challenge:
to produce more foods
while preserving the
biosphere !!!
7. An intensive agricultural production
is essentially necessary to satisfy
food requirements for the growing
world population, thus modern
agriculture is nowadays being
implemented at a global scale
8. A tremendous problem: intensive agriculture is
associated to the mass consumption of:
Energy
Fossil fuel
Water
Forested areas
Topsoil
Rock phosphate reserves
...and with the emission
of greenhouse gases
generating global (climate)
changes
9. Human population
(increase in resource use)
Human activities
(Industry, Energy, Mining, Agriculture, Leisure, etc)
Land transformations Changes in the biota
(invassions, hanting, fishing)
Biogeochemical cycles
(C, N, P…)
Climatic change
(Global warming)
Biodiversity losses
(species extintion,
ecosystem degradation)
At a glance, the causes and consequencies Global Change:
F. Sapiña, adapted from Vitousek et al. Science, 1977
10. G l o b a l c h a n g e s
S u s t a i n a b l e s y s t e m s
Population
dinamics
Biodiversity
Landscape
dinamics
Ecosystem
functioning
AnthropicactivityInteractions: Biodiversity - Ecosystems functioning
– Global change -
(Kennedy & Smith, 1995)
11. Fertile soil
Degradaded agrosystem
Economic development
Intensive Agriculture:
Induces perturbations and unbalances, which give way to
a spiral of stress situations for the agro-systems
A human activity which
generates Global change and
degraded the agro-systems
12. As a consecuency of Intensive Agriculture, diverse types of stress
situations are generated, all of then impacting on agro-ecosystems
functionallity/ productivity:
Salinity, Drought,
Contamination
Diseases, Pest
Plant invassions
Soil erosion
Nutrient deficit
Intensive Agriculture
Global change
Climatic
change
Stress
factors
Agrochemicals are used
to control disease and
pests and to provide
plant with available
nutrients, but this is not
ecologically acceptable
13. Agricultural and forestal
productivity losses
Soil erosion
Biodiversity losses
Ecosystem degradation
Landscape fragmentation
In summary: intensive agriculture, environmental contamination and
deforestation cause an increase in the production of “greenhouse
gases”, thereby increasing Earth´s temperature, known as the
anthropogenic global warming, impacting on biosphere stability
Consequently, a number of
ecological constraits impacts
on agro-ecosystems causing:
14. We need to produce more food, feed, fibre and bio-energy at low environmental
costs, for the increasing world population, but preserving the biosphere, thus the
challenge is to envisage sustainable alternatives and research approaches to meet
these aims
Unless the effects of agriculture are carefully managed through sustainable
development, both agricultural systems and remaining natural ecosystems, will suffer
degradation, increasing the lost of diversity and further limiting the ecosystem
services they are capable of providing
The triangle of sustainability
Zancarini et al., 2013
16. Different research approaches are being undertaken addressed
to meet environmental and economical sustainability issues, trying
to save at most as possible usage of non-renewable natural
resources, but without compromising on yields
New crops and cropping systems are needed, but production methods
need to focus on efficient recycling of nutrients and effective control of
pests and pathogens
Soil is a non-renewable resource that perform key environmental,
social, and cultural functions which are vital to human life and
for the sustainability of global ecosystems, defined as ecosystem
services. These, in part, result from soil microorganisms
17. A feasible and effective approach toward developing sustainable
practices in modern agriculture is that based on exploiting the
interactions between rhizosphere microbial communities and crops
Most studies on rhizosphere microbial
communities focuss on bacteria and
fungi, either beneficial or pathogens
Angus & Hirsch, 2013
Paungfoo et al, 2013
18. Many belowground interactions are
known to affect plant health and
productivity
Zolla et al., 2013
Understanding root-microbiome interactions
Environmental characteristics
impacting plant performance
are shown in the central triangle
Root exudates potentially play major
roles in attracting and maintaining
beneficial soil communities
The environmental quality of plant
life is defined by interacting
factors, including, soil, microbial
activity, and outcomes of the plant´s
own activity
109 cells,106 taxa, per g of soil,
most of them are “unculturable”
19. Stimulation of seed germination and rooting
Increasing soil nutrient availability
Biocontrol of diseases and pests
Plant protection against abiotic stresses
Improvement of soil structure
Microorganisms carry out well-known activities able
to improve plant growth and health, and soil quality
They can be manipulated as crops inoculants
Were crucial for plants to evolve on Earth
Beneficial services afforded by the soil microbiome
Barea et al., 2013
Soil microbes can be
threfore considered as
“anti-stress” agents
20. Microorganisms played a
fundamental role to facilitate
plant origin, terrestrialization
and evolution on Earth
It is a fascinant history which
demonstrates that microbes were
crucial to help plants to thrive in
a hostile and extremely stressed
environment
Microorganisms have to do the
same now … and we have to
increse our knowledge to exploit
the ad hoc opportunities in
manipulating their capabilities
21. Fossil and extant:
Unicellular
Green
Fossil Extant
Fossil Extant
Cyanobacteria were
found integrating
stromatolites dated to
be 3 300 M years old,
the oldest living entity…
… being able to fix
atmospheric N and C
Stromatolites:
only 4 places in the
world have fossilised
representatives:
Shark Bay, Australia
AlgaeCyanobacteria
Salar Llamara, Chile
2.000 M years old
Lessons from fossils !!!
23. Fossil AM fungal spores
in the Rhynie Chert
(about 410 M year-old)
Dotzler et al, Mycol Progress, 2009
Fossil spores in a dolomite rock in
Wisconsin (Ordivician, 460 MY)
Redecker, Science (2000)
Extant
Arbuscules in early Devonian
bryophyte–like plants (liverworts)
and in early vascular plants
(Rhyniophyta) Taylor, 2004
Smith & Read, 2008
Fossil like-AM fungal
structures in early
liverworts (Ordovician)
Extant
More than 450 MY
of a common history
of plants and their
mycorrhiza
Presence of AM structures in earlier “plants” suggests AM as a mechanism for P supply
24. Equisetes
Licopodia
“Rhynie”
Liverworts
Arbuscules in the stems
Arbuscules is rhizomes
Ferns AM in root, similar
to those extant
Cycadins AM extant
Ginkgoals AM
Araucariaceae AM
Conifers
N hemipher AM/ECM
Cesalpinoideae
Mimosaceae
Salicaceae
ECM y AM
Ericals Ericoid
Orquids Orquidoid
Angiosperms
ECMPinaceae
ECM o AM
Fagals ECM (+ AM)
AM a key tool for plant origin and evolution
25. Conclusions:
AM fungi and other microorganisms helped plant to thrive (terrestrialization)
in a very hostile environment
They co-evolved with the plant and are currently continuing playing such a
role in environments suffering from any type of stress
As stress situations impact negatively both on crops and plant communities,
and on their associated root-microbiome, we need to restore beneficial
microorganisms by means of microbial inoculation or by harnessing the
remaining microbiome to improve plant nutrition and health
26. Possible effects of disrupting plant-microbiome adaptation
on sensitivity to subsequent disease outbreaks
Bakker et al. Plant Soil 360:1-13 (2012)
Longstanding and specific relationships between microbes and
plants appear to have led to a co-evolution between the two
27. Sustainable quality production/
Ecological revegetation
To maximize the benefical role of rhizosphere microbes
Modern agriculture/
Ecosystem restoration
Microbial inoculum application or transplanting of microbized plants
GLOMYGEL®
29. Plant protection
against osmotic
stress: drought,
salinity etc.
Quorum sensing
Rhizobacteria (PGPR): benefiting plant growth and
health, and improving soil quality
Biocontrol of
plant pathogens
Plant growth
promotion
Antibiosis
Antagonism
Antioxidants
Induced resistance
Siderophores
Plant hormones
N2-fixation
P-solubilization
ACC deaminase
Siderophores
Improvement of soil
quality: soil structure,
organic matter cycling
and fitoremediation
Biodiversity regulation
and eco-dynamics of
microbial populations
Barea, Azcón, Pozo & Azcón-Aguilar, 2013
30. Rhizosphere
Roots
* Plant establishment and development (Phytostimulation)
* Nutrient cycling and supply (Biofertilization)
* Plant protection, Induced resistance (Biocontrol)
* Phytoremediation (Bioremediation)
* Soil conservation (Agro-ecosystems restoration)
Tailored Mycorrhizosphere
Co-inoculation with
target bacteria
Microbe-Microbe
interactions
Mycorrhiza
Mycorrhizosphere
Mycorrhizosphere tailoring
to improve plant fitness
and soil quality through
key ecological processes
Barea, Azcón, Pozo &
Azcón-Aguilar, 2013
MHB
31. Defense
A
B
C
D
EA
B
Synergistic interactions among
antagonistic microorganisms
and mycorrhiza for the biological
control of plant pathogens:
A model including plant roots,
mycorrhizas, bacteria, fungi,
nematodes, etc.
Antagonistic bacteria on the root
surface (A) or associated to spores
or mycelia (B) from mycorrhizal
plants (C) and Trichoderma spp, a
mycoparasitic fungus (D).
These microorganisms synergistically
interact and protect the plant
against pathogens (E) through the
combination of different mechanisms
Barea, Azcón, Pozo &
Azcón-Aguilar, 2013
33. The future
The present
Beneficial Microbes for Agriculture and Biosphere Protection
Establishing action/concepts & scenarios for the application of
beneficial microbes through implementing the production of high quality
microbial inoculants
Understanding root-microbiome interactions based on using the already
available culture-independent molecular techniques
Engineering the rhizosphere to optimize their role in nutrient supply and
plant protection: the “biased rhizosphere” concept/action
Challenges and opportunities in the nearest future
The past
34. Agroecology
Sustainable agriculture
Inducing resistance to
environmental stresses
Improvement of the quality
of agro-derived foods
Ecosystem restoration
(& recovery of endangered flora)
Enhancing resilience of plant
communities
Adaptive strategies for
biodiversity conservation
Action/concepts & scenarios for applying eneficial microbes
to increase stability/productivity of agro-ecosystems while
preserving the biosphere (in the current scenario of climatic change)
35. Agroecology: a basis for sustainability
A target scenario
to manage the soil
microbiome
Sustainability
Agroecology
EnvironmentSociety
Economy
Life
standard
Environmental
awareness
Sustainable
development
36. Sustinable productivity
Resource conservation
Environmentally-acceptable
Safe and healthy
Reduction of chemical inputs
Residue management
Uses renewable energy sources
Biotechnology (nitrogenase, legumes, cereals)
Crop rotation
Water and soil conservation
Integrated control of pest and diseases
Use of microbes to improve nutrient availability
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversity conservative
37. What do we need to implement?
- To increase the scientific/technological bases of inoculum
production and application
- Generation of specific normatives for each inoculant
type and its application, either on the seeds or on the soil,
or to the plant,to be transplanted already microbized
- Quality control protocols
- Minimize the variability of the field results
- Implementation of knowledge dissemination approaches:
advantages & limitations, and benefits for Society/Science
Microbial inoculants in Agriculture
By courtesy of Juan Sanjuan
Taking advantage from co-inoculation
38. Yoav Bashan, Luz E. de Bashan, S. R. Prabhu, J. P. Hernandez Plant and Soil 378:1-33 (2014)
Procedures for developing bacterial inoculants
39. Yoav Bashan, Luz E. de Bashan, S. R. Prabhu, J. P. Hernandez Plant and Soil 378:1-33 (2014)
Advances in plant growth-promoting bacterial inoculant technology:
formulations and practical perspectives
Formulations of inoculants for agricultural and environmental uses
40. Visualization of root-establishment of inoculated microorganisms
Inoculated biocontrol Pseudomonas form biofilms covered by a
mucoid layer (f), which created an ideal condition for QS and the
related synthesis of antibiotic & enzymes (Lugtenberg et al., 2013)
Endophytic bacteria (FISH)
Malfanova et al., 2013 Mercado-Blanco & Prieto, 2013
Endophytic Pseudomonas
41. Developing strategies for using microbes and plant in cutting-edge
application areas such as sustainable agriculture and phytoremediation
• Using a plethora of culture-independent molecular techniques, including genomic
sequencing and metagenomics
• How signaling between plants and microorganisms promotes plant growth and
development as well as nitrogen fixation and mycorrhization
• Biocontrol and disease-suppression approaches
• Properties of bacterial endophytes leading to maximized host fitness
• Applications and implications for ecological studies, decontamination of heavy
metals, and food production in the era of climate change
• How plants structure microbial communities in the rhizosphere to encourage
beneficial organisms and ward off pathogens
• Engineering the rhizosphere: The biased rhizosphere concept
de Bruijn, F.J. (Ed.) Molecular Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (2013)
42. System-based approaches to study the plant-microbial interactions
Omics-driven microbial ecology: the tools are available
Barret et al., 2013
. Pyrosequencing
. 3rd generation sequencing
Comparative genomic information
on plant-associated bacteria
43. Rhizosphere metatranscriptomics, although currently challenging, is providing
microbial activity profiles in the form of expressed functional genes that play
important roles during these and other yet unknown interactions Carvalhais et al., 2013
Research scenarios for dissecting root-microbe relationships
Rhizosphere metatranscriptomics: challenges and opportunities
44. PGPR, through impacting on plant
hormone status, modify root
architecture to capture existing soil
resources, including nutrients (N, P,
Fe) and enhance water acquisition
Ortiz-Castro & López-Bucio, 2013
Transkingdon communications
Small molecule signals that regulate
plant architecture, including the six
classic phytohormones and novel
plant signal (alkamides) bacterially-
produced AHLs and diketopiperacines
Fundamental for understanding
root-microbiome interactions
45. Transkingdon communications
Major signaling events occurring between plant roots and PGPR or between PGPR themselves
Drogue et al., 2013
Plants and microbes use chemical signals to communicate and
this determines which microbes associate with the plant
46. Jayaraman et al 2012
Signaling in key processes
involved in nutrient supply
and plant protection follows
similar pathways
PAMP = Pathogen-Associated Molecular Partners
Effectors are strain specific and contribute to
pathogen virulence
How signaling between plants and
microorganisms promotes plant growth
and development as well as nitrogen
fixation and mycorrhization
47. Different root-associated microbes elicit
induced systemic resistance (ISR) via
jasmonic acid- (JA), ethylene- (ET,) salicylic
acid- (SA) or abscisic acid- (ABA) signaling
pathways.
Root-associated microbes are also known to
induce plant growth promotion via auxin-
(AUX), cytokinin- (CK), brassinosteroid- (BR)
and gibberellin- (GA) signaling pathways.
JA is considered the main hormone regulating
the switch from growth to defense through
positive and negative crosstalk with other
plant hormones.
Model of interactions between plant hormones regulating plant
defense and development in microbe–plant–insect interactions
Pangesti, N., Pineda, A., Pieterse, C. Dicke, M., and Van Loon, J. Frontiers in Plant-Microbe Interaction|2013
48. Mycorrhiza Induced Systemic Resistance (MIR) aginst plant pathogens
Priming (JA regulated) of plant defenses: a key for MIR”
AM formation reduced release of
strigolactones (SLs), which minimizes the
risk of infection by root parasitic plants
The primed plant defense restrict the
development of necrotrophic pathogens
and the performance of phytophagous
insects in the abovegrown plant parts.
Indirect defenses, such as the release of
volatiles, are boosted and parasitoids are
efficiently attracted
Priming (JA regulated) of plant defenses by
AM leads to a general reduction of the
incidence and/or damage caused by soil-
borne pathogens, nematodes, and chewing
insects
Pozo, M.J., Jung, S.C., Martínez-Medina, A., López-Ráez, J.A.,
Azcón-Aguilar, C., Barea, J.M. 2013.
In: Symbiotic Endophytes (Ed: R. Aroca). Springer-Verlag
49. Schematic overview showing the different types of plant-endophyte
interactions leading to the synthesis of metabolites
Metabolic potential of endophytic bacteria
Current Opinion in Biotechnology 27 (2014) 30 - 37
Brader, G ., Compant, S., Mitter, B., Trognitz F, Sessitsch, A.
50. Improving phytoremediation by rhizosphere microbes
• Extracellular chelation/precipitation
• Trapping the metal by cell wall components
• Intracelullar chelation
• Intracellular storage
Mechanisms involved in HM tolerance in AM fungi
Several studieshave demonstrated that:
AM fungi can play a key role in phytoremediation of
HM-contaminated soils because they improve plant
establishment and development, and reduce HM
translocation to the shoot, therefore,
AM-PLANTS RESULT MORE TOLERANT TO HM
The molecular mechanisms involved are being studied
N. Ferrol et al. EEZ
Germaine et al.,2013
Afzal et al.,2013
Plants can transform alkanes but only rhizobacteria
and endophytes can completely degrade them
51. Schlaeppi et al.,2013 Achouak and Haichar, 2013
Plants select their own microbiome
Philippot et al.,2013 Zolla et al.,2013
Shaping microbial communities in the rhizosphere as a new opportunity
for linking structure and function of the root-microbiome to increase
nutrient supply and plant protection:
Plants having different life-forms have the capacity
to promote diverse AMF communities based of their
functional characteristics
López-García, Barea & Azcón-Aguilar, 2014
Which are the biotic and abiotic factors
that shape the rhizosphere microbiome ?
Which are the factors that regulate the
expression of plant-beneficial microbial
traits ?
52. Plants select their associated microbiome, a selection
which is depending on the age of the plant
Belowgrown microbiome by changing plants´ physiological
and metabolical response, facilitates ISR and predation
strategies above-grown
The impact of root-associated microbiome on plant fitness
changes with plant age
Spence & Bais (2013)
Temporal dynamics of
AMF colonizing roots of
representative shrub
species in a semi-arid
Mediterranean ecosystem
Sánchez-Castro, Ferrol, Cornejo & Barea, 2012
Microbial diversity in the
rhizosphere may change
with age and season in
both agrosystem and
natural ecosystem
A key protagonist is rhizodeposition
53. Hirsch et al., 2013
The possibilities for manipulating
plant-driven regulation for
intended agricultural,
environmental, ecological, and
food safety outcomes
are now becoming apparent
The rhizodeposits influence soil
microbial community structure
associated to a target plant
Now is becoming feasible that
the pattern of plant host
exudation can be bred or
engineered to establish biased
rhizospheres with bacteria that
can naturally, or by engineering,
to use metabolic resources
produced by the host plant
Origing of the various rhizodeposit pools
54. Alternate paths to realizing
the goal of using plants to
enrich beneficial microbial
functions: targetting
particular microbial taxa or
services (left side),
or a broad microbiome
characteristics that may
promote plant performance
(right side)
Bakker et al. Plant Soil 360:1-13 (2012)
Harnessing the rhizosphere microbiome through
plant breeding and agricultural management
Strategies for more effectively exploiting beneficial microbial services on
agricultural systems
55. Bakker et al. Plant Soil 360:1-13 (2012)
Harnessing the rhizosphere microbiome through
plant breeding and agricultural management
A variety of strategies could be used to promote beneficial services provided by
soil microbial communities, with the aim of reducing chemical inputs while sustaining
or improving crop yields
Manipulating plant traits that are related to interactions with microbes (left
side), or manipulating soil microbial communities directly (right side),could improve
conditions for plant productivity (center mechanisms)
Strategies for more effectively exploiting beneficial microbial services on
agricultural systems
56. Priorities for future research to advance the goal of more fully
exploiting beneficial microbial functions in agriculture (I)
• Make positive interactions with the rhizosphere microbiome an explicit
goal of plant breeding, and expand understanding of the mechanistic
basis for the interactions.
• Understand the impacts of plant genotype on the rhizosphere microbiome
and on the ability of plants to interact with beneficial microbes.
• Develop strategies to selectively enrich for indigenous microbes
performing beneficial functions.
• Identify root exudate components that have the largest/most consistent
effects on shaping microbial communities.
• Clarify the relative importance of exudate identity, quantity, and diversity.
Bakker et al (2012)
57. • Clarify the importance of chemical signaling (vs. resource provision) in
plant-driven structuring of the rhizosphere microbiome.
• Expand study of mechanisms and extent of plant impacts on the bulk
soil microbiome.
• Understand the extent and significance of microbial adaptation to host
plants.
• Expand study of naturally occurring positive plant-soil feedbacks to
draw new insights for agriculture.
• Investigate the importance of broad microbiome characteristics (such
as richness and evenness) in promoting plant health.
Priorities for future research to advance the goal of more fully
exploiting beneficial microbial functions in agriculture (II)
Bakker et al (2012)
58. Feed-back loop in plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere
that links plant genotype/functioning and microbial communities
Zancarini et al., 2013
Combining molecular microbial ecology with ecophysiology and plant genetic for
a better understanding of plant-microbiome interactions in the rhizosphere
Exploiting plant genotypic influence to manipulate the functional
capabilities of rhizosphere microbiome, or “direct” plant-soil-microbes
interactions to benefit nutrient supply and plant protection: a key tool
for future sustainable agriculture
59. Impact of stress on plant – microbiome interactions in the rhizosphere
Zolla et al., 2013
• Plant stresses alter plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere through a
combination of altered root exudation and shared experience of stress by
soil microbes.
• Plants may direct interactions with microbes to encourage microbial activities
that alleviate plant stress.
• Plant changes in morphology, stress physiology, and transporter activity result
in changed a root exudate profile
The cross talk involved in plant-microbiome
interactions in the rhizosphere is altered
under stress conditions, and may be used by
plants to recruit microbes with stress-alleviating
functions.
Improved and emerging technologies
will allow for more complete characterization
of the rhizosphere microbiome and root exudation
Harnessing beneficial microbial functions
to enhance plant performance under stress
will complement ongoing improvements through
conventional plant breeding and genetic engineering