2. Courtesy
Be Respectful
Pay Attention
If you can’t pay attention, at
least keep it to yourself …
don’t disrupt others.
Come on time
Cell Phones off/silenced
YAWN!
2
5. What
is
Microbiology
Study of:
Organisms of microscopic size
Classification
Morphology
Physiology
Metabolism
Distribution in nature
Relationship to each other and other living
organisms
6. What is Microbiology……
The study of organisms too small to
be seen without magnification
Study of d/t microorganisms:
bacteria
viruses
fungi
protozoa
Helminths (Parasites)
algae
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7. What is Microbiology…..
Microbiology – study of microorganisms
(simple forms of life visible only with a
microscope)
Microbiologists are concerned with
characteristics and functions such as
morphology, cytology, physiology, ecology,
taxonomy, genetics, and molecular biology.
Microorganisms may be
Normal flora
Pathogenic
8. What are Microorganisms?
Microbes, or microorganisms are minute
living things that are usually unable to be
viewed with the naked eye.
What are some examples of microbes?
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses
are examples!
Some are pathogenic
“Germ” refers to a rapidly growing cell.
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9. Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Living Organisms
Five Kingdom classification of Organisms:
Bacteria
Archeae
Protozoa,
Algae
Yeasts
Molds
Microorganisms can be classified by means of general
categories called Domains and cell types:
Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes
11. Organisms included in the study of Microbiology
1. Bacteria
2. Protozoans
3. Algae
4. Parasites
5. Yeasts and Molds
Fungi
6. Viruses
Bacteriology
Protozoology
Phycology
Parasitology
Mycology
Virology
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13. Microbiology as a BASIC Science
Microorganisms like Bacteria and yeast are useful in studying molecular
biology, biochemistry and genetics:
reproduce rapidly
are genetically (DNA) and biochemically more simple than higher order
organisms
working with bacteria and yeast for understanding life processes has no
ethical ramifications
14. Microbiology as an Applied Science
The field of microbiology is defined, more or less, by the physical scale of the living objects
of its study. In this sense, it began with the invention of instrumentation to visualize objects
below the limits of the human eye, that is, the microscope. In another sense, however,
microbiology also includes the study of properties of these objects which can be observed
macroscopically or indirectly, for example, the metabolic consequences, the diseases, and
the products of microbial activity.
In addition to studying the natural history of microbes, it also deals with every aspect of
microbe-human and microbe environmental interactions. These interactions include genetics,
metabolism, infection, disease, drug therapy, immunology, genetic engineering, industry,
15. Microbiology as an Applied Science
Some prominent areas that are heavily based on applications in
microbiology are as follows:
Medicine—Vaccine development, production of antibiotics, production of
important biological enzymes (insulin).
Immunology studies the system of body defenses that protects against
infection. It includes serology, a discipline that looks for the products of
immune reactions in the blood and tissues and aids in diagnosis of
infectious diseases by that means, and allergy, the study of hypersensitive
responses to ordinary, harmless materials.
16. Cont’d…………
Public health microbiology and Epidemiology aim to monitor and control
the spread of diseases in communities.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention located in Atlanta, Georgia,
and the World Health Organization, the medical limb of the United Nations
collects information on disease from around the United States and publishes it
in a weekly newsletter called the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
Food microbiology, dairy microbiology, practical roles of microbes in food
like in milk, bread.
Agricultural microbiology is concerned with the relationships between
microbes and crops, with an emphasis on improving yields and combating plant
diseases.
17. Cont’d………..
Biotechnology includes any process in which humans use the metabolism of living
things to arrive at a desired product, ranging from bread making to gene therapy.
Industrial microbiology is concerned with the uses of microbes to produce or harvest
large quantities of substances such as beer, vitamins, amino acids, drugs, and enzymes.
Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology involve techniques that
deliberately alter the genetic makeup of organisms to mass-produce human hormones
and other drugs, create totally novel substances, and develop organisms with unique
methods of synthesis and adaptation.
This is the most powerful and rapidly growing area in modern microbiology.
Ecology—Bioremediation—microorganisms that degrade toxic waste materials
18. Aquatic microbiology refers to the study of microorganisms and their activities
in natural waters, such as lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans.
Domestic and industrial wastewater enters lakes and streams, and its degradation
and effects on the microbial life are important factors in aquatic microbiology.
Aeromicrobiology is the study of microorganisms found in the air and the
public health implications of airborne microbes (fungi, bacteria, viruses), their
metabolites (e.g.,mycotoxins), and cell components. Several entries deal with the
public health aspects (e.g., allergies) of airborne fungi, especially in indoor
environments.
19. Cont’d…………
Microbiologists (persons who specialized in microbiology) may be
interested in specific types of organisms;
For example,
Virologists – microbiologists who study about viruses.
Bacteriologists - ……..study about bacteria.
Phycologists or Algologists - …….study about algae.
Mycologists - ……….study about fungi.
Protozoologists - ………study about protozoa.
20. Microbiology has numerous applications or practical uses in
industry, medicine and other areas.
Also AMB - is the interaction of the microbial world and the rest
of the world.
genetic variances
microbial effect on soil, water, our food
21. Applications of Microbes are involved in
nutrient production & energy flow
decomposition
production of foods, drugs & vaccines
bioremediation
making improvements in industrial production, agriculture,
medicine, and environmental protection
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22. Applications…….many more….
We wash our clothes with detergents containing microbe-produced enzymes,
We eat food that derives flavor from microbial action, and, in many cases, even eat
microorganisms themselves.
We are vaccinated with altered microbes to prevent diseases that are caused by those
very same microbes.
We treat various medical conditions with drugs produced by microbes;
We dust our plants with insecticides of microbial origin;
We use microorganisms as tiny factories to churn out various industrial chemicals
and plastics.
We depend upon microbes for many facets of life—one might say even for life itself
in plant growth…… hormones, biocontrol, N2-fixing and PSB and also in gut.
23. Application of microbiology
1. In Food
2. In Industry
3. In Environments
4. In Agriculture
5. In Medicine
Group
Discussion
Notice: From each group during presentation, randomly one member of every group is
expected to present the group Discussion and all the rest of the group member will be
asked questions .
26. Industrial microbiology - is the commercial exploitation of
microorganisms to produce valuable economic,
environmental and socially important products, or to carry
out important chemical transformations.
Industrial Microbiology is the study, utilization and
manipulation of those microorganisms capable of
economically producing
desirable substances or changes in substances, and
the control of undesirable microorganisms.
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27.
28. Definition
Water microbiology ?
is an aspect of microbiology that deals with the normal and adventitious
microflora of natural and artificial water bodies.
29. Typical Water Quality
Standards
The main purpose of bacteriological analysis of
water - to determine potability of H2O.
Drinking Water
No coliforms contamination acceptable
Recreational water
200 fecal coliforms /100 ml
Fish and wildlife habitat
5000 fecal coliforms/100 ml
31. THE ROLE OF MICROBES IN THE PRODUCTION OF BIOFERTILIZERS
Soil possesses the inherent capacity to support growth of plants by supplying
proper amount of different nutrients in the proper proportion.
This capacity depends upon the amount of plant nutrients present in the soil.
Fertilizers are essentially inorganic chemical substances that can be used as
NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) that supply nutrients to the
growing plants in the right proportion so as to enable proper growth of plants.
This advent of fertilizers was a boon to the farmers who had solely depended
on farm yard manure and rotation of crops to restore soil fertility but still they
also have a number of options to increase the fertility of soil by using
biofertilizers.
32. Types of fertilizers
There are principally two types of fertilizers, namely, chemical and biological.
Chemical fertilizers are very expensive from the energy point of view leading
to high cost and dependence on nonrenewable energy sources.
For example, NPK are chemical fertilizers.
Chemical fertilizers have short-term increase of soil fertility, immediate
increase in soil fertility, non-biodegradable residues are left in the soil leading
to biomagnifications and chemicals are leached into water.
To counteract the above disadvantages of chemical fertilizers, the focus has,
therefore, shifted to biofertilizers which are advantageous in the following
ways.
They improve soil structure.
They are long-term fertilizers.
They act as biocontrol agents.
33. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN
MICROBIOLOGY
The beginnings
The study of microorganisms, or microbiology began when the first microscopes
were developed in 1665 by the English scientist, Robert Hooke who viewed
many small objects and structures using a simple lens that magnified
approximately 30 times.
His specimens included the eye of a fly, a bee stinger, and the shell of a
protozoan.
Hooke also examined thin slices of cork, which was the bark of a particular type
of oak tree.
He found that cork was made of tiny boxes that Hooke referred to as ‘cells’.
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34. Cont’d…….
He published his work in a book Micrographie which contained a
miscellany of his thoughts on chemistry as well as a description of the
microscope and its uses.
Hooke in 1665 described the fruiting structures of molds.
Thus, Robert Hooke was the first person to describe
microorganisms.
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Discussion
35. Cont’d…..
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (pronounced Layu-wen- hoek) was born on
October 24, 1632 in Delft, Holland (now Netherlands).
In 1674, he made first observation of microoraganisms and was the first
person to observe and accurately describe and measure bacteria
and protozoa, termed by him, as “animalcules” which he thought were
tiny animals.
In 1677, he became the first person to describe spermatozoa and was
one of the earliest to describe red blood corpuscles.
Because of his extraordinary contribution to microbiology, he is
considered as the father of bacteriology and protozoology.
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36. The transition period
Biology of the 1700s was a body of knowledge without a focus. It
consisted of observations of plant and animal life and the attempts by
scientists to place the organisms in logical order.
The dominant figure of the era was Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778), a
Swedish botanist who brought all the plant and animal forms together
under one Binomial nomenclature (naming of an organism by two
names—the genus and species) system of classification scheme.
His book, Systema naturae, was first published in 1735.
Discovery of the microscopic world raised some interesting queries and
eventually led scientists to question some of the long-held beliefs.
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37. The transition period
At that time in history, the scientific community used a theory known as
‘spontaneous generation’ (the doctrine that holds that lifeless objects
give rise to living organisms) to explain the apparently magical origins of
life.
The theory proposed that simple life forms arose spontaneously from non-
living materials and had its basis in the findings of Aristotle in the fourth
century BC.
Although most people accepted spontaneous generation, the theory did have
some strong opponents.
Among the first to dispute the theory of spontaneous generation was the
Italian scientist, Francesco Redi (1626–1697).
He reasoned that flies had reproductive organs while observing van
Leeuwenhoek’s drawings.
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45. Basic and applied sciences in microbiology
Microbiology, that has played a major role in the advancement of human
health and welfare, is one of the largest and most complex of the
biological sciences as it deals with many diverse biological disciplines.
In addition to studying the natural history of microbes, it also deals with
every aspect of microbe-human and environmental interaction.
These interactions include: ecology, genetics, metabolism, infection,
disease, chemotherapy, immunology, genetic engineering, industryand
agriculture.
The branches that come under the large and expanding umbrella of
microbiology are categorized into basic and applied disciplines. The
categorization is given below in the Table 1.11.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 45
