Bend Tooling Inc. provides rotary-draw tube bending tools including die sets, mandrels, wipers, and mandrel bending tools. The document defines various tube bending terminology related to tooling components and the bending process. Key terms defined include clamp die, compound clamp, line of tangency, mandrel, mandrel assembly, mandrel nose, neutral axis, and wiper.
Intro to Rotary Draw Bending: An Engineer’s Guide to Bending Tubes Tube Form Solutions
This guide is an excellent starting point for anyone who has questions or is interested in learning about bending tooling. Easy to understand diagrams and images are accompanied by clear information, walking readers through the basics of bending tooling.
this file is about the types of dies and also its manufacturing procedure.this is important for the industry and for the industrial and manufacturing engineering..are of this field is manufacturing engineering and die designalso for the blanking dies and punches
1. Sheet metal forming operations include bending, stretching, deep drawing, and other processes where sheets are formed. Bending involves shaping a straight length into a curve and can be done using presses or rolls.
2. Deep drawing uses a die and punch to shape flat sheets into cup-shaped parts. Stretch forming clamps sheet edges and stretches the sheet over a die into the desired shape.
3. Successful forming requires considering the material properties, die and process parameters to avoid defects like cracks, wrinkles, and non-uniform thinning. Minimum bend radii, lubrication, and holding pressure all impact the quality of formed parts.
The document summarizes the key steps in the fixture design procedure: 1) locating, 2) clamping, 3) supporting, 4) applying cutter guides, and 5) drawing the fixture outline. It discusses locating and degrees of freedom, describing how locating elements are used to restrict the six degrees of freedom of an object. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how locating points can be applied to a rectangular block to restrict its motion and rotations. The document also discusses clamping elements, support, cutter guidance, and completing the fixture body. Common locating principles like six-point location, 3-2-1 principle, and 4-2-1 principle are explained.
This document discusses the design of progressive and compound dies for metal stamping. It begins by explaining how a progressive four-up die can be used to meet production requirements of 1,000,000 washers per week. It describes layouts for multiple parts per stroke, including the use of angled strip layout. It also discusses elements like finger stops, automatic stops, pilots, and punch plates that are used in progressive die design. Finally, it provides an overview of compound and combination dies, which perform multiple operations in a single stroke.
The document discusses different types of gauges used to check part dimensions, including:
1) Limit gauges which check that dimensions fall within upper and lower limits using "go" and "not go" gauges.
2) Plug, ring, taper, thread, form, radius, and feeler gauges which are used to check specific geometric features like holes, diameters, tapers, threads, profiles, radii, and clearances.
3) Indicating gauges which magnify dimensional deviations from specifications to precisely measure geometry and positioning of surfaces.
1. The document discusses sheet metal forming processes including shearing, bending, and springback. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating forces in shearing and springback in bending.
2. An lab experiment is described that involves bending aluminum strips using a finger brake machine and measuring the resulting bend radii and angles to analyze springback.
3. Finite element analysis simulations are shown illustrating the deformation during bending and springback.
Intro to Rotary Draw Bending: An Engineer’s Guide to Bending Tubes Tube Form Solutions
This guide is an excellent starting point for anyone who has questions or is interested in learning about bending tooling. Easy to understand diagrams and images are accompanied by clear information, walking readers through the basics of bending tooling.
this file is about the types of dies and also its manufacturing procedure.this is important for the industry and for the industrial and manufacturing engineering..are of this field is manufacturing engineering and die designalso for the blanking dies and punches
1. Sheet metal forming operations include bending, stretching, deep drawing, and other processes where sheets are formed. Bending involves shaping a straight length into a curve and can be done using presses or rolls.
2. Deep drawing uses a die and punch to shape flat sheets into cup-shaped parts. Stretch forming clamps sheet edges and stretches the sheet over a die into the desired shape.
3. Successful forming requires considering the material properties, die and process parameters to avoid defects like cracks, wrinkles, and non-uniform thinning. Minimum bend radii, lubrication, and holding pressure all impact the quality of formed parts.
The document summarizes the key steps in the fixture design procedure: 1) locating, 2) clamping, 3) supporting, 4) applying cutter guides, and 5) drawing the fixture outline. It discusses locating and degrees of freedom, describing how locating elements are used to restrict the six degrees of freedom of an object. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how locating points can be applied to a rectangular block to restrict its motion and rotations. The document also discusses clamping elements, support, cutter guidance, and completing the fixture body. Common locating principles like six-point location, 3-2-1 principle, and 4-2-1 principle are explained.
This document discusses the design of progressive and compound dies for metal stamping. It begins by explaining how a progressive four-up die can be used to meet production requirements of 1,000,000 washers per week. It describes layouts for multiple parts per stroke, including the use of angled strip layout. It also discusses elements like finger stops, automatic stops, pilots, and punch plates that are used in progressive die design. Finally, it provides an overview of compound and combination dies, which perform multiple operations in a single stroke.
The document discusses different types of gauges used to check part dimensions, including:
1) Limit gauges which check that dimensions fall within upper and lower limits using "go" and "not go" gauges.
2) Plug, ring, taper, thread, form, radius, and feeler gauges which are used to check specific geometric features like holes, diameters, tapers, threads, profiles, radii, and clearances.
3) Indicating gauges which magnify dimensional deviations from specifications to precisely measure geometry and positioning of surfaces.
1. The document discusses sheet metal forming processes including shearing, bending, and springback. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating forces in shearing and springback in bending.
2. An lab experiment is described that involves bending aluminum strips using a finger brake machine and measuring the resulting bend radii and angles to analyze springback.
3. Finite element analysis simulations are shown illustrating the deformation during bending and springback.
This document discusses tolerances and limits in engineering. It explains that components are made within tolerances due to manufacturing variability. There is an acceptable tolerance zone between the upper and lower limits for a component's dimensions. Various types of fits between parts are classified based on the overlap of their tolerance zones, including clearance fits, transition fits, and interference fits. International tolerance grades define standard tolerance zones using numerical designations.
The document discusses bending processes and springback issues. It covers bending, bending processes, factors that influence springback like size effects, methods for predicting and compensating for springback like die design and the displacement adjustment method. It also applies these methods to the bending of 304 stainless steel tubes and discusses the results.
Okay, let's calculate the center of pressure step-by-step:
1) Calculate Lx, Ly for each element using the given dimensions
2) Sum Lx = 6.25 + 9.25 + 7 + 5 + 4.25 + 1 = 32.75
3) Sum Ly = 25 + 7.05 + 12.8 + 12.5 + 4.5 + 1.57 = 63.42
4) X (distance from axis YY) = Sum Lx / Sum L = 32.75 / 32.75 = 2.5
5) Y (distance from axis XX) = Sum Ly / Sum L = 63.42 / 32.75 = 1.94
Machine tools are power-driven devices used to produce parts by removing material from preformed blanks through cutting tools. The document discusses lathes, which are machine tools that remove metal from a workpiece to achieve a desired size and shape. It describes the main components of an engine lathe, including the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, feed mechanism, and thread cutting mechanism. It also discusses other types of lathes, lathe accessories, and specifications used to describe lathe characteristics.
Milling cutters are cutting tools used to remove material from workpieces in milling machines. They have cutting edges and flutes to remove chips of material. Common milling cutter types include end mills, face mills, and inserted tooth cutters. Milling cutters come in various geometries and are made of materials like high-speed steel or carbide depending on the application. Cutting parameters like spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and surface cutting speed determine how efficiently a milling cutter removes material from a workpiece.
The document discusses three types of bending that occur when sheet metal is bent: partial bending, bottoming, and coining. It explains the relationship between bending force and bending angle through an S-curve diagram. Partial bending and bottoming occur through air bending with relatively low force, while coining requires much higher force and eliminates springback for greater precision. Springback occurs due to the material retaining elasticity even after yielding. The document also discusses bottoming as the most common air bending technique, providing a table relating sheet thickness to optimal V-width for the die.
This document provides information on various metal rolling processes including hot rolling, cold rolling, and other specialized rolling techniques. It discusses the basic components and setup of rolling mills. Key rolling processes are defined, such as continuous rolling, shaped rolling, and ring rolling. The document also examines the differences between hot and cold rolling, and provides examples of typical rolling mill operations. Mathematical approaches for calculating rolling loads are introduced.
This document is a student project on sheet metal die design using SolidWorks. It consists of an acknowledgements section thanking professors and engineers for their support. The abstract provides an overview of the project, which uses SolidWorks CAD tools and a geometry translator to design blanking and piercing dies for sheet metal parts. Chapter 1 introduces sheet metal working, the main tools involved including dies and machines, and provides examples of products made from sheet metal fabrication.
The document discusses various sheet metal processes including shearing, bending, drawing, and special forming processes. It provides details on:
- Common shearing operations like punching, blanking, and notching used to cut sheet metal.
- Forming processes like bending, stretching, and drawing that cause shape changes without cracking or excessive thinning.
- Special high-pressure forming techniques like hydroforming, rubber pad forming, spinning, and super plastic forming.
- Factors that influence formability and properties of sheet metals like strength, ductility, formability, and factors that affect drawing operations.
This document provides information about lathe machines, including their construction, types, and specifications. It discusses the main components of lathes like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It describes different types of lathes such as speed lathes, engine lathes, bench lathes, tool room lathes, capstan and turret lathes, and automatic lathes. It also covers topics like lathe operations, taper turning methods, thread cutting, and lathe attachments. Specification factors for lathes like height of centers, swing diameter, length between centers are defined.
The document provides instructions on how to use a drill press. It describes the basic parts of a drill press including the on/off switch, speed control, manual feed control, spindle, chuck, drill head, table, base, and guard. It explains how to properly set the speed and feed based on the material and drill bit size. The drill press is used to drill circular holes by rotating a drill bit that cuts into the material. Proper speed and feed settings must be selected depending on whether the material is hard or soft.
This document provides information on various sheet metal forming processes. It discusses the characteristics of sheet metal and tests used to determine formability. The main sheet metal forming processes covered are tube bending and forming as well as bending of sheet and plate. Tube bending can be done via press bending, rotary drawing, heat induction, roll bending, and sand packing. Sheet and plate bending includes techniques like roll bending, air bending, bottoming, coining, folding, wiping, and rotary bending. Common applications of sheet metal forming in industries like automotive, aircraft, appliances, and furniture are also mentioned.
Basics of Tube Bending explores the fundamentals of bending with a mandrel, bending tube with a plug mandrel, a ball mandrel and wiper die, and also explores and troubleshoots some of the most common tube bending problems and issues!
This document provides guidelines and considerations for designing sheet metal parts that can be efficiently manufactured. It discusses various sheet metal forming processes like blanking, piercing, bending, deep drawing and provides examples of different press tools. It also outlines guidelines for blank and hole design to enable economical manufacturing like minimum section sizes, radii on corners, hole diameters relative to material thickness. Process details covered include principles of plastic deformation and shearing, effects of cutting clearance and calculating flat blank length for bending.
This document provides information about various grinding processes and concepts. It begins by classifying grinding machines and describing different types of surface grinders based on spindle position. It then discusses centerless grinding and cylindrical grinding. The document outlines factors to consider when selecting a grinding wheel, such as abrasive type and grain size. It defines terms like grain, grade, and bond type. Finally, it covers topics like truing, dressing, glazing, and wheel wear.
This document provides an overview of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T). It defines GD&T, discusses its objectives and advantages over conventional tolerancing methods. It describes the different GD&T concepts like datums, degrees of freedom, positional tolerancing and bonus tolerance. It also explains various geometric tolerances like straightness, flatness, circularity and their applications. Finally, it emphasizes that GD&T is important for designers, manufacturers and inspectors to ensure a common interpretation of drawings and maintain the design intent.
Sheet metal is generally sheets less than 6 mm thick that are produced through rolling. Sheet metal is widely used for industrial and non-industrial applications like aircraft wings, automotive body panels, and construction roofing. Some common sheet metal materials include aluminum-zinc alloy, galvanized steel, and cold rolled steel. Sheet metal parts offer advantages like good strength, dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and low cost. Common sheet metal manufacturing processes include cutting operations like punching, blanking, and piercing as well as bending, drawing, and squeezing.
H-P Custom Engineered Tube Bends is dedicated to supplying custom engineered tubular fabrications to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) of heavy duty trucks and other equipment.
Industries served include Military Vehicles, Emergency Vehicles, Construction Equipment, RVs, Agricultural Equipment, Waste Management Equipment, Water Heaters, HVAC Components and more.
H-P’s advanced bending expertise and technology, combined with extensive engineering, prototyping, welding, machining, end-forming and assembly capabilities, allow for quick and accurate development of individualized custom solutions.
This document discusses tolerances and limits in engineering. It explains that components are made within tolerances due to manufacturing variability. There is an acceptable tolerance zone between the upper and lower limits for a component's dimensions. Various types of fits between parts are classified based on the overlap of their tolerance zones, including clearance fits, transition fits, and interference fits. International tolerance grades define standard tolerance zones using numerical designations.
The document discusses bending processes and springback issues. It covers bending, bending processes, factors that influence springback like size effects, methods for predicting and compensating for springback like die design and the displacement adjustment method. It also applies these methods to the bending of 304 stainless steel tubes and discusses the results.
Okay, let's calculate the center of pressure step-by-step:
1) Calculate Lx, Ly for each element using the given dimensions
2) Sum Lx = 6.25 + 9.25 + 7 + 5 + 4.25 + 1 = 32.75
3) Sum Ly = 25 + 7.05 + 12.8 + 12.5 + 4.5 + 1.57 = 63.42
4) X (distance from axis YY) = Sum Lx / Sum L = 32.75 / 32.75 = 2.5
5) Y (distance from axis XX) = Sum Ly / Sum L = 63.42 / 32.75 = 1.94
Machine tools are power-driven devices used to produce parts by removing material from preformed blanks through cutting tools. The document discusses lathes, which are machine tools that remove metal from a workpiece to achieve a desired size and shape. It describes the main components of an engine lathe, including the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, feed mechanism, and thread cutting mechanism. It also discusses other types of lathes, lathe accessories, and specifications used to describe lathe characteristics.
Milling cutters are cutting tools used to remove material from workpieces in milling machines. They have cutting edges and flutes to remove chips of material. Common milling cutter types include end mills, face mills, and inserted tooth cutters. Milling cutters come in various geometries and are made of materials like high-speed steel or carbide depending on the application. Cutting parameters like spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and surface cutting speed determine how efficiently a milling cutter removes material from a workpiece.
The document discusses three types of bending that occur when sheet metal is bent: partial bending, bottoming, and coining. It explains the relationship between bending force and bending angle through an S-curve diagram. Partial bending and bottoming occur through air bending with relatively low force, while coining requires much higher force and eliminates springback for greater precision. Springback occurs due to the material retaining elasticity even after yielding. The document also discusses bottoming as the most common air bending technique, providing a table relating sheet thickness to optimal V-width for the die.
This document provides information on various metal rolling processes including hot rolling, cold rolling, and other specialized rolling techniques. It discusses the basic components and setup of rolling mills. Key rolling processes are defined, such as continuous rolling, shaped rolling, and ring rolling. The document also examines the differences between hot and cold rolling, and provides examples of typical rolling mill operations. Mathematical approaches for calculating rolling loads are introduced.
This document is a student project on sheet metal die design using SolidWorks. It consists of an acknowledgements section thanking professors and engineers for their support. The abstract provides an overview of the project, which uses SolidWorks CAD tools and a geometry translator to design blanking and piercing dies for sheet metal parts. Chapter 1 introduces sheet metal working, the main tools involved including dies and machines, and provides examples of products made from sheet metal fabrication.
The document discusses various sheet metal processes including shearing, bending, drawing, and special forming processes. It provides details on:
- Common shearing operations like punching, blanking, and notching used to cut sheet metal.
- Forming processes like bending, stretching, and drawing that cause shape changes without cracking or excessive thinning.
- Special high-pressure forming techniques like hydroforming, rubber pad forming, spinning, and super plastic forming.
- Factors that influence formability and properties of sheet metals like strength, ductility, formability, and factors that affect drawing operations.
This document provides information about lathe machines, including their construction, types, and specifications. It discusses the main components of lathes like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It describes different types of lathes such as speed lathes, engine lathes, bench lathes, tool room lathes, capstan and turret lathes, and automatic lathes. It also covers topics like lathe operations, taper turning methods, thread cutting, and lathe attachments. Specification factors for lathes like height of centers, swing diameter, length between centers are defined.
The document provides instructions on how to use a drill press. It describes the basic parts of a drill press including the on/off switch, speed control, manual feed control, spindle, chuck, drill head, table, base, and guard. It explains how to properly set the speed and feed based on the material and drill bit size. The drill press is used to drill circular holes by rotating a drill bit that cuts into the material. Proper speed and feed settings must be selected depending on whether the material is hard or soft.
This document provides information on various sheet metal forming processes. It discusses the characteristics of sheet metal and tests used to determine formability. The main sheet metal forming processes covered are tube bending and forming as well as bending of sheet and plate. Tube bending can be done via press bending, rotary drawing, heat induction, roll bending, and sand packing. Sheet and plate bending includes techniques like roll bending, air bending, bottoming, coining, folding, wiping, and rotary bending. Common applications of sheet metal forming in industries like automotive, aircraft, appliances, and furniture are also mentioned.
Basics of Tube Bending explores the fundamentals of bending with a mandrel, bending tube with a plug mandrel, a ball mandrel and wiper die, and also explores and troubleshoots some of the most common tube bending problems and issues!
This document provides guidelines and considerations for designing sheet metal parts that can be efficiently manufactured. It discusses various sheet metal forming processes like blanking, piercing, bending, deep drawing and provides examples of different press tools. It also outlines guidelines for blank and hole design to enable economical manufacturing like minimum section sizes, radii on corners, hole diameters relative to material thickness. Process details covered include principles of plastic deformation and shearing, effects of cutting clearance and calculating flat blank length for bending.
This document provides information about various grinding processes and concepts. It begins by classifying grinding machines and describing different types of surface grinders based on spindle position. It then discusses centerless grinding and cylindrical grinding. The document outlines factors to consider when selecting a grinding wheel, such as abrasive type and grain size. It defines terms like grain, grade, and bond type. Finally, it covers topics like truing, dressing, glazing, and wheel wear.
This document provides an overview of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T). It defines GD&T, discusses its objectives and advantages over conventional tolerancing methods. It describes the different GD&T concepts like datums, degrees of freedom, positional tolerancing and bonus tolerance. It also explains various geometric tolerances like straightness, flatness, circularity and their applications. Finally, it emphasizes that GD&T is important for designers, manufacturers and inspectors to ensure a common interpretation of drawings and maintain the design intent.
Sheet metal is generally sheets less than 6 mm thick that are produced through rolling. Sheet metal is widely used for industrial and non-industrial applications like aircraft wings, automotive body panels, and construction roofing. Some common sheet metal materials include aluminum-zinc alloy, galvanized steel, and cold rolled steel. Sheet metal parts offer advantages like good strength, dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and low cost. Common sheet metal manufacturing processes include cutting operations like punching, blanking, and piercing as well as bending, drawing, and squeezing.
H-P Custom Engineered Tube Bends is dedicated to supplying custom engineered tubular fabrications to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) of heavy duty trucks and other equipment.
Industries served include Military Vehicles, Emergency Vehicles, Construction Equipment, RVs, Agricultural Equipment, Waste Management Equipment, Water Heaters, HVAC Components and more.
H-P’s advanced bending expertise and technology, combined with extensive engineering, prototyping, welding, machining, end-forming and assembly capabilities, allow for quick and accurate development of individualized custom solutions.
Helical gears are used instead of spur gears for heavy loads, high speeds, and low noise applications and can connect parallel or non-parallel shafts. A special type called a herringbone gear has teeth opposed on double helixes to eliminate end thrust. The document provides details on helical gear specifications, geometry including transverse and normal pitch, pressure angles, and an example problem calculating center distance and speed ratio to replace spur gears with helical gears.
Design and fabrication of hydraulic pipe bending machine Sumit Sahgal
This document describes the design and construction of a hydraulic pipe bending machine. The machine aims to address common problems with manually operated pipe bending systems, which require tremendous human effort, have high labor costs, and can result in defects. The hydraulic pipe bending machine uses a hydraulic jack to generate large bending forces with minimal human effort. It consists of a base frame, mounting points for pulleys of various diameters, a hydraulic jack between the pulleys, and retraction springs. Pipes are inserted between the pulleys and bent into the desired shape when the hydraulic jack handle is operated. The machine allows for safe and damage-free bending of pipes for applications in automotive, agriculture, and other industries.
Design and fabrication of bending machineparamesr2020
This document describes the design and fabrication of a portable bending machine. The machine uses a motor attached to a circular plate to rotate two jigs holding a metal rod, bending it into various shapes. It can bend tubes, bars, channels, and squares into curves or other forms. Calculations are provided for bending stresses and required motor torque. The machine is low-cost and easy to operate, making it suitable for portable use in bending metal.
This document provides information on bending theory and design principles for bending operations. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Types of bending covered include V-bending, edge bending, and flanging. Springback occurs as the bent part partially recovers its original shape after bending forces are removed. The document outlines methods to compensate for springback like overbending and bottoming, and provides formulas to estimate springback and calculate bending allowance and force.
This document discusses the design of helical compression springs. It describes different types of springs including compression, extension, torsion, and leaf springs. It covers spring characteristics such as wire diameter, mean diameter, free length, solid length, operating length, spring rate, spring index, number of coils, pitch, end configurations, and materials. The document provides equations to calculate spring stresses, deflections, and buckling loads. It includes example problems demonstrating how to analyze an existing spring and design a new spring to meet specified force and deflection requirements.
Threaded fasteners such as bolts and nuts are used to join machine parts. They allow parts to be dismantled without damage. Threaded joints provide clamping force through wedge action of threads. They are reliable, have small dimensions, and can be positioned vertically, horizontally, or inclined. However, they require holes which cause stress concentrations and can loosen under vibration. Bolts have heads and threaded shanks, while nuts have internal threads. Washers distribute load and prevent marring. Bolts are subjected to both tension and shear stresses, and standard nuts have a height of 0.8 times the bolt diameter to prevent shear failure. Eccentric loads on bolts cause additional stresses.
The document discusses the design of various types of screw fasteners. It describes screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces. Screw joints are commonly used for assembly and have advantages of being convenient to assemble/disassemble, reliable, and inexpensive due to standardization. The main types of screw fasteners are bolts, screws, studs, tapping screws, and set screws. Stresses in screw joints include tension, torsional shear, shear across threads, crushing stress, and bending stress. Screw joints are also subjected to stresses from initial tightening and external loads. Design considerations are discussed for bolted joints under eccentric loading parallel or perpendicular to the bolt axis.
This document discusses mechanical fasteners. It defines fasteners as mechanical elements that hold two or more machine or structural parts together. Fasteners are classified as detachable or non-detachable. Threaded and non-threaded fasteners are types of detachable fasteners. Common threaded fasteners include bolts, screws, and nuts. The document provides details on threaded fastener terminology, types of threads, thread manufacturing, and considerations for selecting an appropriate fastener.
Handling and use of toll such as tube cutter ,tube bender ,flaring tool pliers , service gauge ,soldering and brazing joint etc
I hope it will be most helpful for you. Thank you
Asheesh kushwaha
The document provides an overview of wellhead components and their functions. It discusses the key parts of a wellhead including casing head housing, casing head spool, tubing head spool, flanges, seals, and hangers. The document also outlines API specification 6A for wellheads and the objectives of the course which are to familiarize students with wellhead components, selection criteria, API standards, and installation/use considerations.
A kinematic pair with one degree of freedom called a screw joint is utilised in mechanisms. In screw joints, single-axis translation is accomplished by using the lead screw's threads as the translation medium. The majority of linear actuator types and some kinds of cartesian robots employ this kind of joint.
This document describes the design and construction of a portable bending machine to bend steel into various curved shapes. It discusses using various equipment to make the bending process faster and easier while keeping costs low. It then provides details on how to perform different types of bends for tubes, circles, channels, squares, and other materials using forming rollers, radius collars, and zero radius blocks. The last section briefly describes the operation of the bending machine, which uses two jigs mounted on a rotating circular plate powered by a motor to bend rods placed between the jigs.
The document discusses the design of pipes and pipe joints. It covers topics such as stresses in pipes, wall thickness calculations, types of pipe joints like flanged joints, and design considerations for circular, oval and square flanged pipe joints. Design examples are provided for calculating stresses in pipes, pipe dimensions, and dimensions of different flanged pipe joints based on internal fluid pressure and material properties. Standard dimensions for steam pipe flanges according to Indian boiler regulations are also mentioned. Hydraulic pipe joints for high pressures use heavier oval or square flanges secured by multiple bolts to withstand pressures up to 47.5 N/mm2.
This document discusses the measurement of screw threads. It defines various screw thread terminology such as crest, root, flank, pitch, and angle of thread. It describes common types of pitch errors in screw threads such as progressive, periodic, and drunken threads. It also outlines various methods for measuring important screw thread dimensions like major diameter, minor diameter, and effective diameter. These include using a bench micrometer, thread micrometer, and two-wire method. Accurately measuring thread features is important for evaluating thread quality and fit.
Manufacturing Technology , Bending Process .
Tackles mainly about the definition of Bending process, how does it work, the machines & equipment used to make it work and the application of Bending on manufacturing Industries.
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1. The document discusses various engineering drawing codes, symbols, and standards including abbreviations, IS codes, and presentation rules.
2. Welding symbols and their components like arrow lines, reference lines, weld size, finish symbols, and unwelded lengths are defined. Riveted joint types and rivet head forms are also covered.
3. Screw thread terms such as crest, root, pitch, and types including V-thread, square thread, and metric threads are explained. Keys, fasteners, and threaded components like bolts, nuts, and taps are also discussed.
This document summarizes key aspects of rudder theory and design. It discusses how rudders generate force through pressure differences on each side, and how this force has both lift and drag components. It describes different types of rudders based on the position of the center of effort relative to the axis of rotation, including balanced, semi-balanced, and unbalanced rudders. It also discusses rudder construction materials, pintle bearings, and considerations for rudder stock sizing based on the type of rudder.
1. The document describes a clamp or compression coupling, which uses two halves of a cast iron muff that are bolted together around the abutting ends of two connected shafts. A single key fits in the keyways of both shafts to transmit power.
2. Design considerations for this type of coupling include sizing the clamping bolts to withstand the frictional forces between the muff and shafts, which transmit the torque. The proper bolt root diameter is calculated based on these frictional forces.
3. Tolerances for misalignment are provided by a bushed-pin flexible coupling. It uses rubber or leather bushes around coupling pins to connect two flanged halves with some clearance, absorbing misalignment
Screw and barrel inspection plays a very important part in achieving exceptional production performance. The screw and barrel are major components of extrusion, injection molding and blow molding processes, and should be measured for wear at least once a year (preferably twice a year). Many U.S. companies schedule preventive maintenance (PM) during the week of Independence Day and again during the week of Christmas.
This document discusses various types of turning fixtures used in lathe machines, including chucks, centers, mandrels, collets, and fixtures. Four jaw independent chucks hold irregular shapes but take more time for initial setup. Three jaw universal chucks allow for speedy centering of workpieces but cannot hold large sizes. Combination chucks have advantages of both. Magnetic chucks hold thin workpieces. Collet chucks provide accurate centering for bar stock. Drill chucks hold tools for drilling operations. Lathe centers and steady rests provide workpiece support. Mandrels are used to hold hollow or drilled workpieces for external turning. Fixtures mounted to lathe faceplates allow for machining of irregular
The document discusses various types of turning fixtures used in lathe machines, including chucks, collets, mandrels, centers, and face plates. Four jaw independent chucks hold irregular shapes but take more time to set up. Three jaw universal chucks allow for speedy centering but cannot hold large workpieces. Combination chucks have advantages of both varieties. Magnetic and collet chucks hold thin workpieces that cannot be held by other chucks. Drill chucks, lathe centers, steady rests, and follower rests are also used to support workpieces during turning operations. Mandrels are used internally to locate hollow or drilled workpieces. Lathe dogs and face plates are also discussed.
This document provides a summary of topics covered in a presentation on piping systems, including piping components, testing of piping systems, and diagrams used in piping engineering like process flow diagrams and piping and instrumentation diagrams. It discusses different types of pipes and fittings used in piping systems as well as how to accommodate thermal expansion of pipes.
Simple Explanation about BOP stack or blowout preventers and it explians more its classifications, API codes and arrangements. You will find also ENI recommendation for BOP operations
1. BEND TOOLING INC.: Rotary-Draw Tube-Bending Tools ~ Die Sets ~ Mandrels ~ Wipers ~ Mandrel-
Bending Tools
L-N
Home | Technical Information | Intro
A-B | C-D | E-K | L-N | O-Q | R-S | T-Z
laminated tubing — See double-wall tubing.
length -- The horizontal dimension of a rotary-draw bending clamp die or pressure die parallel to the
cavity of the die block; the dimension of such a block from its leading face to its trailing face; the
dimension of a such a block lying in the plane of bend and perpendicular to block's reach corresponding
to the Y-axis of the tube-bending machine. Usually the cavity length of clamp die or a pressure die is
the same as the block length, but they can differ in the case of a notched die with a block length greater
than the cavity length. For example, most models of rotary-draw tube-bender have a minimum block
length for mounting purpose, but the cavity length must be shorter than that minimum length to
accommodate the restrictions of the part to be bent (typically a multi-bend part with a short mid-
tangent). So attention must be paid to specifying the length of clamp dies and pressure dies in these
situations. See height and reach.
line of tangency —
The line that
separates the bent
from the unbent
portion of the tube;
more properly
understood as a
plane perpendicular
to the plane of bend
which divides the
arc from the back
tangent of the
tube. The line of
tangency is
distinguished from
the point of bend in
that the point of
bend is region of
material on both
sides of the line of
tangency that
becomes
plasticized under
the force of the
bending process. The line of tangency is geometrical entity, whereas the point of bend is a physical
region of the tube. See geometry.
In rotary-draw tube-bending the line of tangency is fixed in space; the tubing material passes through it
2. as it is bent. In compression bending, the line of tangency sweeps along the radius of the bend die as
the pressure die presses the tubing material into the cavity of the bend die. In press bending, two lines
of tangency sweep away from a central starting point as the ram die pushes the tubing material through
a pair of wing dies.
Therefore, the key to the superiority of the rotary-draw method of tube-bending is that a fixed line of
tangency allows for the fixturing of tools both inside and outside and all around the point of bend to
control the flow of material.
[CLICK HERE FOR THE ROLE OF THE LINE OF TANGENCY IN THE 4-STEP SET-UP PROCEDURE]
link — A joint-like component of a mandrel assembly which attaches balls to each other and to the
nose of the mandrel shank. The link originates from a segmented tool patented in the 1890's to form
the spouts of tea kettles and underwent considerable refinement until the late 1950's with the
introduction of the universally flexing H-style link. The H-style link remains the predominant style today
with the only major improvement being the development of the single-piece poppet variety in the late
1980's.
An alternative to link construction of a mandrel assembly is cable construction. The mandrel (or insert)
link, center link, and end link are replaced by a cable which strings a series of balls together. One end
of the cable is anchored inside the mandrel shank and the other is capped with a small ball or plug. A
spring mounted over the anchor usually provides the tension that prevents the cable from drooping
under the weight of the balls. Although cable construction overcomes the inherent weaknesses of the
H-style link design at the extreme ends of its range of performance, cables lack the durability, easy
replacement of components, and reliability in high production of links. See mandrel link, center link,
and end link.
[CLICK HERE FOR A TECHNICAL ARTICLE ON THE ADVANTAGES OF POPPET LINKS]
[CLICK HERE FOR LINK PRODUCT INFORMATION]
lip — The extension of the bend die cavity past the vertical centerline of the tube which is the defining
feature of the captive-lip cavity design. The typical length of this lip is 6% of the tube diameter. The no-
lip cavity design is actually a negative lip; the mating face of the cavity is relieved from the vertical
centerline of the tube usually by
1% of the tube diameter. See
cavity.
mandrel — 1. Short for mandrel
assembly, this tool is a part of the
rotary-draw tube-bending
process. It controls the flow of
plasticizing material at the point of
bend in order to maintain the
shape of tube as it sets into the arc
of the bend. If the tube wall is
thick enough relative to the overall
size of the tube or if the
specifications are not too severe
(e.g., shallow depth of bend or a
large "D" bend radius), then a
mandrel may not be necessary,
because the force of the bend is
not sufficient to buckle or collapse the tube wall at the point of bend. However, if the wall factor of a
tube exceeds 20, a mandrel is needed in most instances.
The key to effective use of the mandrel is to set its nose so that it supports as much of the point of bend
as possible. This ensures that the vertical cross-section of the arc of the tube bend, while it is in a
plastic state, will take the shape of the nose as the tubing material is drawn over it. This plastic region
3. of the tube bend extends both behind and ahead of the line of the tangency, therefore, the mandrel
nose must be set forward of the line of tangency into the arc of the tube bend in almost all cases. (See
entry under "line of tangency" for further information on how a mandrel performs in the rotary-draw
process.)
The limiting factor of this forward placement is the point where the outboard line of the mandrel
intersects with the tube wall of the outside radius; in other words, the point where the mandrel nose
would literally stick out past the bend. The location of this point can be determined by formula
developed from the Pythagorean thereom. Generally it is advisable to locate the nose (excluding the
nose radius) about the two-thirds of the distance between this point and the line of tangency. This will
allow for slight flattening of the tube's cross-section at the outside radius, which unavoidably occurs
because of the tension of the draw, without intersecting the mandrel nose.
2. The mandrel body or shank, particularly in reference to a non-inserted mandrel assembly.
3. A plug, i.e., a mandrel that does not require a ball assembly.
[CLICK HERE FOR MANDREL SET-UP INFORMATION]
[CLICK HERE FOR MANDREL PRODUCT INFORMATION]
mandrel assembly — Often referred to loosely as the mandrel, which see, a complete mandrel
assembly consists of: [1] a mandrel body, [2] a mandrel nose insert, [3] a mandrel link or insert link, [4]
a mandrel screw, and, if necessary, [5] a ball sub-assembly. A non-inserted mandrel assembly,
sometimes called an "aircraft type" or "aircraft quality" mandrel assembly, does not include the second
component, the nose insert.
mandrel ball, mandrel (ball) segment — A component of a mandrel assembly. See ball.
mandrel body — The section of the mandrel assembly which connects the mandrel sub-assembly to
the mandrel rod of a tube-bending machine. In an inserted mandrel assembly, the mandrel body does
not include a nose, which is a separate detachable component held to the body by means of the insert
link and the mandrel screw. Therefore, the mandrel body in this case is a relatively long-lived
4. component that needs to be replaced only after extreme wear.
The mandrel body of a non-inserted mandrel assembly has an integrated nose to control the flow of
material at the point of bend. Thus, such a mandrel body wears out when the nose does and is
relatively short-lived compared to that of an inserted assembly. Because a mandrel body cannot be
reconditioned for re-use in the same tube-bending application (it is occasionally possible to re-machine
it for another application), it must be discarded after its nose wears out. This is its primary
disadvantage. However, a non-inserted mandrel body remains the tool of choice for those applications
with a high rigidity factor (for example, non-round tubing or compression-resistant materials like Inconel)
because its strength is a more important consideration than tool life.
Technically a mandrel body is not a plug. A plug is a complete, fully-functioning mandrel assembly,
whereas, a mandrel body is a component of a mandrel assembly (although in the case of a non-
inserted plug, the mandrel body is the only component of that assembly).
mandrel flats — The wrench flats milled onto a mandrel body which facilitate screwing the mandrel
assembly onto the mandrel rod of the tube-bending machine. These flats are typically on the end of the
mandrel body opposite of the nose, although they occasionally appear in the middle of the body. The
specification for wrench flats usually varies with the threading of the mandrel body to ensure that the
cross-section between a flat and the major diameter of the thread is as thick as possible.
mandrel insert — Same as mandrel nose insert, which see.
mandrel link — 1. The link connecting a ball sub-assembly to a non-inserted mandrel body. Because
there is no mandrel nose insert, a mandrel link lacks the shoulder that is characteristic of the insert
link. Sometimes called a "shank link".
2. An insert link.
mandrel nose — Either the nose insert of an inserted mandrel body or the nose portion of a non-
inserted mandrel body, both function in the same manner as the "working" end of the mandrel body. It
is positioned at the point of bend to control the flow of material and so takes the brunt of the wear in a
mandrel assembly.
mandrel nose insert — The replaceable nose section of an
inserted mandrel body. It is designed as a relatively inexpensive
component of a mandrel assembly to be detached from the mandrel
body when it is worn out and disposed of. Another feature is that a
mandrel nose insert of one material can be swapped with one of
another material so that the same mandrel body can be used for
different tubing materials.
[CLICK HERE FOR MANDREL NOSE INSERT PRODUCT INFORMATION]
mandrel overall length — The overall length of the shank of a mandrel assembly — i.e., the length of
a non-inserted mandrel body or the combined length of a mandrel nose insert and mandrel body. This
specification does not include the ball assembly and typically varies according to set standards relative
to tube diameter. However, overall length may be increased and decreased from the standard to
accommodate special considerations involving the reach of the mandrel rod or the collet of a tube-
bending machine.
mandrel shank — Similar to the term "mandrel body", which
see. Refers to both a non-inserted mandrel body or the combination
of a mandrel nose insert and mandrel body.
mandrel sub-assembly — A ball sub-assembly, which see, plus a
mandrel nose insert. A one-ball mandrel sub-assembly includes the
following components: [1] mandrel nose insert, [2] insert link, [3]
mandrel ball, and [4] end link. Multiple-ball mandrel sub-assemblies
include a mandrel and a center link for each additional ball of the
5. assembly.
mandrel thread — All mandrel bodies have internal threads at the end opposite of the nose in order to
attach the mandrel assembly to the mandrel rod. The mandrel thread specification typically varies with
tube diameter. Although there is no official standard, some common relationships have developed over
time for non-metric tube-bending machines. For tube diameters around 1", 1/2"-13 UNC threads are
typical, from about 1.25" to 1.375" 5/8-11 UNC, and from about 1.5" to 3" 1"-8 UNC.
mechanical tubing — Tubing specified for structural or mechanical purposes as opposed to the
containment of liquids and gasses. Most commonly mechanical tubing is steel. Compare pressure
tubing.
mid-tangent — A tangent located between two bends made on the same section of tubing. Compare
end tangent; also see tangent. The mid-tangent becomes an important consideration in tool design and
machine process if its length is shorter than the recommended clamp length for the tube-bending
application. In those instances when a short mid-tangent compromises the optimal clamp design, a
conflict arises between ease-of-bending and bend quality that often is not resolved unless compound
clamps are used. See the entries under clamp die and compound clamp for a full treatment of this
issue.
mild steel — Low carbon unalloyed steel used for tubing that is relatively easy to form compared to
alloy steels, high-carbon steels, and stainless steels. Aluminum-bronze mandrel and wiper tooling is
usually recommended for working with mild steel tubing. Hard-chromed mandrel and untreated steel
wiper tooling is sometimes preferred because of longer tool-life; however, extended tool-life with these
materials is dependent upon continuous and heavy lubrication of the tubing material and tooling
surfaces. See steel.
minimum wall thickness — A post-bend specification controlling wall thinning which sets the minimum
wall thickness allowed for the finished part. In rotary-draw tube-bending wall thinning is unavoidable in
the extrados, which see, but it can be mitigated by proper placement of the mandrel nose relative to the
line of tangency, using the least direct pressure the application requires, and using assist pressure to
feed material from the trailing tangent into the extrados. See wall thinning.
mounting bracket — Same as hanger bracket, which see.
mounting pattern — The specification of the number of screw holes, center-to-center location of those
holes, location of the overall pattern, and threading of the mounting holes of a wiper die. Certain
patterns are quite common, such as two 3/8"-16 mounting holes on 1.5" centers for smaller wiper dies
(under 3" tube diameter) and two 1/2"-13 mounting holes on 2" centers for larger wiper dies (over 3"
tube diameter).
mounting pin — The pin attached to the clamp slide of a tube-bending machine upon which a clamp
die hanger bracket is located. This pin-type of clamp die mounting is standard on older models of Pines
bending machines. The T-key type of mounting is most common today.
neutral axis — The line separating the regions of compression (intrados) and elongation (extrados) of
the tube wall during the bending process. Because the intrados and extrados extend into the leading
and trailing tangents of a bend, so does the neutral axis which widens into an inactive zone at these
extremes. Contrary to common misconception, the neutral axis is not the centerline radius, which is a
geometric entity. The neutral axis lies inboard of the centerline radius. See geometry for illustration.
nitriding — A type of case-hardening for alloy and tool steels in which a surface is hardened by an
infusion of nitrogen. One advantage nitriding had over carburizing, which adds carbon to a steel
surface, is that quenching is not need to complete the hardening process, thus eliminating one source
for dimensional distortion. However, the nitriding process is an excellent treatment for alloy steels
which have good shock-resistant qualities.
no-lip — A common type of cavity design for tube-bending dies which is true to the size and shape of
the tube to be bent (with minor allowances) and a bend die lip extending over the centerline of the