This slide discuss about the life, works and theories of Ivan Pavlov, Burrhus "B.F." Skinner, and Edward Thorndike.

1. BEHAVIOURISM
a school of thought in psychology based
on the assumption that learning occurs
through interactions with the environment

2. ASSUMPTIONS OF BEHAVIOURISM
the environment shapes behaviour
taking internal mental states such as thoughts,
feelings and emotions into consideration is
useless in explaining behaviour

3. IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936)
"Science demands from a man all his life. If you had two lives that
would not be enough for you. Be passionate in your work and in
your searching." - Ivan Pavlov
Best Known For:
Classical conditioning
Research on physiology and digestion.
1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology.

4. IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936)
Contributions to Psychology:
development of behaviourism
discovery and research on reflexes influenced the
growing behaviourist movement

5. IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936)
Contributions to Psychology:
researchers utilized Pavlov's work in the study of
conditioning as a form of learning
research also demonstrated techniques of studying
reactions to the environment in an objective, scientific
method

6. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
One of the best-known aspects of behavioural
learning theory
A learning process that occurs through
associations between an environmental stimulus
and a naturally occurring stimulus

7. PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Stimulus Generalization
Discrimination

8. PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
Acquisition
initial stage of learning when a response is first
established and gradually strengthened
Extinction
when the occurrences of a conditioned response
decrease or disappear.
In classical conditioning, this happens when a
conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an
unconditioned stimulus

9. PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
Spontaneous Recovery
the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest
period or period of lessened response
Stimulus Generalization
tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar
responses after the response has been conditioned
Discrimination
the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other
stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

10. BURRHUS FREDERIC “B.F.” SKINNER
(1904- 1990)
“Teachers must learn how to teach … they need only to be
taught more effective ways of teaching.” - B.F. Skinner
Best Known For:
Operant conditioning chamber.
Reinforcement.
Punishment.

11. Contributions to Psychology:
 invented the operant conditioning also known as
Skinner’s box
 innovated his own philosophy of science called radical
behaviourism
 founded his own school of experimental research
psychology –the experimental analysis of behaviourism
BURRHUS FREDERIC “B.F.” SKINNER
(1904- 1990)

12. Contributions to Psychology:
 discovered and advanced the rate of response as a
dependent variable in psychological research.
 invented the cumulative recorder
BURRHUS FREDERIC “B.F.” SKINNER
(1904- 1990)

13. OPERANT CONDITIONING
CHAMBER
 Operant refers to any behavior that operates on
the environment
Learning occurs when the individual makes
desired responses because he is awarded for doing
so and he avoids undesired responses because he is
not rewarded or is punished by making them

14. Primary Reward Conditioning
Escaping Conditioning
Avoidance Conditioning
Secondary Reward Conditioning
TYPES OF OPERANT
CONDITIONING CHAMBER

15. REINFORCEMENT
 refers to any consequence or effect of a particular
act that increases the probability of the acts
recurring
 a powerful tool in shaping and controlling
behavior in and out of the classroom

16. CLASSIFICATION OF REINFORCEMENT
Verbal Physical
Non-
Verbal Activity Token Consumable
Good Job!
Very
Good!
Excellent!

17. 100 WAYSTO PRAISEYOUR CHILD
Wow * Way to go * super * You are special * outstanding * excellent * great * good * neat *
well done * remarkable * I knew you could do it * I am proud of you * Fantastic * Super star *
Nice work * Looking good * You are on top of it * Beautiful * now you are flying * you are
catching on * now you’ve got it * you are incredible * bravo * you’re fantastic * hurray for you *
you’re on target* you’re on your way * how nice * how smart * good job * that’s incredible *
hotdog * dynamite * you’re beautiful * you’re unique * nothing can stop you now * good for
you * I like you * you are a winner * remarkable job * hip,hip,hooray * bingo * magnificent*
marvelous* terrific * you’re important * phenomenal * you’re sensational * super work *
creative job * excellent job * exceptional performance * you’re a real trooper * you are
responsible * you’re exciting * you learned it right * what an imagination * what a good listener
* you’re fun * you’re growing up * you tried hard * you care* beautiful sharing * outstanding
performance * you’re a good friend * I trust you * you’re important * you mean a lot to me *
you make me happy * you belong * you’ve got a friend * you make me laugh * you brighten my
day * I respect you * you mean the world to me * that is correct * you’re a joy * you’re a
treasure * you’re wonderful * you’re perfect * awesome * A+ job * you’re okay * my buddy *

18. REINFORCERS
 Primary Reinforcers are those that satisfy basic
human needs
 Secondary Reinforcers are those that acquire
reinforcing power because they have been
associated with primary reinforcers.

19. TYPE OF REINFORCERS
 Positive Reinforcers are events that are
presented after a response has been performed and
that increase the behavior or activity they follow.
 Negative Reinforcers are escape from
unpleasant situations or ways of preventing
something unpleasant occurring.

20. TYPE OF REINFORCERS
 Positive Reinforcers are events that are
presented after a response has been performed and
that increase the behavior or activity they follow.
 Negative Reinforcers are escape from
unpleasant situations or ways of preventing
something unpleasant occurring.

21. PUNISHMENT
 occurs when a stimuli delivers to an
organism decreases that rate of probability of
occurrence of the response that preceded it

22. TYPE OF PUNISHMENT
 Positive Punishment involves the presentation of
an unfavorable event or outcome in order to
weaken the response it follows
 Negative Punishment occurs when a favorable
event or outcome is removed after a behavior
occurs.

23. EDWARD LEETHORNDIKE
(1874- 1949)
“Education is what survives when what has been learnt has
been forgotten” –Edward Lee “Ted”Thorndike
Best Known For:
Theory of Connectionism
 Law of Readiness
 Law of Exercise
 Law of Effect

24. Contributions to Psychology:
 his work on animal behaviour and the learning process
led to the theory of connectionism
Helped lay the scientific foundation for modern
educational psychology
He was a board member of Psychological Corporation
and serves as President of the American Psychological
Corporation
EDWARD LEETHORNDIKE
(1874- 1949)

25. THORNDIKE’S LAW
 Law of Readiness implies the degree of preparedness
and eagerness to learn.
 Law of Exercise things that are most often repeated
are best remembered.
 Law of Effect based on the emotional reaction and
motivation of the students. Learning strengthened with
pleasant or satisfying feeling while unpleasant feelings
tend to do otherwise.

26. THORNDIKE’S LAW
 Law of Primacy is learning should be done
correctly for the first time since it is difficult to
“unlearn” or change an incorrectly learned
materials.
 Law of Recency are things that are most recently
learned are often best remembered.
 Law of Intensity the more intense something is
taught, the more likely it will be retained.

27. THREE MAJOR SCHOOL OF
LEARNING
 Behavioral Theory is learning takes place when
there is a change in behavior.
 Field and Gestalt Theory is observational
learning, imitation and modeling.
Cognitive Theory is learning by
thinking, reasoning and transferring.

28. THREE ROLE OF LEARNING
Role ofTeacher
Role of Student
Role of Curriculum