This document provides training materials on truck hydraulics for logging operators. It discusses the basic components and functions of hydraulic systems used in logging trucks, including:
- Two independent closed-loop hydraulic circuits that power the winch and alternator motor.
- Key components like variable displacement pumps and motors, relief valves, filters, and charge pumps that replenish fluid.
- Operating principles like Pascal's law, variable displacement, and how pumps and motors work using swash plate and bent axis designs.
- Safety systems like relief valves and mooring control for maximum line tension control when logging up.
The document aims to help operators understand the why and how of truck hydraulics systems
The document discusses fluid couplings, which transmit power through a fluid between a driven impeller and rotor. Fluid couplings allow variable speed operation and controlled startups. Specifically, it discusses Voith variable speed turbo couplings, which can vary their oil filling level using a scoop tube to achieve infinitely variable speed control over a wide range. The scoop tube positioning determines the oil level and coupling's torque characteristics. An oil pump circulates oil through the coupling to enable this speed control function.
Sunward hydraulic system training-SWL.pptadrianpitis
This document provides information about hydraulic components used in construction equipment. It includes:
1) An overview of combination pumps that allow independent circuits without splitter gearboxes.
2) Specifications for an axial piston variable displacement pump, including details like nominal pressure and seals.
3) An explanation of why DA control systems are speed-related, automatically reducing pump displacement to avoid stalling the engine under heavy loads.
4) Port connections and technical data for a radial piston hydraulic motor used to power travel functions.
1) The document discusses hydraulic couplings, which transmit power between two shafts without a direct mechanical connection using an oil-based fluid. It describes the construction of a hydraulic coupling using a pump impeller on the driving shaft and turbine runner on the driven shaft within a housing filled with fluid.
2) The document outlines the working principle of how rotation of the pump impeller by the driving shaft moves fluid to rotate the turbine runner and driven shaft. Key characteristics are also summarized, such as centrifugal loading, slippage between input and output speeds, soft starting and clutching, and rising torque capability.
3) A variety of industrial applications are listed where hydraulic couplings are useful due to requirements for variable speed, soft starts
This document provides an overview of applications of fluid hydraulics including: hydraulic brake systems which use fluid pressure to slow vehicles; hydraulic elevators which use fluid pressure to raise elevator cars; hydraulic shock absorbers which absorb energy using fluid flow through pistons; hydraulic rams which use falling water to power fluid flow and lift water; hydraulic cranes which use fluid pressure to lift heavy loads; and hydraulic presses which use fluid pressure in cylinders to compress materials. The document also discusses advantages of hydraulics including high power and safety, and disadvantages such as potential leaks and temperature sensitivity.
A fluid coupling uses oil to transmit power between two shafts without a mechanical connection. It consists of a pump impeller on the driving shaft and a turbine runner on the driven shaft enclosed in a housing filled with oil. As the impeller rotates, it moves the oil through the turbine, causing it to rotate and transmit power to the driven shaft. Torque increases with impeller speed. Fluid couplings are used in automotive and aircraft transmissions as well as diesel locomotives.
Week 4 pe 3231 pump cyl mot tank accu sho abs rev oct 16 finalCharlton Inao
This document provides information about hydraulic pumps, motors, cylinders, and power packs/tanks. It defines different types of pumps including gear, vane, and piston pumps. It also discusses motors including gear, vane, and piston motors. It describes the components and functions of hydraulic cylinders and power packs/tanks including reservoirs, baffles, and sizing considerations. The key objectives are to understand different input and output devices used in hydraulic systems.
PPT gives you a detailed idea about fluid flywheel (fluid coupling),
its principle,construction,working, characteristics and applications with animated videos included.
videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfaMBGMpH1o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11Q4g-oOLr8
The document provides information about Ogura's mobile clutches. It discusses two main types of mobile clutches that Ogura offers. Mobile clutches are used to selectively engage pumps, compressors or other equipment driven by an engine. They allow the driven equipment to be disengaged when not in use to improve efficiency. The document also provides example applications and specifications for various Ogura mobile clutch models.
The document discusses fluid couplings, which transmit power through a fluid between a driven impeller and rotor. Fluid couplings allow variable speed operation and controlled startups. Specifically, it discusses Voith variable speed turbo couplings, which can vary their oil filling level using a scoop tube to achieve infinitely variable speed control over a wide range. The scoop tube positioning determines the oil level and coupling's torque characteristics. An oil pump circulates oil through the coupling to enable this speed control function.
Sunward hydraulic system training-SWL.pptadrianpitis
This document provides information about hydraulic components used in construction equipment. It includes:
1) An overview of combination pumps that allow independent circuits without splitter gearboxes.
2) Specifications for an axial piston variable displacement pump, including details like nominal pressure and seals.
3) An explanation of why DA control systems are speed-related, automatically reducing pump displacement to avoid stalling the engine under heavy loads.
4) Port connections and technical data for a radial piston hydraulic motor used to power travel functions.
1) The document discusses hydraulic couplings, which transmit power between two shafts without a direct mechanical connection using an oil-based fluid. It describes the construction of a hydraulic coupling using a pump impeller on the driving shaft and turbine runner on the driven shaft within a housing filled with fluid.
2) The document outlines the working principle of how rotation of the pump impeller by the driving shaft moves fluid to rotate the turbine runner and driven shaft. Key characteristics are also summarized, such as centrifugal loading, slippage between input and output speeds, soft starting and clutching, and rising torque capability.
3) A variety of industrial applications are listed where hydraulic couplings are useful due to requirements for variable speed, soft starts
This document provides an overview of applications of fluid hydraulics including: hydraulic brake systems which use fluid pressure to slow vehicles; hydraulic elevators which use fluid pressure to raise elevator cars; hydraulic shock absorbers which absorb energy using fluid flow through pistons; hydraulic rams which use falling water to power fluid flow and lift water; hydraulic cranes which use fluid pressure to lift heavy loads; and hydraulic presses which use fluid pressure in cylinders to compress materials. The document also discusses advantages of hydraulics including high power and safety, and disadvantages such as potential leaks and temperature sensitivity.
A fluid coupling uses oil to transmit power between two shafts without a mechanical connection. It consists of a pump impeller on the driving shaft and a turbine runner on the driven shaft enclosed in a housing filled with oil. As the impeller rotates, it moves the oil through the turbine, causing it to rotate and transmit power to the driven shaft. Torque increases with impeller speed. Fluid couplings are used in automotive and aircraft transmissions as well as diesel locomotives.
Week 4 pe 3231 pump cyl mot tank accu sho abs rev oct 16 finalCharlton Inao
This document provides information about hydraulic pumps, motors, cylinders, and power packs/tanks. It defines different types of pumps including gear, vane, and piston pumps. It also discusses motors including gear, vane, and piston motors. It describes the components and functions of hydraulic cylinders and power packs/tanks including reservoirs, baffles, and sizing considerations. The key objectives are to understand different input and output devices used in hydraulic systems.
PPT gives you a detailed idea about fluid flywheel (fluid coupling),
its principle,construction,working, characteristics and applications with animated videos included.
videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfaMBGMpH1o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11Q4g-oOLr8
The document provides information about Ogura's mobile clutches. It discusses two main types of mobile clutches that Ogura offers. Mobile clutches are used to selectively engage pumps, compressors or other equipment driven by an engine. They allow the driven equipment to be disengaged when not in use to improve efficiency. The document also provides example applications and specifications for various Ogura mobile clutch models.
This training report summarizes the trainees' learning about diesel locomotives. It provides details on:
1. The history and development of diesel locomotives from Rudolf Diesel's invention in the late 19th century to their widespread use in the 20th century.
2. The key components and systems of a diesel-electric locomotive, including the diesel engine, generator, traction motors, bogies, braking systems, governor, and radiator.
3. Descriptions of the workings of specific parts like the Woodward and electro-hydraulic governors, bogies, traction motors, and air/vacuum braking systems.
This document discusses various types of automobile transmission systems including semi-automatic transmission, overdrive, fluid flywheel/coupling, torque converter, and epicyclic gearbox. Semi-automatic transmission removes the clutch pedal but completes the clutch function electronically. Overdrive permits the engine to operate at a lower speed for fuel efficiency. Fluid flywheel/coupling transfers power between shafts using transmission fluid. Torque converters in automatic transmissions multiply torque for starting and gradually decrease torque as speed increases. Epicyclic gearboxes are suitable for automatic transmissions due to their constant meshing and ability to vary gear ratios smoothly.
The document discusses the torque converter and its role in automatic transmissions. It explains that the torque converter uses transmission fluid to transfer power from the engine to the transmission hydrodynamically. The torque converter contains an impeller connected to the engine, a turbine connected to the transmission input shaft, and a stator that redirects the fluid flow to multiply torque. The automatic transmission also contains a planetary gearset and hydraulic controls to shift gears without a clutch pedal.
This document provides an overview of hydraulic actuators and motors. It begins with learning objectives and introduces different types of hydraulic actuators, including linear actuators like cylinders and rotary actuators. It then describes the construction and working of various types of hydraulic cylinders and motors, including single acting cylinders, double acting cylinders, gear motors, vane motors, and piston motors. It also discusses topics like the comparison between pumps and motors, mechanics of hydraulic cylinder loading using different lever systems, and classifications of hydraulic motors.
The document discusses different types of six-stroke engines, including the Brush Crower engine and Beare Head engine. The Brush Crower engine captures heat from the four-stroke cycle to power an additional two strokes using water injection. The Beare Head engine combines aspects of two-stroke and four-stroke engines by using ports and a rotary valve like a two-stroke in the cylinder head. Six-stroke engines provide benefits like increased efficiency and torque compared to four-stroke engines. However, they also present challenges such as initial starting problems due to low cylinder temperatures.
This document is a seminar report on torque converters that includes:
1) An introduction describing torque converters and their role in automatic transmissions.
2) Descriptions of the major components of a torque converter including the impeller, turbine, and stator.
3) An explanation of how torque converters function in stall, acceleration, and coupling phases.
- A stage in an impulse turbine consists of moving blades behind a nozzle, while in a reaction turbine each row of blades is a stage.
- Diaphragms hold the nozzles and seals between turbine stages. Tip leakage is a problem in reaction turbines where steam escapes across moving blade tips.
- Thrust bearings maintain the rotor's axial position, while radial bearings support the rotor at each end of the steam cylinder and must be accurately aligned.
- Deposits in a turbine can be detected through pressure monitoring, efficiency monitoring, and exhaust steam temperature monitoring. Deposits are removed through washing with condensate or wet steam for water soluble deposits and mechanically after dismantling for water insoluble
The document provides information about basic hydraulics. It discusses hydraulic components like pumps, filters, coolers and heaters. It explains how hydraulics works using principles like Pascal's law and the transmission of power and displacement. Diagrams show hydraulic symbols and circuits. Hydraulic pumps are described in detail, including gear pumps, vane pumps, screw pumps and piston pumps. Key specifications for different pump types are also provided.
The document provides details on the components and working of internal combustion engines. It introduces internal combustion engines and their advantages over external combustion engines. It describes the key components of an IC engine like the cylinder, piston, crankshaft, valves, spark plug and fuel injector. It explains the four stroke cycle of a four stroke IC engine involving the intake, compression, power and exhaust strokes. It then discusses the valve mechanism involving components like the camshaft, cams, valve lifters, pushrods and rocker arms. It proposes using a single oscillating valve inside the combustion chamber instead of poppet valves to reduce parts, friction and size.
1. The document discusses different types of hydrostatic transmissions, including open-circuit, closed-circuit, and reversible systems.
2. Key components of hydrostatic transmissions are described, including the charge pump, relief valves, motors, and pumps. The selection process for pumps and motors is also outlined.
3. Various pressure control valves used in hydrostatic systems are explained, such as relief valves, counterbalance valves, sequence valves, and pressure reducing valves. Shuttle valves are also introduced.
This document provides information about a 210 MW low pressure steam turbine. Key points:
- The turbine is a condensing, three cylinder, horizontal turbine with regenerative feed heating and nozzle governing. It has 12 stages in the high pressure turbine and 11 stages in the intermediate pressure turbine.
- The turbine has 5 bearings supporting the 3 rotors. Steam flows through the high pressure turbine, then to the reheater and intermediate pressure turbine before entering the low pressure turbine with 8 total stages.
- Procedures are described for starting the turbine safely using the barring gear to slowly rotate the rotors and prevent distortion, as well as monitoring metal temperatures, vibrations, and eccentricity during startup.
This document provides an overview of radial piston pumps. It defines a radial piston pump as a type of hydraulic pump where the working pistons extend radially from a central drive shaft. The document discusses the construction, working, properties, advantages, and applications of radial piston pumps. It notes that radial piston pumps can produce smooth flow under extreme pressure and are commonly used in machine tools, hydraulic systems, and the automotive industry.
This document provides an overview of hydraulics and pneumatics. It discusses various pumps and turbines used in hydraulics like centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps, and turbines like Pelton wheel, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. It also covers the basic components of hydraulic and pneumatic systems like reservoirs, pumps, valves, filters, seals, pipes, and actuators. Additionally, it compares hydraulic and pneumatic systems, discusses properties of hydraulic oil and different types of seals used. The document is a study material for a 4th semester mechanical engineering student covering important concepts in hydraulics and pneumatics.
This document discusses fluid couplings. It begins by defining a fluid coupling as a hydrodynamic device that transmits rotating mechanical power without a direct mechanical connection between driving and driven shafts. It then provides a brief history, overview of components (housing, input and output turbines), working principle (how fluid moves between turbines to transfer torque), typical materials, and applications in industries like power plants, mines, refineries, automotive, and aviation. Advantages include soft starts and load sharing, while disadvantages include potential damage under stall conditions when power is dissipated as heat.
The document describes the working principle and components of a scoop coupling. A scoop coupling transmits power between a motor and load by circulating oil between an impeller and runner. It allows variable speed control by adjusting the scoop tube position to change the oil level and slip between components. The oil is circulated in a closed loop system from a sump through a pump, cooler, and back to the coupling working circuit before returning to the sump.
The document discusses automatic transmissions and torque converters. It provides details on:
- The main components of a torque converter including the impeller, turbine, and stator.
- How torque multiplication occurs in a torque converter through vortex fluid flow redirected by the stator.
- The different phases of torque converter operation from torque multiplication to coupling based on speed ratio.
- Other topics covered include stall speed, normal operation, and the role of the flexplate and transmission input shaft.
A reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. It can operate from vacuum to very high pressures. The document discusses the key components of a reciprocating compressor system including cylinders, valves, coolers, pulsation suppression devices, piping, instrumentation, and controls. Process calculations like pipe sizing, blowdown analysis, and hydrate predictions are required. A process simulation and PFD provide design details. Capacity control methods include speed variation, clearance pockets, and suction unloaders.
The document discusses two-stroke engines that are commonly used to power small machines for farming and landscaping. It describes the basic cycle of a two-stroke engine, including the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. Key aspects like the inlet, transfer, and exhaust ports are explained. The governor device is also summarized, which automatically controls and regulates the engine speed under varying loads.
Module 5 hydraulics and pneumatics Actuation systemstaruian
Pneumatic and hydraulic actuation systems: Pneumatic and hydraulic systems actuating systems.
Classifications of Valves: Pressure relief valves, Pressure regulating / reducing valves
Cylinders and rotary actuators.
DCV & FCV: Principle & construction details.
Types of sliding spool valve & solenoid operated.
Symbols of hydraulic elements, components of hydraulic system, functions of various units of hydraulic system.
Design of simple hydraulic circuits for various applications
This is Two Stock Engine ppt for BE/B/tech project students
this is my web site : http://btechadvanceproject.blogspot.in/
this is my Youtube - https://youtu.be/l0blxo-t_cg
Follow On Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/md.raza72/
My linkedin profle https://www.linkedin.com/in/md-raza-ansari-78a6ba116/
The document describes the parts and functions of a lathe machine. It discusses the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, feed mechanism, and other major components. The headstock holds and rotates the workpiece while the carriage supports the cutting tool and allows it to move longitudinally. Common lathe operations like turning, facing, tapering and chamfering are also summarized. Safety practices and proper use of lathes, tool holders and accessories are emphasized.
The excess free cash flow model, excess operating cash flow model, and excess earnings model are all valuation methods that are equivalent to discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation under consistent implementation. They discount excess accounting earnings or residual income instead of excess free cash flows. The key difference between the models is how changes in working capital, accruals, and capital expenditures are treated. Specifically, the excess earnings model can be restated as the DCF model plus components related to changes in investments and accruals.
This training report summarizes the trainees' learning about diesel locomotives. It provides details on:
1. The history and development of diesel locomotives from Rudolf Diesel's invention in the late 19th century to their widespread use in the 20th century.
2. The key components and systems of a diesel-electric locomotive, including the diesel engine, generator, traction motors, bogies, braking systems, governor, and radiator.
3. Descriptions of the workings of specific parts like the Woodward and electro-hydraulic governors, bogies, traction motors, and air/vacuum braking systems.
This document discusses various types of automobile transmission systems including semi-automatic transmission, overdrive, fluid flywheel/coupling, torque converter, and epicyclic gearbox. Semi-automatic transmission removes the clutch pedal but completes the clutch function electronically. Overdrive permits the engine to operate at a lower speed for fuel efficiency. Fluid flywheel/coupling transfers power between shafts using transmission fluid. Torque converters in automatic transmissions multiply torque for starting and gradually decrease torque as speed increases. Epicyclic gearboxes are suitable for automatic transmissions due to their constant meshing and ability to vary gear ratios smoothly.
The document discusses the torque converter and its role in automatic transmissions. It explains that the torque converter uses transmission fluid to transfer power from the engine to the transmission hydrodynamically. The torque converter contains an impeller connected to the engine, a turbine connected to the transmission input shaft, and a stator that redirects the fluid flow to multiply torque. The automatic transmission also contains a planetary gearset and hydraulic controls to shift gears without a clutch pedal.
This document provides an overview of hydraulic actuators and motors. It begins with learning objectives and introduces different types of hydraulic actuators, including linear actuators like cylinders and rotary actuators. It then describes the construction and working of various types of hydraulic cylinders and motors, including single acting cylinders, double acting cylinders, gear motors, vane motors, and piston motors. It also discusses topics like the comparison between pumps and motors, mechanics of hydraulic cylinder loading using different lever systems, and classifications of hydraulic motors.
The document discusses different types of six-stroke engines, including the Brush Crower engine and Beare Head engine. The Brush Crower engine captures heat from the four-stroke cycle to power an additional two strokes using water injection. The Beare Head engine combines aspects of two-stroke and four-stroke engines by using ports and a rotary valve like a two-stroke in the cylinder head. Six-stroke engines provide benefits like increased efficiency and torque compared to four-stroke engines. However, they also present challenges such as initial starting problems due to low cylinder temperatures.
This document is a seminar report on torque converters that includes:
1) An introduction describing torque converters and their role in automatic transmissions.
2) Descriptions of the major components of a torque converter including the impeller, turbine, and stator.
3) An explanation of how torque converters function in stall, acceleration, and coupling phases.
- A stage in an impulse turbine consists of moving blades behind a nozzle, while in a reaction turbine each row of blades is a stage.
- Diaphragms hold the nozzles and seals between turbine stages. Tip leakage is a problem in reaction turbines where steam escapes across moving blade tips.
- Thrust bearings maintain the rotor's axial position, while radial bearings support the rotor at each end of the steam cylinder and must be accurately aligned.
- Deposits in a turbine can be detected through pressure monitoring, efficiency monitoring, and exhaust steam temperature monitoring. Deposits are removed through washing with condensate or wet steam for water soluble deposits and mechanically after dismantling for water insoluble
The document provides information about basic hydraulics. It discusses hydraulic components like pumps, filters, coolers and heaters. It explains how hydraulics works using principles like Pascal's law and the transmission of power and displacement. Diagrams show hydraulic symbols and circuits. Hydraulic pumps are described in detail, including gear pumps, vane pumps, screw pumps and piston pumps. Key specifications for different pump types are also provided.
The document provides details on the components and working of internal combustion engines. It introduces internal combustion engines and their advantages over external combustion engines. It describes the key components of an IC engine like the cylinder, piston, crankshaft, valves, spark plug and fuel injector. It explains the four stroke cycle of a four stroke IC engine involving the intake, compression, power and exhaust strokes. It then discusses the valve mechanism involving components like the camshaft, cams, valve lifters, pushrods and rocker arms. It proposes using a single oscillating valve inside the combustion chamber instead of poppet valves to reduce parts, friction and size.
1. The document discusses different types of hydrostatic transmissions, including open-circuit, closed-circuit, and reversible systems.
2. Key components of hydrostatic transmissions are described, including the charge pump, relief valves, motors, and pumps. The selection process for pumps and motors is also outlined.
3. Various pressure control valves used in hydrostatic systems are explained, such as relief valves, counterbalance valves, sequence valves, and pressure reducing valves. Shuttle valves are also introduced.
This document provides information about a 210 MW low pressure steam turbine. Key points:
- The turbine is a condensing, three cylinder, horizontal turbine with regenerative feed heating and nozzle governing. It has 12 stages in the high pressure turbine and 11 stages in the intermediate pressure turbine.
- The turbine has 5 bearings supporting the 3 rotors. Steam flows through the high pressure turbine, then to the reheater and intermediate pressure turbine before entering the low pressure turbine with 8 total stages.
- Procedures are described for starting the turbine safely using the barring gear to slowly rotate the rotors and prevent distortion, as well as monitoring metal temperatures, vibrations, and eccentricity during startup.
This document provides an overview of radial piston pumps. It defines a radial piston pump as a type of hydraulic pump where the working pistons extend radially from a central drive shaft. The document discusses the construction, working, properties, advantages, and applications of radial piston pumps. It notes that radial piston pumps can produce smooth flow under extreme pressure and are commonly used in machine tools, hydraulic systems, and the automotive industry.
This document provides an overview of hydraulics and pneumatics. It discusses various pumps and turbines used in hydraulics like centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps, and turbines like Pelton wheel, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. It also covers the basic components of hydraulic and pneumatic systems like reservoirs, pumps, valves, filters, seals, pipes, and actuators. Additionally, it compares hydraulic and pneumatic systems, discusses properties of hydraulic oil and different types of seals used. The document is a study material for a 4th semester mechanical engineering student covering important concepts in hydraulics and pneumatics.
This document discusses fluid couplings. It begins by defining a fluid coupling as a hydrodynamic device that transmits rotating mechanical power without a direct mechanical connection between driving and driven shafts. It then provides a brief history, overview of components (housing, input and output turbines), working principle (how fluid moves between turbines to transfer torque), typical materials, and applications in industries like power plants, mines, refineries, automotive, and aviation. Advantages include soft starts and load sharing, while disadvantages include potential damage under stall conditions when power is dissipated as heat.
The document describes the working principle and components of a scoop coupling. A scoop coupling transmits power between a motor and load by circulating oil between an impeller and runner. It allows variable speed control by adjusting the scoop tube position to change the oil level and slip between components. The oil is circulated in a closed loop system from a sump through a pump, cooler, and back to the coupling working circuit before returning to the sump.
The document discusses automatic transmissions and torque converters. It provides details on:
- The main components of a torque converter including the impeller, turbine, and stator.
- How torque multiplication occurs in a torque converter through vortex fluid flow redirected by the stator.
- The different phases of torque converter operation from torque multiplication to coupling based on speed ratio.
- Other topics covered include stall speed, normal operation, and the role of the flexplate and transmission input shaft.
A reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. It can operate from vacuum to very high pressures. The document discusses the key components of a reciprocating compressor system including cylinders, valves, coolers, pulsation suppression devices, piping, instrumentation, and controls. Process calculations like pipe sizing, blowdown analysis, and hydrate predictions are required. A process simulation and PFD provide design details. Capacity control methods include speed variation, clearance pockets, and suction unloaders.
The document discusses two-stroke engines that are commonly used to power small machines for farming and landscaping. It describes the basic cycle of a two-stroke engine, including the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. Key aspects like the inlet, transfer, and exhaust ports are explained. The governor device is also summarized, which automatically controls and regulates the engine speed under varying loads.
Module 5 hydraulics and pneumatics Actuation systemstaruian
Pneumatic and hydraulic actuation systems: Pneumatic and hydraulic systems actuating systems.
Classifications of Valves: Pressure relief valves, Pressure regulating / reducing valves
Cylinders and rotary actuators.
DCV & FCV: Principle & construction details.
Types of sliding spool valve & solenoid operated.
Symbols of hydraulic elements, components of hydraulic system, functions of various units of hydraulic system.
Design of simple hydraulic circuits for various applications
This is Two Stock Engine ppt for BE/B/tech project students
this is my web site : http://btechadvanceproject.blogspot.in/
this is my Youtube - https://youtu.be/l0blxo-t_cg
Follow On Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/md.raza72/
My linkedin profle https://www.linkedin.com/in/md-raza-ansari-78a6ba116/
The document describes the parts and functions of a lathe machine. It discusses the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, feed mechanism, and other major components. The headstock holds and rotates the workpiece while the carriage supports the cutting tool and allows it to move longitudinally. Common lathe operations like turning, facing, tapering and chamfering are also summarized. Safety practices and proper use of lathes, tool holders and accessories are emphasized.
The excess free cash flow model, excess operating cash flow model, and excess earnings model are all valuation methods that are equivalent to discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation under consistent implementation. They discount excess accounting earnings or residual income instead of excess free cash flows. The key difference between the models is how changes in working capital, accruals, and capital expenditures are treated. Specifically, the excess earnings model can be restated as the DCF model plus components related to changes in investments and accruals.
This document discusses decision analysis and different methods for making decisions under uncertainty. It introduces decision analysis concepts including alternative actions, states of nature, and outcomes. It then covers three decision making conditions: certainty, ignorance, and risk. Under risk, it discusses expected return/value and how to calculate it using probabilities and payoffs. It also introduces the concepts of maximax, maximin, expected value of perfect information, and utility functions to incorporate risk attitudes into decisions.
El documento presenta la capacitación de febrero 2016 para el personal de Innova Schools en Lima y provincias. Se capacitará a los profesores en grupos según su especialidad y nivel de experiencia, utilizando la modalidad grupo. Algunos profesores de provincia vendrán a Lima mientras que otros se capacitarán en su sede. Se detallan las fechas, lugares y procedimientos para la capacitación.
O documento descreve as principais fontes escritas do judaísmo rabínico, incluindo a Tanakh, os Targumim, os Midrashim e a Mishná. A tradição oral é central para o judaísmo rabínico e a Mishná foi compilada pelo Rabi Judá HaNassi para codificar a lei oral. O documento também lista importantes comentaristas como Rashi e Maimônides.
This document discusses cybercrime, including definitions, instruments, objectives, and legislation. It defines cybercrime as the use of computers or technology to commit illegal acts. Cybercrime can target computers themselves through malware or use computers as an intermediary to commit property, economic, personal, or political crimes. The document outlines international cooperation efforts and legal instruments addressing cybercrime, such as the Council of Europe's Convention on Cybercrime. The International Telecommunication Union works to develop model cybercrime laws and facilitate capacity building and international cooperation around combating cybercrime. Creating universally applicable international cybercrime legislation faces challenges due to the nature of cybercrime and political tensions between countries.
NeuroAIDS refers to the neurological complications caused by HIV infection in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It can be caused primarily by the virus or secondarily by opportunistic infections. The virus does not directly infect neurons but damages them indirectly by infecting microglia, macrophages and astrocytes in the brain. This leads to clinical syndromes involving cognitive, motor and behavioral dysfunction. Common conditions include AIDS dementia, peripheral neuropathy, vacuolar myelopathy and primary CNS lymphoma. Diagnosis involves brain imaging, spinal fluid analysis and biopsy. Treatment focuses on ART, managing symptoms, and treating any underlying opportunistic infections.
Blitz was a Portuguese music magazine established in 1984 that aligned itself with emerging underground music scenes in opposition to the dominant record industry. The magazine's journalists saw themselves as "militant" in their promotion of new artists and tastes over mainstream commercial music. Through its writing, Blitz advocated an "ideology of difference" that valued creativity, innovation, and authenticity over imitation, conservatism, and music made only for mass popularity. This ideological stance positioned the magazine and its journalism against the mainstream Portuguese music industry and in support of independent labels, radio shows, retailers, and other media that shared its focus on new and different artists.
El documento resume la situación demográfica y económica del Perú. La población peruana ha crecido constantemente entre 2001 y 2015. Lima es la región más poblada y ha aumentado su población en más de 7 millones de personas durante este período. La economía peruana ha experimentado un fuerte crecimiento en los últimos años, con tasas de crecimiento del PIB superiores al 6% en 2012, impulsada por la inversión privada y pública. Sin embargo, existen desafíos para garantizar un crecimiento sostenible a larg
Este documento resume el ciclo del hábito según Charles Duhigg y presenta una actividad para que los estudiantes identifiquen sus propias rutinas. Explica que el ciclo del hábito consta de cuatro pasos: 1) identificar la rutina, 2) experimentar las recompensas, 3) identificar el disparador de entrada y 4) tener un plan para modificar la conducta. Luego, pide a los estudiantes presentar una matriz de sus propias rutinas y recuerda que cambiar conductas lleva trabajo y esfuerzo.
Hatshepsut was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty in Egypt. She became regent after the death of Thutmose II until Thutmose III came of age, and they ruled jointly for some time. Hatshepsut challenged gender norms by taking on the role and image of a male pharaoh. She initiated extensive building projects and expanded trade networks during her prosperous reign, establishing herself as a powerful ruler through relationship with the god Amen and portrayals of her divine authority.
The document describes accounting procedures for merchandising businesses, including inventory systems, purchasing and selling inventory, adjusting entries, and closing entries. It discusses two types of inventory systems - perpetual and periodic - and how to account for purchases and sales under a perpetual system. Specific topics covered include journalizing purchases and returns, payments with and without discounts, sales and returns/allowances, and closing revenue, expense, and inventory accounts at year end. Worked examples are provided to illustrate accounting for inventory purchases, sales, returns and allowances, and payment terms.
The document provides information about Beach Day Coolers, including its trial balance, adjusting entries, income statement, statement of owner's equity, and balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2012. Key points covered include adjusting the inventory account based on a physical count, and carrying other merchandising accounts like sales revenue and cost of goods sold. The worksheet procedures are the same as for a service business.
The document discusses accounting concepts such as journals, ledgers, debits and credits, and the transaction recording process. It provides examples of journalizing transactions, posting to T-accounts, and preparing a trial balance. Key steps covered include identifying accounts and amounts, determining if accounts increase or decrease using debit/credit rules, recording in the journal, and copying to the ledger. The goal is for total debits to equal total credits on the trial balance.
The document provides information on inventory accounting principles and methods. It defines inventory costing methods such as specific unit cost, FIFO, LIFO, and average cost. It demonstrates how to account for perpetual inventory using each of these three main costing methods. The effects of the different costing methods on ending inventory, cost of goods sold, and net income are compared. The document also discusses applying the lower-of-cost-or-market rule to inventory valuation and estimating ending inventory using the gross profit method.
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### Types of TDM
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### Applications of TDM
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- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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2. OH043.2
Internal Use Only
Basic Logging Truck
HYDRAULICS
As a logging operator you will
have to run the Winch.
This basic course will help you
understand why and how of the
Truck Hydraulics
3. OH043.3
Internal Use Only
Why Hydraulics
• Transmission of power is very easy and flexible using
Hydraulics. Pumps and Motors are connected by
flexible hoses
• It is safe in the sense that it does not have fire or
electrical hazards. Remember we need to switch OFF /
Disconnect the Truck Alternator during Explosive
related operations yet the Winch has to move.
Hydraulics can be run from the Truck 12 V Battery
• It is relatively maintenance free. Just keep changing
Oil & Filters regularly as scheduled in PM manuals
• Hydraulic operations are smooth and noiseless.
• The ease with which one can control Speed, Torque,
Direction of the winch by operating just one Joy Stick
4. OH043.4
Internal Use Only
Hydrostatic laws
• If pressure is applied
on surface of the same
area, the forces which
are produced are the
same size.
• Forces depend on
height of liquid not on
the shape of the
container in which
liquid is placed.
• Hydrostatic laws
assume an ideal fluid
which is
incompressible,
frictionless and
without mass.
5. OH043.5
Internal Use Only
Pascal’s law
• The effect of a force
acting on a stationery
liquid spreads in all
directions within a
liquid.
• The amount of
pressure in the liquid
is the equal to the
weight force, with
respect to the area
being acted upon.
• The pressure always
acts at right angles to
the limiting surface of
the container.
6. OH043.6
Internal Use Only
Pressure due to external force
• P = F1/A1
• F2 = P.A2
• F1/A1 = F2/A2
• As such a small force
applied on the small
area side can result in
much larger force on a
large area.
7. OH043.7
Internal Use Only
Important characteristics of hydraulic
circuits
• Transfer of large forces
• Operations may commence from rest under full load.
• Smooth adjustments of the following is easily achieved:
• Speed
• Torque
• Force
• Change of Direction (no engaging reverse gear)
• Simple protection against overloading.
• Suitable for both quick and very slow controlled
sequence of movements.
• Decentralized transformation of mechanical/electrical
to hydraulic and hydraulic to mechanical energy is
possible
8. OH043.8
Internal Use Only
Logging Truck hydraulics
There are 2 Independent* Closed Loop Hydraulic circuits in
a Logging Truck (or Skid)
* These two independent circuits share a common Prime Mover
and a common Hydraulics oil tank
1.Controls direction, Speed and
Torque of the Winch
2.Runs the Alternator at a constant
speed of 1800 rpm under changing
load conditions
9. OH043.9
Internal Use Only
Closed Loop Hydraulic circuit- Electrical analogy
Current
source
A
V
R
I
V= IR , I = V/R
Power = V * I
The current source feeds
power while the Resistor
dissipates Power
Pressure = Flow*Load
Power = Pressure * Flow , Torque *
RPM
The Pump converts mechanical
energy to hydraulic energy while the
Motor converts hydraulic energy
back to mechanical energy
10. OH043.10
Internal Use Only
Closed Loop Hydraulic circuit components
Prime Mover (M) Source - Truck/Skid Diesel Engine
Hydraulic Pump (2)
Hydraulic Fluid (1)
Hydraulic Motor (4)
Various accessories like Hoses, Filters, Controls,
Valves etc.
Pump Motor
Pressure Gauge
Fluid Flow
Mechanical energy turns
the Pump, which sucks
hydraulic fluid from a
tank and pushes it out
under pressure. The
pressurized fluid is taken
to the motor in a hose. The
pressurized fluid turns the
motor, looses energy and
returns to tank
11. OH043.11
Internal Use Only
Well, It’s not that simple
Pump Motor
Pressure Gauge
Fluid Flow
What will happen if
1. The load on the motor
increases
2. How to stop the motor without
stopping the engine
3. The Hydraulic oil heats up, gets
dirty with metal dust
1. If the load on the motor increases, pressure will increase. It may
burst the hoses, stall the pump and engine, cause mechanical
damage
2. Variable Displacement is the answer
3. When hydraulic oil heats up, it might loose its properties and start
burning, spoil the rubber seals and gaskets. Metal dust has to be
filtered
12. OH043.12
Internal Use Only
Case 1 – Safety from High
Pressure
A simple relief valve may consist of nothing but a ball or poppet held seated in the valve body by
the compressive force of a heavy spring. When the pressure at the inlet is insufficient to
overcome the force of the spring the valve remains closed and hence it is very often referred as
a normally closed valve. When the preset pressure is reached, the ball unseats and allows flow
through the outlet to tank. In most of these valves, an adjusting screw is provided to vary the
spring force. Thus the valve can be set to open at any pressure within the specified range. The
pressure at which the valve first opens is called the cracking pressure. A relief valve should NOT
be allowed to operate in Relief mode for long.
Relief Valve – Operates much like a Zener Diode
Pump Motor
Pressure Gauge
Fluid Flow
13. OH043.13
Internal Use Only
Case 2 – Displacement (just like Gears)
Displacement of a Pump (or Motor) is the amount of
fluid moved per Rotation. Displacement is measured
in cc. For example a Pump could be 90cc (meaning that for
each complete rotation of the Pump shaft 90cc of oil will come out) and a
Motor could be 120cc.
Pump Motor
Pressure Gauge
Fluid Flow
In our example let
Pump = 90 cc
Motor = 120 cc
If the engine rpm (ω1)
is 1200 then what is
the rpm of the motor
(ω2)?
14. OH043.14
Internal Use Only
Case 2 – Variable Displacement
Think of Variable Displacement as being able to adjust the angle
of a Fan’s blades. If we make the Blades FLAT (angle=0) then
even if the Fan rotates no flow will take place.
What will happen if the angle is revered?
In a Logging Truck, we use
Variable Displacement
Pumps
Pump 0-90 Motor
Pressure Gauge
Fluid Flow
15. OH043.15
Internal Use Only
Case 2 – Changing Direction of the motor
•To change the direction of rotation of the motor the Fluid flow
direction MUST change to reverse. Fluid Flow direction is controlled
by Pumps
•Fluid Flow direction can be changed smoothly by Axial Piston design
Variable Displacement Pumps that can achieve this even while
turning in the same direction at the same rpm (much like the Fan
example of last slide)
The Displacement of the Pumps
(or motors) can be controlled by
a simple Electrical Joystick
Lever.
In Logging Trucks/Skids the
Winchman’s Joystick sends a DC
Current to Solenoid coils
mounted on the Hydraulic Pump.
16. OH043.16
Internal Use Only
Case 2 – Over center Variable Displacement Pumps
Axial Piston Variable Displacement Pumps can also change the
direction of Fluid Flow. Such pumps are called Over-center pumps
This means on such Pumps there is NO HIGH pressure Port and NO
LOW pressure port. Instead there are 2 ports (A and B) when one is
HIGH the other is LOW.
Notice that Motors can be variable displacement too but displacement can never be zero (or close
to zero). Why?
17. OH043.17
Internal Use Only
Case 3 – Cooling and Filtration of Hydraulic Fluid
As both ports (A & B) can be HI pressure (though not at the same
time), we must create a separate Port (C) where pressure will
always be LOW. This port is called CASE DRAIN. Some portion of the
oil is intentionally leaked out of the main circuit, collected and sent
back into a Tank. But before it reaches the Tank we cool it in a
radiator.
A
B B
A
C
C
18. OH043.18
Internal Use Only
Case 3 – Cooling and Filtration
As we have removed
some Oil, we must
replenish the same,
else the hydraulic
circuit will soon
starve. This is done by
a separate pump
called Charge Pump
and a Charge circuit.
A Charge Pump sucks
CLEAN, COOLED,
FILTERED Oil from the
tank and pushes it
back into the main
circuit by injecting oil
in the low pressure
side.
19. OH043.19
Internal Use Only
Hydraulics so far….
• Logging Hydraulics systems are closed loop
systems.
• There are 2 independent systems (Winch,
Alternator)
• Pumps used in both these two circuits are Over
center Variable Displacement Axial Type
• Controls to the Pump and Motors are electrical (12V
DC)
• System pressure is limited to 5500 psi by relief
valves
• Charge Pumps are Gear type pumps that are
mounted along with the main pumps. Since we
have 2 main pumps we also have 2 charge pumps
• Hydraulic oil must be filtered and cooled
21. OH043.21
Internal Use Only
Advanced Truck Hydraulics
In this section you will learn about the practical
aspects of the Hydraulics system as used in a
Logging Truck or Skid
22. OH043.22
Internal Use Only
Lets start with the Engine and PTO
1. Once the Truck is correctly spotted, it is kept at Neutral.
2. Make sure the Drum Brakes are ON and Winch man’s Joystick in Neutral
3. Inside the drivers cabin, engage the PTO. A PTO (Power Take Off) is an
auxiliary gearbox, usually much smaller. Depending on the type of PTO, the
Truck diesel engine rpm is slowly increased to about 1500 rpm (1200 old)
4. The PTO (when engaged) drives the 2 Hydraulic Pumps (along with their 2
Charge Pumps) via a drive shaft. In most new Halliburton Trucks the PTO rpm
is equal to engine rpm
5. Both Pumps always start at Zero displacement. The Charge pumps builds the
system pressure to around 400 psi.
23. OH043.23
Internal Use Only
Various Pumps on Halliburton Trucks and Skids
1. Over center Variable Displacement 90 cc Axial Pump
for the Winch. Model Rexroth AA4VG90EL
2. Over center Variable Displacement 56 cc Axial Pump
for the Alternator. Model Rexroth AA4VG56EL
3. Along with each of the above 2 pumps are 2 Charge
Pumps. The Charge Pumps are simple Gear type
pumps stuck together along with the main pumps
The entire block of 4 pumps is then made into 1 assembly having a common drive shaft running
thru and thru
Charge
Pump
Charge
Pump
24. OH043.24
Internal Use Only
The Charge Pump
A charge pump is a simple gear pump
necessary for our system because of
the following:
• To supply system with cool fluid
• To supply fluid to compensate for
leaks
• To keep the system under pressure
As the gears rotate oil is trapped and
pushed from one port (Low) to another
(High)
A Charge Pump will NOT work if rotated in the opposite direction
25. OH043.25
Internal Use Only
The Rexroth AA4VG__EL Axial Pumps
Both the main Pumps (90cc and
56cc) are of similar design called
the Axial Piston Pumps
Both the main Pumps are Over
center variable displacement type
Both pumps are controlled by
Electrical 12V DC signals
So how do these pumps
work?
Swashplate principle
27. OH043.27
Internal Use Only
Motors used in Halliburton Trucks and Skids
Alternator Motor
Rexroth AA2FM32
Fixed Displacement
of 32 cc
Winch Motor Rexroth
AA6VM80EL
Variable Displacement
from 25cc to 80cc.
No signal Default 80cc
*Some Skids may have 55 cc motors
depending on Planetary Gear-Box
Both Motors are Bent Axis type Axial Piston Motors
28. OH043.28
Internal Use Only
The Bent Axis Principle
The Winch Motor
displacement
depends on the Axis
angle can vary from a
min to give 25 cc to a
max to give 80cc
The Alternator
Motor Axis angle
is fixed to give
32 cc
displacement
*Decreasing Swivel Angle decreases Displacement (therefore
increases RPM) but Hydraulic Motors cannot have 0 cc displacement
of as that would mean Infinite RPM and Zero Torque
29. OH043.29
Internal Use Only
Hydraulics Diagram of Truck/Skid
Winch Pump Winch Motor
2 Speed
Planetary
Gearbox
Reel
120V 60Hz
Alternator
Variable
Displacement
80cc Motor
Fixed
Displacement
32cc Motor
Variable
Displacement
56cc Pump
Variable
Displacement
90cc Pump
Oil Filters Heat exchanger
Case Drain
Diesel
Engine
30. OH043.30
Internal Use Only
Mooring Principle (Max Line Tension Control)
• It is basically a line tension control valve mounted on
the Winch man's control panel.
• In essence it is a system pressure regulator.
• The line tension valve can also control (and override
the Joy-Stick control) the swash plate angle of Winch
pump and when the set pressure is reached it forces
the pump to stop pumping in fluid.
• However the set pressure is maintained.
• This prevents the cable from breaking accidentally
while the tool is being logged UP (only) and there is a
Tight pull.
• On Floaters Mooring Control is a MUST
32. OH043.32
Internal Use Only
Max Line Tension – Why is it important?
As the Logging Tool goes deeper the Cable weight
(and therefore Tension) increases with depth and
conversely as the Tool is coming up the Cable
weight decreases.
Consider what will happen if we were Logging UP
and the Tool got stuck (at some deep depth) and
the Winch man is NOT paying attention
33. OH043.33
Internal Use Only
Requirements of a good hydraulic fluid
• Lubrication and anti-wear characteristics
• Appropriate viscosity (with respect to pressure)
• Stability against shearing
• Stability against thermal loads
• Should have low compressibility (little change due to
temperature)
• Fire resistant-does not burn
• Good protection against corrosion
• No formation of sticky substances
• Good filtration capability
• Cost and availability
34. OH043.34
Internal Use Only
Review and Questions
• Theory.
• Applications
• The Hydraulic Circuit
• Hydraulic pumps & motors
• PM1 issues
• Max Line Tension.