This document provides an overview of applications of fluid hydraulics including: hydraulic brake systems which use fluid pressure to slow vehicles; hydraulic elevators which use fluid pressure to raise elevator cars; hydraulic shock absorbers which absorb energy using fluid flow through pistons; hydraulic rams which use falling water to power fluid flow and lift water; hydraulic cranes which use fluid pressure to lift heavy loads; and hydraulic presses which use fluid pressure in cylinders to compress materials. The document also discusses advantages of hydraulics including high power and safety, and disadvantages such as potential leaks and temperature sensitivity.

1. I.T.S. Engineering College
• Sumit Lakhera
• Branch- Mechanical
• 3rd year
• Section - B-2
•

2. JCB Jack
Applications of Fluid Hydraulics
Lift
Ram

3. Contents
• 1.Introduction
• 2.Formulas
• 3.Hydraulic brake system
• 4.Hydraulic elevator
• 5.Shock absorber
• 6.Hydraulic ram
• 7.Crane
• 8.Hydraulic press
• 9Advantages and disadvantages
• 10.Conclusion

4. Introduction
Hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and transmission of fluids in
order to produce some mechanical work .
Formulas :
• Hydraulic power is defined as flow times pressure. The hydraulic power
supplied by a pump : Power = (P x Q) ÷ 600where power is in kilowatts
[kW], P pressure in bars, and Q is the flow in liters per minute.
• For example, a pump delivers 180 lit/min and the pressure equals 250
bar, therefore the power of the pump is 75 kW.
• Power input = Power output ÷ ηtotal. For example,the average for axial
piston pumps, ηtotal = 0.87 , the diesel engine or an electric motor, must
be capable of delivering at least 75 ÷ 0.87 = 86 kW.
• ηtotal = ηvol ηhm.
• ηvol =volumetric efficiency , ηhm=hydromechanical efficiency .

5. Ediesel = (Pmax·Qtot)÷η.
Qtot = calculate with the theoretical pump flow
for the consumers not including leakages at
max. power point.
Pmax = actual pump pressure at max. power
point
Prel. cooler capacity: Heat dissipation from
hydraulic oil tanks, valves, pipes and
hydraulic components is less than a few
percent in standard mobile equipment and the
cooler capacity must include some margins.
Minimum cooler capacity, Ecooler = 0.25Ediesel
At least 25% of the input power must be
dissipated by the cooler when peak power is
utilized for long periods. In normal case
however, the peak power is used for only short
periods, thus the actual cooler capacity
required might be considerably less.

6. Hydraulic brake system :
When the brake pedal is pressed, a pushrod
exerts force on the piston(s) in the master
cylinder, causing fluid from the brake fluid
reservoir to flow into a pressure chamber
through a compensating port. This forces fluid
through the hydraulic lines toward 4 caliper
pistons then apply force to the brake
pads, which pushes them against the spinning
rotor, and the friction between the pads and
the rotor causes a braking torque to be
generated, slowing the vehicle. Heat generated
by this friction is either dissipated through
vents and channels in the rotor or conducted
through the pads, which are made of
specialized heat-tolerant materials such
as kevlar or sintered glass.
Subsequent release of the brake pedal/lever
allows spring(s) to return the master piston(s)
back into position. This relieves the hydraulic
pressure on the caliper, allowing the brake
piston in the caliper assembly to slide back into
its housing and the brake pads to release the
rotor.
In figure , pedal ratio=5

7. Sliding caliper Fixed caliper

8. Hydraulic elevator
A pump force hydraulic fluid from
a tank into a cylinder. The cylinder
is connected to a valve that allows
the hydraulic fluid in and out of
the cylinder. When the valve
closes, the fluid goes into the
cylinder, and the pressure pushes
on the piston. The hydraulic arm
then raises the elevator up to the
next floor. So even when the
elevator cab is not on the ground
floor, it is being held up by the
hydraulic arm. When the valve
opens, the hydraulic fluid rushes
out of the cylinder and back into
the tank, which allows the
elevator cab to descend slowly
and safely.

9. Hydraulic shock absorber
Rear shock absorber
and spring
of a
BMW R75/5
motorcycle
Miniature oil filled
shock components
for scale cars.
Hydraulic shock absorbers are used in
conjunction with cushions and springs.
An automobile shock absorber
contains spring-loaded check valves
and orifices to control the flow of oil
through an internal piston. Shock
absorber absorbs and dissipates
energy. In most dashpots, energy is
converted to heat inside the viscous
fluid. In hydraulic cylinders, the
hydraulic fluid heats up, while in air
cylinders, the hot air is usually
exhausted to the atmosphere.
In electromagnetic dashpot , the
dissipated energy can be stored and
used later.
Example: suspension systems
of automobiles, motorcycles, and
other wheeled or tracked vehicles,
aircraft landing gear and the supports
for many industrial machines .

10. Hydaulic Ram
The hydraulic ram pump is a
self-acting device that uses the
energy of a large volume of
water falling from a higher
location (relative to the ram)
and passing through it, to lift a
small volume to a location
significantly higher than the ram
and the source of water .
Six 4-inch hydraulic rams with a
combined output of more than
300,000 liters per day irrigate
around 35 hectares of farmland in
central Negros Occidental.

11. COST OF A HYPOTHETICAL HYDRAULIC RAM SET UP with 2-INCH RAM
Assuming data as shown
Fall, 3 m
Lift, 20 m
Supply pipe
30 m
Drive pipe
12 m
Hydraulic
Ram pump,
2 inches
Delivery pipe
60 m
Source flow rate
120 liters/minute
Estimated output:
= (Fall * Volume * 0.60)/Lift
= (3 * 120 * 0.60)/20
= 10.8 liters/minute
= 15,552 liters/day

12. Parts of a Hydraulic Ram
Air chamber
Impulse valve
Body
Feet
Delivery pipe stub
Delivery valve
Drive pipe stub
Air snifter
Chinook MP-2 2-inch ram
large-bore Chinese-made hydraulic ram
pump

13. Hydraulic crane
The large metal ball attached to the
hook keeps the cable taut when there is no
load on the hook.
The large gear under the cab is the Rotex gear,
which allows the cab to swivel and move the
boom from side to side and has 2 revolutions
in 1 minute .
The outriggers keep the crane balanced during
a lift.They are detachable counterweights . The
amount of counterweight needed for a
particular lift is determined by the weight of
the load, the radius of the boom and the
boom's angle during operation.

14. A crane is a type of machine equipped with a
wire ropes or chains that can be used both to lift
and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It is used to lift heavy things and
transporting them to other places.
A hydraulic press is a machine using
a hydraulic cylinder to generate a compressive
force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent of a
mechanical lever, and is also known as
a Bramah press .
All modern car crushers use a hydraulic press
to crush the cars. A large motor powers a
pump that pushes hydraulic fluid to drive large
cylinders.
Hydraulic Press

15. Components:
1.Bed where all the cars are loaded.
2.A crushing plate rises to make room for
the cars, and then drops to apply the
crushing power.
3.The engine, pump, valves, tubing and
other parts of the hydraulic system.
4.Guideposts that align the crushing plate
and make sure the crushing force is
applied evenly.
In a "bale" crusher,set of pistons pushes
another crushing plate in a lateral
direction. Once the car has been crushed
flat, it's crushed sideways, forming a "hay
bale" of compacted car. Some baler
crushers use specially shaped "claws" that
fold the cars into bales or square logs.

16. Advantages Disadvantages
• 1.High horsepower, low weight
Low speed torque,Constant force or torque .
• 2.Safety in hazardous environments .
3. The hydraulic system is convenient to operate
and control .
4. The hydraulic system has light weight, small
size, small inertia, and fast response.
5. The hydraulic system can realize automatic
overload protection.
6. The hydraulic system is very easy to achieve
linear motion.
7. The various components and vertical dryer of
the hydraulic system can be easy and flexible to
arrange as needed.
8. The hydraulic system is very easy to realize
machine automation, and after the use of
combined electro-hydraulic control, it can not
only achieve a higher degree of automatic
control process, but also realize remote control.
9.The hydraulic system generally uses mineral oil
as working medium, and the relative motion
surface can be self-lubricated with long service
life.
• 1.Can easily cause burns and irritations
due to pressurized fluid.
• 2.It requires a higher precision, so it is
expensive.
3. For the influence of the work
performance of its medium leakage and
compressibility, it cannot reach the
strict transmission ratio.
• 4. As a result of performance vulnerable
to temperature changes, it should not
work under the conditions of high or
low temperature.
5. The fluid flow resistance and leakage
is high, so the efficiency is relatively
low. If not handled properly, leakage
will not only contaminate sites, but also
cause fires and explosions.

17. Conclusion
• Hydraulic fluids are the medium by which power is transferred
in hydraulic machinery. Common hydraulic fluids are based on mineral
oil or water. Examples of equipment that use hydraulic fluids
include excavators and backhoes, hydraulic brakes, power
steering systems, transmissions, garbage trucks, aircraft flight control
systems, lifts, and industrial machinery.
• Hydraulic systems will work most efficiently if the hydraulic fluid used has
zero compressibility.
• Because industrial hydraulic systems operate at several hundreds to
thousands of PSI (1 PSI=pound/inch square= 6894.75729 Pa)and
temperatures reaching hundreds of degrees Celsius, severe injuries and
death can result from component failures and care must always be taken
when performing maintenance on hydraulic systems.
• Fire resistance is a property available with specialized fluids.