A fluid coupling uses oil to transmit power between two shafts without a mechanical connection. It consists of a pump impeller on the driving shaft and a turbine runner on the driven shaft enclosed in a housing filled with oil. As the impeller rotates, it moves the oil through the turbine, causing it to rotate and transmit power to the driven shaft. Torque increases with impeller speed. Fluid couplings are used in automotive and aircraft transmissions as well as diesel locomotives.

1. Fluid System’s

2. Fluid Coupling
• A Fluid coupling is used for transmitting power or
torque from one to another shaft with the help of oil
(fluid).
• Without MECHANICAL connection of two shafts.

3. Construction..
• It consist of two rotating elements as
a radial pump impeller and radial
flow turbine runner.
• The pump impeller is mounted on
driving shaft and turbine runner is
mounted on a driven shaft. Both the
impeller and runner are identical in
shape and they are enclosed in
single housing filled with oil.
• There is no direct contact between
the shafts.

4. How it works…

5. • When the driving shaft with pump impeller is rotated, the oil
starts moving from the inner radius to outer radius of the pump
impeller by centrifugal action.
• Due to centrifugal action and the speed of impeller, the
pressure and kinetic energy of oil at outer radius increases. The
oil then enters the turbine runner at the outer radios of the
runner and flows inwardly to the inner radios of the runner. It
will exert force and make it run.
• The magnitude of the torque increases with an increases in the
speed of driving shaft.
• And cycle will continue.

6. uses
• Industrial
• Rail transportation
o Fluid couplings are found in some Diesel locomotives as part of the power
transmission system. Self-Changing Gears made semi-automatic transmissions
for British Rail.
• Automotive
o semi-automatic transmissions and automatic transmissions. Since the late
1940s.
• Aviation
o The most prominent use of fluid couplings in aeronautical applications was in the
DB 601, DB 603 and DB 605 engines where it was used as a barometrically
controlled hydraulic clutch for the centrifugal compressor and the Wright turbo-
compound reciprocating engine

7. WHAT IS HYDRAULICRAM
A hydraulic ram is a cyclic water pump
powered by hydropower. It functions as a
hydraulic transformer that takes in water at
one " hydraulic head " (pressure) and flow-
rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic-
head and lower flow-rate.

8. Basic components of a hydraulic
1. Inlet — drive pipe
2. Free flow at waste valve
3. Outlet — delivery pipe
4. Waste valve
5. Delivery check valve
6. Pressure vessel

9. uses
An alternative to the hydraulic ram is the water-powered pump. It can be
used if a high flow rate at high head ratio is required. A water-powered
pump unit is a hydraulic turbine coupled to a water pump. The motive
power needed by the pump is generated by the hydraulic turbine from the
available low head water energy.[

10. Torque Converter
A torque converter is generally a type
of fluid coupling capable of producing
torque.
Replacement of clutch for automatic
transmission vehicle.

11. Introduction
o Impeller-Connected to the flywheel and towards the gearbox
o Turbine-Facing the impeller and the main shaft of the gear box is taken
from the turbine through the impeller.
o Stator-Between the impeller and turbine

12. Parts of a Torque converter

14.  Stall-
The prime mover is applying power to the impeller but the
turbine cannot rotate.
 Acceleration
The load is accelerating but there still is a relatively large
difference between impeller and turbine speed. Under this
condition, the converter will produce torque multiplication
 Coupling
The torque converter is behaving in a manner similar to a
simple fluid coupling.
Operational phases

15.  Overheating-Continuous high levels of slippage resulting in damage to
the seals that retain fluid inside the converter.
 Stator clutch seizure- The inner and outer elements of the one way stator
clutch become permanently locked together, thus preventing the stator from
rotating during the coupling phase.
 Stator clutch breakage- A very abrupt application of power can cause shock
loading of the stator clutch, resulting in breakage.
 Blade deformation and fragmentation- If subjected to abrupt loading or
excessive heating of the converter, pump and/or turbine blades may be
deformed.
 Balloning-Operating a torque converter at very high RPM may cause the
shape of the converter's housing to be physically distorted due to internal
pressure.
Failure Problems

16. HYDRAULIC PRESS
A hydraulic press is a machine that has a
bed or a plate in which the metallic material
is placed so that it can be crushed,
straightened or moulded.
It applies hydraulic mechanism for applying
a large lifting force or compressive force

17. WORKING PRINCIPLE
Hydraulic press works on the basis of Pascal's Law, its working is similar to the
one of the hydraulic system.
In hydraulic press, there is a piston at one end of the system having a
small cross-sectional area. This piston is driven by a lever. The other end
of the system has small-diameter tubing. When a fluid is displaced, either
of the pistons is pushed inward. Small piston displaces a smaller amount
of volume than the large piston for a given distance of movement. The
displaced fluid volume is proportional to the ratio of pistons' head areas.

18. TYPES
The range includes following types of hydraulic presses:
1-Deep drawing press
2-Hydraulic punching press
3-compression deep drawing press
4-Hydraulic trimming press
5-Hydraulic coining press
6-Powder compacting press
7-Hydraulic blanking press
8-Compression molding press

19. APPLICATION
These hydraulic presses find various applications in various industrial
applications. To count a few, the applications of hydraulic presses are:
- Blanking
- Clamping
- Coining
- Compacting
- Compression Molding
- Drawing
- Embossing
- Powder Compacting
- Punching
- Spotting
- Stacking
- Stamping

20. AIR LIFT PUMP
An air-lift pump is a device which is used to lift
water from a well or a sump with the use of
compressed air.

21. WORKING PRINCIPLE
It is well known that the density of water is more than the density of air. So
it is obvious and evident that air floats higher than water or to understand
better, water has more weight than air. So the main principle used in air-lift
pumps is the density difference between water and air. Air is made to mix
with the water and thus allowed to form froth. Froth here consists of
mixture of water and air. So the density of this mixture is less than that of
the water. It is the mixture of air which makes the density less than water.
Thus a very small column of pure water can balance a very long column of
air-water mixture. This is the working principle of air-lift pumps.

22. APPLICATION
These pumps, in spite of their poor efficiency, are
commonly used in many areas where conventional pumps
usage is difficult. These pumps are used in
1.Petroleum fields,
2.Handling some hazardous liquids,
3.Sewage plants,
4.Deep sea mining,
5.Recovery of archeological artifact and many more.