This document defines key terminology used in titration analysis. It explains that a titration determines the concentration of an unknown solution by measuring the volume of a known standard solution required to reach the endpoint of a chemical reaction. The standard solution is called the titrant. The unknown solution is the titrand or analyte. An indicator is used to signal when the endpoint is reached. The equivalence point occurs when the moles of titrant equal the moles of analyte, while the endpoint marks the end of the reaction. Primary standards are pure and used to make secondary standards of known concentration for titrations.

1. Dr.C.ROOSEWELT M.Pharm., Ph.D.,
Professor and Head,
Department of Pharmaceutical
Analysis,
Jaya college of Paramedical
Sciences, college of Pharmacy,
Chennai.
BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION

2. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION

3. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 TITRATION:
A titration is a technique where a solution of
known concentration is used to determine the
concentration of an unknown solution. Typically,
the titrant (the known solution) is added from
a burette to a known quantity of the
analyte/titrate (the unknown solution) until the
reaction is complete. Knowing the volume of
titrant added allows the determination of the
concentration of the unknown. Often, an indicator
is used to usually signal the end of the reaction,
the endpoint

4. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 TITRANT:
Titrant is a substance added from the burette. Titrant
used and the reaction principle that proceeds usually
defines name of the titration - like acid-base (or
alkalimetric) titration if we use strong acid (or strong
base) as a titrant, or redox when the reaction that
proceeds is of a redox type.
 TITRATE/ ANALYTE
Titrate is (analytical chemistry) to ascertain the
amount of a constituent in a solution (or other mixture)
by measuring the volume of a known concentration
(the "standard solution") needed to complete a
reaction. Analyte is a substance whose chemical
constituents are being identified and measured.

5. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 INDICATOR:
Indicator is a substance that changes color in
response to a chemical change. An acid-base
indicator (e.g., phenolphthalein) changes color
depending on the pH. Redox indicators are also
used. A drop of indicator solution is added to the
titration at the beginning; the endpoint has been
reached when the color changes.

6. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 EQUIVALENCE POINT:
The equivalence point is the exact point in a
titration when moles of one titrant equal the moles
of the substance being titrated.
 ENDPOINT:
The endpoint is the point where the system
changes when the moles of the reacting titrant
exceed the moles of the substance being titrated.

7. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 Difference between Equivalence Point and
End Point?
 The equivalence point in a titration is the point at
which the added titrant is chemically equivalent
completely to the analyte in the sample. End point
is the point where the indicator changes its color.
 Equivalence point comes before the end point.

8. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 STANDARDIZATION:
Standardization is the process of determining
the exact concentration (molarity) of a solution.
Basically standardardization is carried to know
the strength of the secondary standard prepared
for carring out the assay. It is done to ensure the
strength of secondary standard prepared. The
strength calculated after standardization is used
to calculate the content or percentage purity.

9. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 PRIMARY STANDARD:
A primary standard is a reagent which is very pure,
representative of the number of moles the substance contains
and easily weighed.
Primary standards are typically used in titration to determine an
unknown concentration and in other analytical
chemistry techniques. Primary standards are often used to make
standard solutions.
Properties of Primary Standards
 A good primary standard meets the following criteria:
 high level of purity
 low reactivity (high stability)
 high equivalent weight (to reduce error from mass
measurements)
 not hygroscopic (to reduce changes in mass in humid versus dry
environments)
 non-toxic
 inexpensive and readily available

10. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 SECONDARY STANDARD:
A related term is "secondary standard". A
secondary standard is a chemical that has been
standardized against a primary standard for use
in a specific analysis. Secondary standards are
commonly used to calibrate analytical methods

11. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 DRUG:
Drug is a Natural or synthetic substance which
(when taken into a living body) affects its
functioning or structure, and is used in the
diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of
a disease or relief of discomfort.
 ASSAY :
An assay is a test of a substance to find out what
chemicals it contains. It is usually carried out to
find out how pure a substance is.

12. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 METHODS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION:
1. Normality
2. Molarity
3. Molality
4. Percent Solution
5. Formal Concentration
6. Parts per Million (PPM)

13. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 Normality-
 Normality is the number of gram equivalent
of solute (Substance) dissolved in one litre
(1000 ml) of solution.
 Normality is indicated by N

14. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 MOLARITY:
Molarity is the number of moles of solute
(Substance) dissolved in one litre (1000 mL)
of Solution.
Molarity is indicated by M
Number of moles of Solute
M = ------------------------------------
1000 mL of Solution

15. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 MOLALITY:
 Molality is a molal solution contains1
mole of solute per one kilogram of solution.
Molality is indicated by m
Number of mol. Wt. of substance
m = ---------------------------------------
1000 gm of Solution (1Kg)

16. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 Percent (%) Solution
 The concentration is expressed in terms of per cent
(parts per hundred) also. Per cent Composition of a
solution can be expressed as:
1. Per cent W/W = Weight of solute/ Weight of solution X100
2. Per cent V/V =Volume of solute/ Volume of solution X 100
3. Per cent W/V= Weight of solute/ Volume of solution X100

17. BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN
TITRATION
 Parts Per Million
Parts per million is frequently employed
to express the concentration of very dilute
solutions and is express as PPM

18. Thank you