Volumetric analysis
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Volumetric Analysis
It is a quantitative analysis in which amount of substance is determined in the solution. For this purpose, we titrate the solution against the other solution whose concentration is known
Practical work
Titration
Types
Titrant
titrand
Procedure
Calculation
Precaution
Different techniques of pharmaceutical analysis
Different methods which are used in pharmaceutical analysis for qualitative and quantitative analysis of any compounds.
Sources of impurities
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities. It defines impurity as unwanted foreign particles other than the active drug. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. The types and amounts of impurities depend on factors like purity of starting materials and purification methods. Limit tests are used to detect and limit specific impurities like chlorides, sulphates, and iron according to pharmacopeia limits. The tests use reactions like precipitation or color changes to compare a sample to a standard of a known impurity level. Maintaining low impurity levels is important for safety, efficacy, and stability of pharmaceutical products.
Methods of expressing concentration
This document discusses different methods of expressing concentrations in solutions. It defines key terms like solution, standard solution, concentration, percent concentration, parts per million, parts per billion, molarity, normality, molality and formality. It provides formulas and examples to calculate the concentration values using these different methods for solutions like sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The key methods covered are percent concentration, parts per million, parts per billion, molarity, normality, molality and formality.
Errors in pharmaceutical analysis
Errors in pharmaceutical analysis can be determinate (systematic) or indeterminate (random). Determinate errors are caused by faults in procedures or instruments and cause results to consistently be too high or low. Sources include improperly calibrated equipment, impure reagents, and analyst errors. Indeterminate errors are random and unavoidable, arising from limitations of instruments. Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value, while precision refers to reproducibility. Systematic errors can be minimized by calibrating equipment, analyzing standards, using independent methods, and blank determinations.
Volumetric Analysis by Dr. A. Amsavel
Volumetric Analysis
Types of titration
Acid- Base Theory
Reaction, End Point & Indicators
Acid- Base titration
Titration curve
Non- Aqueous Titration
Precipitation Titration
Complexometric Titration
Oxidation- Reduction Titration,
Calculation. Errors
General Informations,
Volumetric analysis ppt
1) The document discusses volumetric analysis, which is a quantitative chemical analysis method that involves titration. It is defined as determining the concentration of an unknown solution by titrating a known volume of it with a solution of known concentration.
2) Key terms in volumetric analysis are discussed, including titration, titrant, equivalence point, indicator, end point, and titration error.
3) Requirements for volumetric analysis are that the reaction must be complete, stoichiometric, relatively fast, and have a detectable physical or chemical change at the equivalence point that can be identified using an indicator.
Volumetric Analysis ( Titrimetric analysis) or Titration
Volumetric analysis, also known as titrimetric analysis, is a quantitative analysis technique that determines the concentration of an unknown substance by titrating it with a solution of known concentration. The key steps are: (1) adding a known volume of the titrant of known concentration to the titrate of unknown concentration until the endpoint is reached, as indicated by a pH indicator; (2) recording the titrant volume used; and (3) calculating the concentration of the titrate based on the reaction stoichiometry and volumes added. Common types of titrations include acid-base titrations, redox titrations, and precipitation titrations. Proper indicator selection based on the relative acid/base strengths is
Recommended
Volumetric Analysis
It is a quantitative analysis in which amount of substance is determined in the solution. For this purpose, we titrate the solution against the other solution whose concentration is known
Practical work
Titration
Types
Titrant
titrand
Procedure
Calculation
Precaution
Different techniques of pharmaceutical analysis
Different methods which are used in pharmaceutical analysis for qualitative and quantitative analysis of any compounds.
Sources of impurities
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities. It defines impurity as unwanted foreign particles other than the active drug. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. The types and amounts of impurities depend on factors like purity of starting materials and purification methods. Limit tests are used to detect and limit specific impurities like chlorides, sulphates, and iron according to pharmacopeia limits. The tests use reactions like precipitation or color changes to compare a sample to a standard of a known impurity level. Maintaining low impurity levels is important for safety, efficacy, and stability of pharmaceutical products.
Methods of expressing concentration
This document discusses different methods of expressing concentrations in solutions. It defines key terms like solution, standard solution, concentration, percent concentration, parts per million, parts per billion, molarity, normality, molality and formality. It provides formulas and examples to calculate the concentration values using these different methods for solutions like sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The key methods covered are percent concentration, parts per million, parts per billion, molarity, normality, molality and formality.
Errors in pharmaceutical analysis
Errors in pharmaceutical analysis can be determinate (systematic) or indeterminate (random). Determinate errors are caused by faults in procedures or instruments and cause results to consistently be too high or low. Sources include improperly calibrated equipment, impure reagents, and analyst errors. Indeterminate errors are random and unavoidable, arising from limitations of instruments. Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value, while precision refers to reproducibility. Systematic errors can be minimized by calibrating equipment, analyzing standards, using independent methods, and blank determinations.
Volumetric Analysis by Dr. A. Amsavel
Volumetric Analysis
Types of titration
Acid- Base Theory
Reaction, End Point & Indicators
Acid- Base titration
Titration curve
Non- Aqueous Titration
Precipitation Titration
Complexometric Titration
Oxidation- Reduction Titration,
Calculation. Errors
General Informations,
Volumetric analysis ppt
1) The document discusses volumetric analysis, which is a quantitative chemical analysis method that involves titration. It is defined as determining the concentration of an unknown solution by titrating a known volume of it with a solution of known concentration.
2) Key terms in volumetric analysis are discussed, including titration, titrant, equivalence point, indicator, end point, and titration error.
3) Requirements for volumetric analysis are that the reaction must be complete, stoichiometric, relatively fast, and have a detectable physical or chemical change at the equivalence point that can be identified using an indicator.
Volumetric Analysis ( Titrimetric analysis) or Titration
Volumetric analysis, also known as titrimetric analysis, is a quantitative analysis technique that determines the concentration of an unknown substance by titrating it with a solution of known concentration. The key steps are: (1) adding a known volume of the titrant of known concentration to the titrate of unknown concentration until the endpoint is reached, as indicated by a pH indicator; (2) recording the titrant volume used; and (3) calculating the concentration of the titrate based on the reaction stoichiometry and volumes added. Common types of titrations include acid-base titrations, redox titrations, and precipitation titrations. Proper indicator selection based on the relative acid/base strengths is
Non aqueous titration
This document discusses non-aqueous titrations, which are used to analyze organic acids and bases that are insoluble or weakly reactive in water. It describes the principles, reasons for using non-aqueous titrations, common solvents like acetic acid, and provides examples of procedures to titrate drugs like ephedrine hydrochloride and sodium benzoate. The key steps involve dissolving the analyte in a non-aqueous solvent, titrating with an acid or base, and determining the endpoint using an indicator reaction.
Errors
Today's Topic Errors - Introduction, Sources of Errors, Types of Errors, Minimization of Errors, Accuracy, Precision, Significant Figures in Pharmaceutical Analysis subject in B.pharmacy 1st year as per JNTUA Syllabus...
Sources and types of impurities
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities, which are unwanted chemicals that remain with active pharmaceutical ingredients or develop during formulation or aging. Impurities can come from raw materials, intermediates, reagents, catalysts, solvents, reaction vessels, improper storage, cross contamination, manufacturing errors, packaging errors, microbial contamination, chemical instability, storage containers, or atmospheric contamination. The presence of impurities can affect the efficacy, safety, and purity of pharmaceutical products. Common impurities include metals, microbes, residual solvents, and degradation products. Strict controls are needed in manufacturing to minimize impurities.
Volumetric analysis new
Volumetric analysis involves determining the concentration of a substance by measuring the volume occupied. It is commonly used to determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant through a titration process, where one solution of known concentration and volume is used to react with another substance of unknown concentration until the reaction is complete. The volume of the known solution used is then used to calculate the concentration of the unknown substance. Accuracy in volumetric analysis relies on the use of standardized solutions of primary standards with known concentrations.
Gravimetric analysis
This document discusses the principles and techniques of gravimetric analysis. Gravimetry involves measuring mass or mass changes to determine the quantity of an analyte. Key points include:
Precipitation gravimetry forms an insoluble compound upon addition of a precipitating reagent. The precipitate must be pure with no impurities. Volatilization gravimetry measures mass loss upon vaporization of a volatile component. Particulate gravimetry separates and weighs analytes using filtration or extraction. Proper technique aims to produce pure, contaminant-free precipitates for accurate gravimetric determination.
Redox titrations jsk nagarajan
This document discusses redox titrations and provides examples of different types of titrations including acid-base, complexometric, precipitation, and redox titrations. It defines oxidation and reduction in terms of the gain or loss of electrons. Redox titrations involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. The document provides examples of balancing redox equations using half-reactions and discusses how oxidation numbers are used to identify oxidation and reduction in redox reactions.
Acid base titration
This document discusses acid-base theories and titration. It covers:
1) Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis acid-base theories.
2) Types of acids and bases as strong or weak.
3) The law of mass action and dissociation constants.
4) Neutralization curves for different types of acid-base titrations and the pH at equivalence points.
5) Choice of indicators for different titrations and mixed indicators.
Limit test for chlorides alok sharma
Limit tests are quantitative or semi-quantitative tests designed to identify and control small quantities of impurity, which are likely to be present in the substance. The quantity of any one impurity in an official substance is often small, and consequently the visible reaction response to any test for that impurity is also small. The design of individual tests is therefore important if errors are to be avoided in the hands of different operators.
Different Techniques of Pharmaceutical Analysis
The document discusses different techniques of analytical chemistry. It defines analytical chemistry as applying processes to identify, quantify, or determine the structure of substances or chemical compounds. The document outlines various types of analytical chemistry based on sample size, including macro, meso, micro, submicro, and ultramicro analysis. It also distinguishes between qualitative analysis, which provides information on species or functional groups, and quantitative analysis, which determines the relative amount of analytes numerically. Several analytical methods are described such as chemical, physicochemical, microbiological, and biological methods. The document emphasizes the importance of pharmaceutical analysis for identification, determination of impurities, drug stability, strength, concentration, and structure elucidation.
Gravimetric analysis
What is Gravimetric analysis, stepes invloved in gravimetry, Filteration medium in gravimetry, gravimetric factor, application, organic and inorganic prepecating agents
Complexometric Titration
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
EDTA Titration
4.limit test for iron
This document describes the limit test for iron according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. The test involves comparing the color produced by reacting a sample with thioglycolic acid in an ammonical citrate buffer to the color produced by a standard iron solution under the same conditions. If the color produced by the sample is less than the standard, it passes the limit test for iron. If the color is greater than the standard, it fails the limit test. The test is sensitive and uses citric acid to eliminate interference from other metal cations.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical analysis - I (HRB)
This document discusses pharmaceutical analysis, which involves identifying, quantifying, and purifying substances and mixtures. It describes various analytical techniques like volumetric, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic methods. It also discusses primary and secondary standards, methods of expressing concentration such as molarity and molality, sources of errors and how to minimize them, and pharmacopoeias which establish drug standards.
Conductometry titration
This document provides an overview of conductometry, including:
1. The principles of conductometry involve measuring the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution using a conductometer. Conductance depends on ion type, concentration, temperature, and mobility.
2. Instrumentation includes a current source, conductivity cells with platinum electrodes, and a conductance bridge to measure resistance and calculate conductivity.
3. Conductometric titrations can be used for acid-base, redox, precipitation, and complexometric titrations. They do not require indicators and can be used for colored or turbid solutions.
Limit test of Arsenic
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Solubility
Solubility is the property of a substance to dissolve in a solvent to form a homogeneous solution. The solubility of a substance depends on factors like temperature, pressure, pH, particle size, and molecular structure. Temperature generally has a direct relationship with solubility - as temperature increases, solubility increases for most substances but decreases for those that dissolve with heat evolution. Adding electrolytes can decrease the solubility of non-electrolytes through the common ion or salting out effect. Surfactants and complex formation can increase solubility. Gas solubility increases with pressure according to Henry's law.
Modified limit tests for chlorides and sulphates.
This document describes a modified limit test for chlorides and sulphates. For chlorides, the test is based on the reaction between silver nitrate and chloride ions to form a silver chloride precipitate in dilute nitric acid. The turbidity produced is compared to a standard solution. For sulphates, barium chloride reacts with sulphate ions in the presence of acetic acid to form a barium sulphate precipitate. The opalescence produced is compared to a standard solution containing a known amount of sulphate. Detailed procedures are provided for preparing reagents and performing the tests on samples and standards.
Redox titration
Redox titration is a laboratory method to determine the concentration of an analyte by causing a redox reaction between a titrant and analyte. In redox titration, the titrant is prepared as a standard solution and acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. It reacts with the analyte until the equivalence point is reached. The endpoint is detected using indicators or sensors that change color upon fully reacting with the analyte. Redox titration has various applications in fields like agriculture, water quality testing, and hydrometallurgy to analyze inorganic compounds. It provides methods for drug formulation and standardization of materials in drug synthesis.
2. volumetric analysis
Learning objectives
Introduction
Conditions For Volumetric Analysis
Terms In Volumetric Analysis
Primary Standard
Methods Of Expressing Concentrations In Volumetric Analysis
Types of Titration Methods
Classification Of Titrimetric Or Volumetric Methods
Conclusion
References
Gravimetry
Gravimetric analysis is a quantitative analytical technique used to determine the purity of a sample by measuring its mass. It involves selectively converting the analyte into an insoluble precipitate, filtering to separate the precipitate, drying, igniting, and weighing the precipitate. Key steps include precipitation, digestion or ripening to form larger crystals, filtration, washing to remove impurities, drying and igniting the precipitate, and final weighing and calculations. Accuracy depends on quantitative precipitation and removal of impurities through careful control of parameters like pH, temperature, supersaturation levels, and multiple washings.
Acid base titration III [Compatibility Mode].pdf
I. Percentage content of Furosemide in the sample
= (Amount of furosemide found/Amount of furosemide claimed) x 100
Amount of furosemide found
= (Volume of NaOH used for sample - Volume of NaOH used for blank) x Normality of NaOH x Equivalent weight of furosemide
= (9.6 - 2) ml x 0.1 N x 33.07 mg/ml
= 319.92 mg
Amount of furosemide claimed
= Total furosemide in 20 tablets / Number of tablets
= 20 x 40 mg / 20 tablets
= 40 mg
Percentage content = (319
Basics of titration
A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration (titrant) is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution (analyte). The titrant is added from a burette until the reaction between the titrant and analyte is complete, as indicated by an indicator. Knowing the volume of titrant used allows the concentration of the analyte to be calculated. There are different types of titrations depending on the goals and procedures. Calculations are then performed to find the concentration of the analyte based on the volumes and known concentration of the titrant.
More Related Content
What's hot
Non aqueous titration
This document discusses non-aqueous titrations, which are used to analyze organic acids and bases that are insoluble or weakly reactive in water. It describes the principles, reasons for using non-aqueous titrations, common solvents like acetic acid, and provides examples of procedures to titrate drugs like ephedrine hydrochloride and sodium benzoate. The key steps involve dissolving the analyte in a non-aqueous solvent, titrating with an acid or base, and determining the endpoint using an indicator reaction.
Errors
Today's Topic Errors - Introduction, Sources of Errors, Types of Errors, Minimization of Errors, Accuracy, Precision, Significant Figures in Pharmaceutical Analysis subject in B.pharmacy 1st year as per JNTUA Syllabus...
Sources and types of impurities
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities, which are unwanted chemicals that remain with active pharmaceutical ingredients or develop during formulation or aging. Impurities can come from raw materials, intermediates, reagents, catalysts, solvents, reaction vessels, improper storage, cross contamination, manufacturing errors, packaging errors, microbial contamination, chemical instability, storage containers, or atmospheric contamination. The presence of impurities can affect the efficacy, safety, and purity of pharmaceutical products. Common impurities include metals, microbes, residual solvents, and degradation products. Strict controls are needed in manufacturing to minimize impurities.
Volumetric analysis new
Volumetric analysis involves determining the concentration of a substance by measuring the volume occupied. It is commonly used to determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant through a titration process, where one solution of known concentration and volume is used to react with another substance of unknown concentration until the reaction is complete. The volume of the known solution used is then used to calculate the concentration of the unknown substance. Accuracy in volumetric analysis relies on the use of standardized solutions of primary standards with known concentrations.
Gravimetric analysis
This document discusses the principles and techniques of gravimetric analysis. Gravimetry involves measuring mass or mass changes to determine the quantity of an analyte. Key points include:
Precipitation gravimetry forms an insoluble compound upon addition of a precipitating reagent. The precipitate must be pure with no impurities. Volatilization gravimetry measures mass loss upon vaporization of a volatile component. Particulate gravimetry separates and weighs analytes using filtration or extraction. Proper technique aims to produce pure, contaminant-free precipitates for accurate gravimetric determination.
Redox titrations jsk nagarajan
This document discusses redox titrations and provides examples of different types of titrations including acid-base, complexometric, precipitation, and redox titrations. It defines oxidation and reduction in terms of the gain or loss of electrons. Redox titrations involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. The document provides examples of balancing redox equations using half-reactions and discusses how oxidation numbers are used to identify oxidation and reduction in redox reactions.
Acid base titration
This document discusses acid-base theories and titration. It covers:
1) Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis acid-base theories.
2) Types of acids and bases as strong or weak.
3) The law of mass action and dissociation constants.
4) Neutralization curves for different types of acid-base titrations and the pH at equivalence points.
5) Choice of indicators for different titrations and mixed indicators.
Limit test for chlorides alok sharma
Limit tests are quantitative or semi-quantitative tests designed to identify and control small quantities of impurity, which are likely to be present in the substance. The quantity of any one impurity in an official substance is often small, and consequently the visible reaction response to any test for that impurity is also small. The design of individual tests is therefore important if errors are to be avoided in the hands of different operators.
Different Techniques of Pharmaceutical Analysis
The document discusses different techniques of analytical chemistry. It defines analytical chemistry as applying processes to identify, quantify, or determine the structure of substances or chemical compounds. The document outlines various types of analytical chemistry based on sample size, including macro, meso, micro, submicro, and ultramicro analysis. It also distinguishes between qualitative analysis, which provides information on species or functional groups, and quantitative analysis, which determines the relative amount of analytes numerically. Several analytical methods are described such as chemical, physicochemical, microbiological, and biological methods. The document emphasizes the importance of pharmaceutical analysis for identification, determination of impurities, drug stability, strength, concentration, and structure elucidation.
Gravimetric analysis
What is Gravimetric analysis, stepes invloved in gravimetry, Filteration medium in gravimetry, gravimetric factor, application, organic and inorganic prepecating agents
Complexometric Titration
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
EDTA Titration
4.limit test for iron
This document describes the limit test for iron according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. The test involves comparing the color produced by reacting a sample with thioglycolic acid in an ammonical citrate buffer to the color produced by a standard iron solution under the same conditions. If the color produced by the sample is less than the standard, it passes the limit test for iron. If the color is greater than the standard, it fails the limit test. The test is sensitive and uses citric acid to eliminate interference from other metal cations.
Introduction to Pharmaceutical analysis - I (HRB)
This document discusses pharmaceutical analysis, which involves identifying, quantifying, and purifying substances and mixtures. It describes various analytical techniques like volumetric, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic methods. It also discusses primary and secondary standards, methods of expressing concentration such as molarity and molality, sources of errors and how to minimize them, and pharmacopoeias which establish drug standards.
Conductometry titration
This document provides an overview of conductometry, including:
1. The principles of conductometry involve measuring the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution using a conductometer. Conductance depends on ion type, concentration, temperature, and mobility.
2. Instrumentation includes a current source, conductivity cells with platinum electrodes, and a conductance bridge to measure resistance and calculate conductivity.
3. Conductometric titrations can be used for acid-base, redox, precipitation, and complexometric titrations. They do not require indicators and can be used for colored or turbid solutions.
Limit test of Arsenic
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Solubility
Solubility is the property of a substance to dissolve in a solvent to form a homogeneous solution. The solubility of a substance depends on factors like temperature, pressure, pH, particle size, and molecular structure. Temperature generally has a direct relationship with solubility - as temperature increases, solubility increases for most substances but decreases for those that dissolve with heat evolution. Adding electrolytes can decrease the solubility of non-electrolytes through the common ion or salting out effect. Surfactants and complex formation can increase solubility. Gas solubility increases with pressure according to Henry's law.
Modified limit tests for chlorides and sulphates.
This document describes a modified limit test for chlorides and sulphates. For chlorides, the test is based on the reaction between silver nitrate and chloride ions to form a silver chloride precipitate in dilute nitric acid. The turbidity produced is compared to a standard solution. For sulphates, barium chloride reacts with sulphate ions in the presence of acetic acid to form a barium sulphate precipitate. The opalescence produced is compared to a standard solution containing a known amount of sulphate. Detailed procedures are provided for preparing reagents and performing the tests on samples and standards.
Redox titration
Redox titration is a laboratory method to determine the concentration of an analyte by causing a redox reaction between a titrant and analyte. In redox titration, the titrant is prepared as a standard solution and acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. It reacts with the analyte until the equivalence point is reached. The endpoint is detected using indicators or sensors that change color upon fully reacting with the analyte. Redox titration has various applications in fields like agriculture, water quality testing, and hydrometallurgy to analyze inorganic compounds. It provides methods for drug formulation and standardization of materials in drug synthesis.
2. volumetric analysis
Learning objectives
Introduction
Conditions For Volumetric Analysis
Terms In Volumetric Analysis
Primary Standard
Methods Of Expressing Concentrations In Volumetric Analysis
Types of Titration Methods
Classification Of Titrimetric Or Volumetric Methods
Conclusion
References
Gravimetry
Gravimetric analysis is a quantitative analytical technique used to determine the purity of a sample by measuring its mass. It involves selectively converting the analyte into an insoluble precipitate, filtering to separate the precipitate, drying, igniting, and weighing the precipitate. Key steps include precipitation, digestion or ripening to form larger crystals, filtration, washing to remove impurities, drying and igniting the precipitate, and final weighing and calculations. Accuracy depends on quantitative precipitation and removal of impurities through careful control of parameters like pH, temperature, supersaturation levels, and multiple washings.
What's hot (20)
Similar to Volumetric analysis
Acid base titration III [Compatibility Mode].pdf
I. Percentage content of Furosemide in the sample
= (Amount of furosemide found/Amount of furosemide claimed) x 100
Amount of furosemide found
= (Volume of NaOH used for sample - Volume of NaOH used for blank) x Normality of NaOH x Equivalent weight of furosemide
= (9.6 - 2) ml x 0.1 N x 33.07 mg/ml
= 319.92 mg
Amount of furosemide claimed
= Total furosemide in 20 tablets / Number of tablets
= 20 x 40 mg / 20 tablets
= 40 mg
Percentage content = (319
Basics of titration
A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration (titrant) is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution (analyte). The titrant is added from a burette until the reaction between the titrant and analyte is complete, as indicated by an indicator. Knowing the volume of titrant used allows the concentration of the analyte to be calculated. There are different types of titrations depending on the goals and procedures. Calculations are then performed to find the concentration of the analyte based on the volumes and known concentration of the titrant.
Conventional methods of quantitative analysis
1) Analytical chemistry deals with methods for identification, structural determination, quantification, qualitative analysis, and separation of molecules and mixtures.
2) Quantitative analysis provides numerical information on the exact amount or concentration of an analyte and can be done through volumetric or gravimetric methods.
3) Volumetric analysis involves titrating a solution of known volume and concentration (titrant) with an analyte until the endpoint of the reaction is reached to determine the unknown concentration. Gravimetric analysis involves precipitating, filtering, drying, and weighing an analyte to obtain its mass concentration.
Volumetric analysis
This document discusses the principles and procedures of volumetric analysis. Volumetric analysis involves titrating an analyte of unknown concentration with a titrant using an indicator to mark the endpoint. The key types of titrations used are acid-base, oxidation-reduction, precipitation, and complex formation titrations. Methods of volumetric analysis include direct titration, back titration, and replacement titration. The equivalence point represents complete reaction between analyte and titrant while the endpoint is the visual change in the indicator.
CHEMISTRY PPT 1 (1).pptx
This document discusses principles of titrimetric analysis including primary and secondary standards. It defines key terms like titration, titrant, titrand, endpoint, normality factor, molarity, and molality. It describes requirements for titrimetric analysis like calibrated glassware and pure reagents. It also classifies reactions used in titrimetric analysis and lists requirements for a substance to be considered a primary standard. Primary standards directly provide a standard solution when dissolved, while secondary standards are standardized using a primary standard solution.
Titrimetric analysis
Titrimetric analysis is a method of analysis in which a solution of the substance being determined is treated with a solution of a suitable reagent of exactly known concentration. The reagent is added to the substance until the amount added is equivalent to the amount of substance to be determined.
Volumetric Analysis.pptx
1. Volumetric analysis, also known as titrimetric analysis, is a quantitative analysis technique that determines the concentration of an unknown solution by measuring the volume of a titrant of known concentration that reacts stoichiometrically with the analyte.
2. Key terms include the titrate, which is the substance being analyzed, and the titrant, which is the reagent of known concentration. The equivalence point occurs when moles of titrant equal moles of analyte.
3. Volumetric analysis relies on quantitative chemical reactions between the analyte and titrant according to reaction stoichiometry to determine the concentration of the unknown solution.
7-VOLUMETRIC-ANALYSIS POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
Volumetric analysis, also known as titrimetric analysis, is a quantitative chemical analysis technique where the concentration of an unknown substance is determined by reacting it with a known primary standard solution. There are different types of volumetric analysis including acid-base titration, redox titration, and complexometric titration. The procedure involves carefully measuring the volume of a solution of known concentration, called the titrant, required to completely react with a specific amount of the unknown analyte. This allows the concentration of the analyte to be calculated. Buffers are often used to maintain a stable pH during titrations.
Defination & scope.pptx
This document discusses various concepts related to pharmaceutical analysis including assay, analyte, titrant, titration, equivalence point, and standardization. It defines assay as a qualitative or quantitative assessment of an analyte using a titrant. Titration involves measuring the volume of titrant used to reach the equivalence point, as indicated by a color change from an indicator. The document also discusses different types of quantitative analysis techniques including volumetric (titrimetric), gravimetric, gasometric, and instrumental methods. It provides examples of concentration units used in pharmaceutical analysis such as molarity, molality, and normality.
Laboratory Manual ;Physical Pharmacy-I MANIK
Standardization of Acids and bases.
2. Determination of pKa and pKb values
3. Preparation of solutions of different pH & buffer capacities.
4. Determination of phase diagram of binary systems.
5. Determination of distribution coefficients.
6. Determination of molecular weight by Victor Meyer’s Method.
7. Determination of heats of solutions by measuring solubility as a function of
temperature (Van’t Hoff equation.)
Titrametric Analysis and its types
BASIC TERMS
GENERAL PROCESS
TYPES
1.VOLUMETRIC
2.COLUMETRY
3.GRAVIMETRY
DRAWBACKS
ADVANTAGES
Volumetric analysis
This document provides information on volumetric analysis, specifically volumetric titration. It begins by defining volumetric analysis as a quantitative chemical analysis method that involves measuring the volumes of reacting substances. A titration procedure is described where a solution of known concentration is added from a burette to a solution containing an unknown concentration of analyte until the equivalence point is reached. The summary discusses the key components of titration including the titrant, titrand, and indicator used to detect the endpoint. Common types of titrations like acid-base, precipitation, and complexometric titrations are also mentioned.
Fundamentals of Volumetric Analysis.pdf
Volumetric analysis is a quantitative method to determine the concentration of an unknown substance by measuring the volume of a standard solution required for a complete chemical reaction. It involves titrating a solution of known concentration against the analyte until the endpoint is reached, as indicated by an indicator. This allows the concentration of the analyte to be calculated. The document discusses the different types of volumetric titrations including acid-base, redox, precipitation and complexometric titrations. It also covers key concepts such as standard solutions, titration curves, and methods to determine the endpoint of the reaction.
Quantitative method of analysis and instrumentation.pptx
Here are the key points about flame photometry:
Instrumentation:
- Flame photometer consists of an atomizer to convert the sample into an aerosol, a burner to produce a flame, an optical system to focus the light from the flame onto a photomultiplier tube, and an electronic circuit to amplify and measure the signal.
Principle:
- When an element is aspirated into the flame, electrons in the atoms get excited to higher energy levels. As they fall back to ground state, they emit light of characteristic wavelengths.
- Sodium emits yellow light at 589 nm, potassium emits violet light at 766.5 nm, lithium emits red light at
Related Substances-Method Validation-PPT_slide
This document provides an overview of analytical method validation. It defines validation as demonstrating a method is suitable for its intended purpose. Key validation characteristics discussed include precision, accuracy, specificity, linearity, range, detection limit, quantitation limit, ruggedness and robustness. The document describes the methodology for evaluating each characteristic, such as spiking known concentrations of analytes and establishing acceptance criteria. It emphasizes that validation confirms a method consistently produces results meeting pre-defined standards of quality.
Physical Pharmacy-I lab + Data Sheet
Physical Pharmacy-I lab + Data Sheet
1. Standardization of Acids and bases.
2. Determination of pKa and pKb values
3. Preparation of solutions of different pH & buffer capacities.
4. Determination of phase diagram of binary systems.
5. Determination of distribution coefficients.
6. Determination of molecular weight by Victor Meyer’s Method.
7. Determination of heats of solutions by measuring solubility as a function of
temperature (Van’t Hoff equation.)
L1.pptx
Chemistry can be classified into general chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and biochemistry. Analytical chemistry involves the separation, identification, and quantification of substances in a sample. It can be divided into classical and instrumental analysis, with classical analysis including solid tests, wet tests, volumetric analysis, and gravimetric analysis. Volumetric analysis determines unknown concentrations by titrating a solution with a standard solution until an indicator shows the reaction is complete.
Pharmaceutical Analysis &Errors
This document discusses pharmaceutical analysis and errors. It begins by defining pharmaceutical analysis as methods for identification, quantitation, and purification of samples. It describes the scope of pharmaceutical analysis, which includes identifying and analyzing active pharmaceutical ingredients, determining drug stability and efficacy, and mixture analysis. Various techniques of analysis are also discussed, including qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as volumetric, gravimetric, electrochemical, instrumental, and biological techniques. Methods for expressing concentration like molarity, normality, and percentage are also defined. The document concludes by discussing primary and secondary standards used in preparing standardized solutions.
Analytical Chemistry Lecture Notes
This document provides an overview of analytical chemistry. It discusses that analytical chemistry determines what and how much of components make up a sample through separation, identification, and quantification. Analytical chemistry answers questions about what a material sample is, where it is from, how much of it there is, and its structure or form. It is used in fields like medicine, industry, environmental analysis, food nutrition analysis, forensics, and bioanalysis. The key steps in a chemical analysis are defining the problem, selecting a method, sampling, sample preparation, any necessary separations, analysis, and calculating and reporting results. It also discusses the language, techniques, tools, and volumetric methods of analytical chemistry.
Analytical chemistry lecture_notes
Analytical chemistry determines what substances are present in a sample and how much of each substance is present. It answers questions about what a material is, where it is from, how much is present, and what its structure or form is. Analytical chemistry is used in medicine, industry, environmental testing, food nutrition analysis, forensics, and other fields. The basic steps of a chemical analysis are to define the problem, select an analysis method, sample preparation, separation, analysis, and calculation/reporting of results. Common analytical techniques include gravimetric, volumetric, spectroscopic, and electroanalytic methods. Fundamental equipment includes balances, volumetric glassware, ovens, desiccators, and filters.
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Volumetric analysis
- 1. DR Dr. Poonam R. Inamdar
- 2. LEARNING OUTCOMES • Introduction to the concept of volumetric analysis 1 • Definition of the terms associated with technique 2 • Equipments required for volumetric analysis 3
- 3. ♥ General term for a method in Quantitative Chemical Analysis ♥ It is commonly used to determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant. ♥ Volumetric analysis is often referred to as titration. A laboratory technique in which one substance of known concentration and volume is used to react with another substance of unknown concentration. INTRODUCTION
- 4. Involves preparations, storage, and measurement of volume of chemicals for analysis Determines volume of a solution of accurately known concentration required to react quantitatively with the analyte (whose concentration to be determined). The volume of titrant required to completely react with the analyte is the TITRE. CONCEPT OF VOLUMETRIC ANAYSIS
- 5. Primary Standard A reagent solution of accurately known concentration is called a standard solution. Standardization A process to determine the concentration of a solution of known concentration by titrating with a primary standard DEFINITION OF TERMS
- 6. REFLECTION SPOT How will you identify that the standardization or volumetric titration process of the solution is completed?
- 7. End point The point at which the reaction is observed to be completed is the end point The end point in volumetric method of analysis is the signal that tells the analyst to stop adding reagent and make the final reading on the burette. Endpoint is observed with the help of indicator which changes the colour. DEFINITION OF TERMS
- 8. 1. Pipette – for measuring accurate and precise volumes of solutions 2. Burette – for pouring measured volumes of solutions 3. Conical flask – for mixing two solutions 4. Funnel – for transfer of liquids without spilling 5. Volumetric flasks – a flask used to make up accurate volumes for solutions of known concentration EQUIPMENTS
- 9. SUMMARY Concept of volumetric analysis Important terms used in the titrimetric analysis Basic requirements needed to complete titration THANK YOU