Basic radar principles 2012

TECHNICAL ENGLISH
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RADAR
SURVEILLANCE APPROACH
CONTROL COURSE
INSTITUTO CENTROAMERICANO DE
CAPACITACIÓN AERONÁUTICA

COULD WE DO
THIS WITH NO
RADAR??????
CAN YOU IMAGINE
THE ATC SYSTEM
WITH NO RADAR
EQUIPMENT??????

OA
THE ATC CANT
RESIST NO RADAR
IN THE SYSTEM
UNTIL WE FIND A GOOD
REPLACEMENT NO WAY
TO AVOID ITS EXISTANCE
ADS-B IS THE
REPLACEMENT OF
RADAR?

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WHAT DOES RADAR MEAN????
RADAR IS AN ACRONYM FOR RADIO DETECTION
AND RANGING. THE TERMS REFERS TO THE USE
OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

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IN 1887 THE GERMAN PHYSICIST HEINRICH HERTZ BEGAN
EXPERIMENTING WITH RADIO WAVES IN HIS
LABORATORY. HE FOUND THAT RADIO WAVES COULD BE
TRANSMITTED THROUGH DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS,
AND WERE REFLECTED BY OTHERS. THE EXISTENCE OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES WAS PREDICTED EARLIER BY
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL, BUT IT WAS HERTZ WHO FIRST
SUCCEEDED IN GENERATING AND DETECTING RADIO
WAVES EXPERIMENTALLY.
BRIEF RADAR HISTORY
"“I do not think that the wireless waves I
have discovered will have any practical
application."
Born: February 22, 1857
Hamburg, Germany
Died: January 1, 1894
Bonn, Germany

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IN 1904 CHRISTIAN HUELSMEYER GAVE PUBLIC DEMONSTRATIONS
IN GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS OF THE USE OF RADIO ECHOES
TO DETECT SHIPS SO THAT COLLISIONS COULD BE AVOIDED, WHICH
CONSISTED OF A SIMPLE SPARK GAP AIMED USING A MULTIPOLE
ANTENNA. WHEN A REFLECTION WAS PICKED UP BY THE TWO
STRAIGHT ANTENNAS ATTACHED TO THE SEPARATE RECEIVER, A
BELL SOUNDED. THE SYSTEM DETECTED PRESENCE OF SHIPS UP TO 3
KM, AND HE PLANNED TO EXTEND ITS CAPABILITY TO 10KM. IT DID
NOT PROVIDE RANGE INFORMATION, ONLY WARNING OF A NEARBY
METAL OBJECT, AND WOULD BE PERIODICALLY "SPUN" TO CHECK
FOR SHIPS IN BAD WEATHER. HE PATENTED THE DEVICE, CALLED
THE TELEMOBILOSCOPE, BUT DUE TO LACK OF INTEREST BY THE
NAVAL AUTHORITIES THE INVENTION WAS NOT PUT INTO
PRODUCTION.
SPARK GAP
MULTIPOLE ANTENNA
REFLECTION
RECEIVER

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NIKOLA TESLA, IN AUGUST 1917, PROPOSED PRINCIPLES REGARDING
FREQUENCY AND POWER LEVELS FOR PRIMITIVE RADAR UNITS. IN THE 1917
THE ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER, TESLA STATED THE PRINCIPLES IN DETAIL:
"FOR INSTANCE, BY THEIR [STANDING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES] USE
WE MAY PRODUCE AT WILL, FROM A SENDING STATION, AN ELECTRICAL
EFFECT IN ANY PARTICULAR REGION OF THE GLOBE; [WITH WHICH] WE
MAY DETERMINE THE RELATIVE POSITION OR COURSE OF A MOVING
OBJECT, SUCH AS A VESSEL AT SEA, THE DISTANCE TRAVERSED BY THE
SAME, OR ITS SPEED."
TESLA ALSO PROPOSED THE USE OF THESE STANDING ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES ALONG WITH PULSED REFLECTED SURFACE WAVES TO DETERMINE
THE RELATIVE POSITION, SPEED, AND COURSE OF A MOVING OBJECT AND
OTHER MODERN CONCEPTS OF RADAR. TESLA HAD FIRST PROPOSED THAT
RADIO LOCATION MIGHT HELP FIND SUBMARINES (FOR WHICH IT IS NOT
WELL-SUITED) WITH A FLUORESCENT SCREEN INDICATOR.
KESLA, FUE UNO DE LOS MÁS IMPORTANTES CIENTÍFICO-
INVENTORES DE LA HISTORIA. SE COMENTA QUE LLEGÓ
A CREAR ENTRE 700 Y 1600 DISPOSITIVOS, LOS CUALES
EN SU GRAN MAYORÍA SE DESCONOCEN. ENTRE LOS MÁS
DESTACADOS Y QUE HAN LLEGADO AL CONOCIMIENTO
DEL PÚBLICO EN GENERAL, ESTÁN: LA CORRIENTE
ALTERNA, LA CORRIENTE DE IMPULSO Y OSCILANTE, LA
BOMBILLA SIN FILAMENTO, LA RADIO (AUNQUE ÉSTA SE
ATRIBUYE A MARCONI), LA TECNOLOGÍA DE RADAR, EL
SUBMARINO ELÉCTRICO, LA BOBINA DE TESLA
(MOSTRADA EN LA IMAGEN INICIAL), EL CONTROL
REMOTO, LA TRANSMISIÓN DE VIDEO E IMÁGENES POR
MÉTODOS INALÁMBRICOS, LOS RAYOS X, Y MUCHOS
MÁS.

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ON FEBRUARY 26, 1935 WATSON-WATT AND ARNOLD WILKINS
DEMONSTRATED TO AN OBSERVER FROM THE AIR MINISTRY
COMMITTEE THE DETECTION OF AN AIRCRAFT. THE PREVIOUS DAY
WILKINS HAD SET UP RECEIVING EQUIPMENT IN A FIELD NEAR
UPPER STOWE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, AND THIS WAS USED TO
DETECT THE PRESENCE OF A HANDLEY PAGE HEYFORD BOMBER AT
RANGES UP TO 8 MILES BY MEANS OF THE RADIO WAVES WHICH IT
REFLECTED FROM THE NEARBY DAVENTRY SHORTWAVE RADIO
TRANSMITTER OF THE BBC, WHICH OPERATED AT A WAVELENGTH
OF 49M. THIS CONVINCING DEMONSTRATION, KNOWN AS THE
DAVENTRY EXPERIMENT, LED IMMEDIATELY TO DEVELOPMENT OF
RADAR IN THE UK.
THE DAVENTRY EXPERIMENT 26 FEBRUARY
1935, SET UP BY A.F.WILKINS AND HIS
DRIVER, DYER, TO DEMONSTRATE THE
FEASIBILITY OF RADAR.

MEANWHILE IN GERMANY, HANS HOLLMANN HAD BEEN WORKING
FOR SOME TIME IN THE FIELD OF MICROWAVES, WHICH WERE TO
LATER BECOME THE BASIS OF ALMOST ALL RADAR SYSTEMS. IN THE
AUTUMN OF 1934 THEIR COMPANY, GEMA, BUILT THE FIRST
COMMERCIAL RADAR SYSTEM FOR DETECTING SHIPS. OPERATING
IN THE 50 CM RANGE IT COULD DETECT SHIPS UP TO 10 KM AWAY.
THIS DEVICE WAS SIMILAR IN PURPOSE TO HUELSMEYER'S
EARLIER SYSTEM, AND LIKE IT, DID NOT PROVIDE RANGE
INFORMATION.
IN THE SUMMER OF 1935 A PULSE RADAR WAS DEVELOPED WITH
WHICH THEY COULD SPOT THE SHIP, THE KÖNIGSBERG, 8 KM
AWAY, WITH AN ACCURACY OF UP TO 50 M, ENOUGH FOR GUN-
LAYING. THE SAME SYSTEM COULD ALSO DETECT AN AIRCRAFT AT
500 M ALTITUDE AT A DISTANCE OF 28 KM. THE MILITARY
IMPLICATIONS WERE NOT LOST THIS TIME AROUND, AND
CONSTRUCTION OF LAND AND SEA-BASED VERSIONS TOOK PLACE
AS FREYA AND SEETAKT.
DR. HANS E. HOLLMANN,
THE PHYSICIST
AND "FATHER OF MODERN
RADAR”

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TOPICS FOR SPEECHES
ALEJANDRO AND MARCOS ADS-B
CESAR AND FIDEL FUTURE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
ROBERTO AND MAURICIO TICAS
JPHANN EUROCONTROL
HENRY AND LUIS NEW ATC SYSTEMS

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OPERATION PRINCIPLE
SYSTEMS TYPICALLY USE
FREQUENCIES OF ABOUT 3
GHZ. THE DETECTION AND
RANGING PART OF THE
ACRONYM IS ACCOMPLISHED
BY TIMING THE DELAY
BETWEEN TRANSMISSION OF A
PULSE OF RADIO ENERGY AND
ITS SUBSEQUENT RETURN
15 Aug 2012
HOMEWORK EXERCISES
CALCULATE THE DISTANCE OF
THE PLANE IN NAUTICAL MILES
T= 0.00047 SEC
T= 0.0021 SEC

100 10–1
101 10–2
102 10–3
103 10–4
104 10–5
105 10–6
106 10–7
COMO CÁLCULA LA DISTANCIA DE UN
OBJETO EL SISTEMA RADAR
DATOS NECESARIOS

0,0008 seg.
EJEMPLO CÁLCULO
DISTANCIA
C= 3*105 Kms.
1 -------------------- 3*105 Kms.
0,0008--------------- D
D= 0,0008 * (3*105)
D = (8*10-4 ) * (3*105)
D = (8*3)* (10-4 + 105)
D = 24 * 10(-4+5)
D = 24 * 101
D = 240 Kms:
1 NM = 1,852 Kms.
D = (240 / 1,852) NM.
D = 129,6 NM

BASIC COMPONENTS
A PRACTICAL RADAR SYSTEM REQUIRES EIGHT BASIC
COMPONENTS AS FOLLOWS:

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ANTENNA
THE ANTENNA TAKES THE RADAR
PULSE FROM THE TRANSMITTER
AND PUTS IT INTO THE AIR.
FURTHERMORE, THE ANTENNA
MUST FOCUS THE ENERGY INTO A
WELL-DEFINED BEAM WHICH
INCREASES THE POWER AND
PERMITS A DETERMINATION OF THE
DIRECTION OF THE TARGET.

TRANSMITER
THE TRANSMITTER
CREATES THE RADIO WAVE
TO BE SENT. THE
TRANSMITTER MUST ALSO
AMPLIFY THE SIGNAL TO
A HIGH POWER LEVEL TO
PROVIDE ENOUGH ENERGY
SESION 2

RECEIVER
THE RECEIVER IS SENSITIVE TO
THE RANGE OF FREQUENCIES
BEING TRANSMITTED AND
PROVIDES AMPLIFICATION OF
THE RETURNED SIGNAL. IN
ORDER TO PROVIDE THE
GREATEST RANGE, THE
RECEIVER MUST BE VERY
SENSITIVE WITHOUT
INTRODUCING EXCESSIVE
NOISE.

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POWER SUPPLY
THE POWER SUPPLY
PROVIDES THE
ELECTRICAL POWER FOR
ALL
THE COMPONENTS. THE
LARGEST CONSUMER OF
POWER IS THE
TRANSMITTER WHICH
MAY REQUIRE SEVERAL
KW OF AVERAGE
POWER. FOR EXAMPLE
TE TRANSMITER
REQUIERE LIKE 500 KW
FOR A RANGE OF 100
KM.

SYNCHRONIZER
THE SYNCHRONIZER COORDINATES THE
TIMING FOR RANGE DETERMINATION.

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DUPLEXER.
THIS IS A SWITCH
WHICH ALTERNATELY
CONNECTS THE
TRANSMITTER OR THE
RECEIVER TO THE
ANTENNA.
IT’S MAIN PURPOSE IS TO
PROTECT THE RECEIVER
FROM THE HIGH POWER
OUTPUT OF THE
TRANSMITTER

 THE POWER THAT THE TRANSMITTER
OFFERS TO THE TO THE ANTENNA IS
AROUND 500.000 W AND THE POWER
THAT THE ANTENNA OFFERS TO THE
RECEIVER IS AROUND 0,01 W. WHAT
WOULD HAPPEN TO THE RECEIVER IF
500.000 W OF POWER WERE ENTERED
TO IT.
DUPLEXER.

DISPLAY
THE DISPLAY IS
DESIGNED TO PROVIDE
THE OPERATOR WITH
INFORMATION ABOUT
THE AREA THE RADAR
IS SEARCHING OR THE
TARGET, OR TARGETS,
BEING TRACKED

DISPLAY
THE DISPLAY UNIT MAY
TAKE A VARIETY OF FORMS
BUT IN GENERAL IS
DESIGNED TO PRESENT
THE RECEIVED
INFORMATION TO AN
OPERATOR

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DATA PROCESSOR
THE DATA PROCESSOR ES THE BRAIN OF ALL THE
SYSTEM, IT HANDLES ALL THE INFORMATION
22
AGOSTO
2012

DATA PROCESSOR
IS THE ONE IN CHARGE TO PROCESS ALL THE
GIVEN INFORMATION AND TO TURN IT IN
ORDER TO EXECUTE FOR BE SHOWN ON THE
SCREEN

DATA PROCESSOR
WHAT DOES THE MACHINE PROCESS, IF THE
ELECTROWAVE IS JUST ENERGY, AND ALSO WE HUMAN
BEINGS HAVE TO UNDERSTAND, GIVE DATA AND READ
THE INFORMATION
HOW CAN WE UNDERSTAND THE ENERGY,
ONLY WITH THE PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF
ENERGY
NO-ENERGY ENERGY
0 1
BINARY CODE

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HOMEWORK
EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS IN THE
CORRESPONDING CODE
DECIMAL 594 IN BINARY AND OCTAL CODE
BINARY 11110001111001 IN DECIMAL AND OCTAL CODE
OCTAL 7134 IN BINARY AND DECIMAL CODE

BINARY IS AN EFFECTIVE NUMBER SYSTEM FOR COMPUTERS
BECAUSE IT IS EASY TO IMPLEMENT WITH DIGITAL ELECTRONICS.
IT IS INEFFICIENT FOR HUMANS TO USE BINARY, HOWEVER,
BECAUSE IT REQUIRES SO MANY DIGITS TO REPRESENT A
NUMBER. THE NUMBER 76, FOR EXAMPLE, TAKES ONLY TWO DIGITS
TO WRITE IN DECIMAL, YET TAKES SEVEN DIGITS TO WRITE IN
BINARY (1001100).
BINARY CODE
OCTAL CODE HEXADECIMAL CODE

LET´S UNDERSTAND OUR NUMERICAL SYSTEM THE
DECIMAL, BECUSE THE SAME PRINCIPLE MUST APPLY
FOR BINARY SYSTEM
TO UNDERSTAND AND DIALOGUE WITH A COMPUTER WE ARE
USING THE BINARY CODE, BUT WE UNDERSTAND ALL OUR LIFE
THE DECIMAL CODE, LET´S SEE HOW DOES IT WORK
DECIMAL NUMBER 487
400 HUNDREDTH 4*102 400
80 TENTH 8*101 80
7 UNITS 7*100 7
SUMA TOTAL 487
10 DÍGITS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

HOW DO WE EXPRESS THE SAME NUMBER IN BINARY CODE
WE WILL USE THE SAME PRINCIPLE
2 DÍGITS 0 1
LET´S USE THE SAME NUMBER 487
THE NUMBER MUST BE DIVISIBLE ONLY BY 2
487/2 243/2 121/
2
60/2 30/2 15/2 7/2 3/2
243 121 60 30 15 7 3 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
256*1 128*1 64*1 32*1 16*
0
8*0 4*1 2*1 1*1
256 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1
487

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CONVERT THE FOLLOWING DECIMAL
NUMBERS INTO BINARY NUMBERS
567
1234
3459
CONVERT THE FOLLOWING BINARY
NUMBERS INTO DECIMAL NUMBERS
1110111
1101010011
10111000110101

BINARY NUMBER 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
HEXADECIMAL
THE BINARY NUMBER IS
GROUPED IN 4
20 24 23 22 20 23 22 21 20
16 DIGITS 1*1 8*1 4*1 2*1 1*0 8*0 4*1 2*1 1*1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 8 4 2 0 0 4 2 18 9 A B C D E F
HEXADECIMAL
NUMBER
1 14 7
1 E 7
CONVERSION TO
DECIMAL
162*1 161*14 160*7
256 224 7
487
HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS

BINARY NUMBER 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
HEXADECIMAL
THEBINARYNUMBER IS
GROUPED IN 4
20 24 23 22 20 23 22 21 20
16 DIGITS 1*1 8*1 4*1 2*1 1*0 8*0 4*1 2*1 1*1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 8 4 2 0 0 4 2 18 9 A B C D E F
HEXADECIMAL
NUMBER
1 14 7
1 E 7
CONVERSION TO
DECIMAL
162*1 161*14 160*7
256 224 7
487
HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS

BINARY NUMBER 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
OCTAL
THEBINARYNUMBER IS
GROUPED IN 3
22 21 20 22 21 20 22 21 20
8 DIGITS 4*1 2*1 1*1 4*1 2*0 1*0 4*1 2*1 1*1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 2 1 4 0 0 4 2 1
OCTAL NUMBER 7 4 7
CONVERSION TO
DECIMAL
82*7 81*4 80*7
64*7 8*4 1*7
448 32 7
487
OCTAL NUMBER

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BIN 10111011101101
OCT 546
HEX F1A6
DEC 919

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DISTANCE MEASURING
IF THE TIME DELAY IS DT, THEN THE RANGE MAY
BE DETERMINED BY THE SIMPLE FORMULA
R = cDt/2
WHERE C= SPEED LIGTH
3 E8 m/s

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DIRECTION DETERMINATION
 THE DIRECTION IS
OBTAINED DIRECTLY
FROM A READING OF
THE PRESENT
POSITION OF THE
ANTENNA, WHEN THE
ANTENNA RECEIVES A
REFLECTED PULSE IS
POINTING TOWARDS A
DIRECTION SO THAT
IN THAT DIRECTION
THIS THE OBJECTIVE,
SO THAT IS OBJECTIVE
DIRECTION
20 abril
2012

GROUP NAME 1 NAME 2 SUBJECT
1 MAURICIO FERNANDO
PROCEDURES FOR
EMERGENCIES ACCORDIN TO
EUROCONTROL
2 JOSHUA JIMMY
ENROUTE 3D SURVEILLANCE
RDR
3 EUGENIA ROJITAS
PBN AND AIR TRAFFIC
CONTROL
4 PAOLA MULTILLATERATION
5 LUZ ARIEL ACARS
6 GIOVANNI JAVIER HISTORY OF THE RADAR

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SPEED MEASURING
THE PROCESSOR
RECEIVES TWO
POSITION REPORTS OF
THE SAME OBJECTIVE
AND THE TIME THAT IT
TAKE IN CHANGING
POSITION, WITH THIS
INFORMATION THE
PROCESSOR
CALCULATES THE
AIRSHIP SPEED.
S= ((Db – Da)*RPM)*60
0.25NM
S= ((Db – Da)*RPM)*60
QUE VELOCIDAD TIENE LA AERONAVE?

46
....
. .
........
Eco de la aeronave
PSR
Eco de lluvia
Ecos permanente

47
DEVICES TO IMPROVE PRIMARY RADAR
VISUALIZATION
SENSITIVE TIME CONTROL
A.- AVOID THE RECEIVER SATURATION ABOUT THE
CLOSE ECHOS.
B.- ENABLE THE ECHOS APPEAR WITH THE SAME SIZE
IN THE RADAR SCREEN.
FAST TIME CONTROL
SHOWS THE ECHOS WITH THE SAME INTENSITY
MOVING TARGET INDICATOR
REMOVE STEADY ECHOES
FTC
STC
MTI

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OTHER DATA THAT A RADAR CAN PROVIDE
 THE PRIMARY SYSTEM RADAR CAN PROVIDE ONLY
THE PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED DATA.
 ALSO EXISTS A SECONDARY SISTEM RADAR, IN THIS
CASE THE PROCESSOR HANDLES THE INFORMATION
SENT BY AN ON BOARD EQUIPMENT CALLED
TRANSPONDER AND RELATE IT IN THE SCREEN.

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SECONDARY RADAR
WITH A SECONDARY RADAR SISTEM WE CAN OBTAIN
A PRESENTATION ON THE SCREEN OF ALL
INFORMATION WE NEED, ENTERING THE
INFORMATION DIRECTLY TO THE SISTEM. THE
PROCESSOR RELATES THIS INFORMATION WITH
WITH A SQUAWK CODE SENDED BY THE
TRANSPONDER ON BOARD.
FLIGHT PLANS SPEED
LEVEL ROC-ROD
ACFT ID
OTHER
INFORMATION

51
SSR COMPONENTS
• INTERROGATOR
•TRANSMISOR (1030 MHz)
•RECEIVER (1090 MHz)
•ANTENNAS SYSTEM
•TRANSPONDER
• ANTENNA
• TRANSMISSOR (1090 MHz)
• RECEIVER (1030 MHz)
• CODER - DECODER
• CONTROL PANEL
• VIDEO PROCESSOR EQUIPMENT
• VISUALIZATION SYSTEM
• CONTROL CABINET
• DECODER
• RADAR SCREENS
•MONITORING SYSTEM

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THEORY OF OPERATION
THE INTERROGATOR PERIODICALLY INTERROGATES AIRCRAFT ON A
FREQUENCY OF 1,030 MHZ. THIS IS DONE THROUGH A ROTATING OR SCANNING
ANTENNA AT THE RADAR'S ASSIGNED PULSE REPETITION FREQUENCY (PRF)
INTERROGATIONS ARE TYPICALLY PERFORMED AT 450 - 120
INTERROGATIONS/SECOND.
1
ONCE AN INTERROGATION HAS BEEN TRANSMITTED, IT TRAVELS THROUGH
SPACE IN THE DIRECTION THE ANTENNA IS POINTING AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT
UNTIL AN AIRCRAFT IS REACHED.
2
WHEN THE AIRCRAFT RECEIVES THE INTERROGATION, THE AIRCRAFT
TRANSPONDER WILL SEND A REPLY AFTER A 3.0ΜS DELAY INDICATING THE
REQUESTED INFORMATION.
3
THE INTERROGATOR'S PROCESSOR WILL THEN DECODE THE REPLY AND
IDENTIFY THE AIRCRAFT.4
THE RANGE OF THE AIRCRAFT IS DETERMINED FROM THE DELAY BETWEEN THE
REPLY AND THE INTERROGATION. THE AZIMUTH OF THE AIRCRAFT IS
DETERMINED FROM THE DIRECTION THE ANTENNA IS POINTING WHEN THE
REPLY WAS RECEIVED.
5

53
INTERROGATOR FUNCTIONS
 SENDING RADIO TRANSMISSIONS FRECUENCIES ACCORDING TO
THE MODE IN USE.
 THE INTERROGATION CONSIST OF THE TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY
PULSES VERY BRIEF AND POWERFUL KNOWN AS “PULSES PAIR”
 THE PSR TRANSMITS INDIVIDUAL PULSES
 IN THE PSR THE PULSE REPETITION FREQUENCY IS CALLED PRF
 IN THE SSR THE INTERRAGATION REPETITION FREQUENCY IRF

54
MODE APLICATION
INTERVAL
BETWEEN PULSES
1 ARMY 3 usec
2 ARMY (Táctical) 5 usec.
3/A ARMY / CIVILIAN (ATC) 8 usec.
B CIVIL ( ATC ) 17 usec.
C CIVIL ( Altitude ) 21 usec.
D CIVIL ( no use ) 25 usec.
INTERROGATION MODES

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THE TRANSPONDER
RECEIVER
TRANSMITTER
DECODER
CODER
(TRANSMITTING RESPONDER)

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THE RECEIVER AMPLIFIES
AND DEMODULATE THE
INTERROGATION IMPULSES.
THE TRANSPONDER
COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS
THE DECODER DECODES THE
QUESTION ACCORDING TO
THE DESIRED INFORMATION
AND INDUCES THE CODER
TO PREPARE THE SUITABLE
ANSWER.
THE CODER ENCODES THE
ANSWER.
THE TRANSMITTER
AMPLIFIES THE REPLAY
IMPULSES AND MODULATE
THESE WITH THE RF REPLY-
FREQUENCY.

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RECEIVER
TRANSMITTER
DECODER
CODER
THE INTERROGATOR

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THE CHOSEN MODE IS ENCODED
IN THE CODER. (BY THE
DIFFERENT MODES DIFFERENT
QUESTIONS CAN BE DEFINED TO
THE AIRPLANE.)
FROM THE INFORMATIONS
“MODE” AND “CODE” THE
DECODER DECODES THE ANSWER.
THE TRANSMITTER MODULATE THE
IMPULSES WITH THE RF
FREQUENCY
THE ANTENNA IS USUALLY
MOUNTED ON THE ANTENNA OF
THE PRIMARY RADAR UNIT AND
TURNS SYNCHRONOUSLY TO
THE DEFLECTION ON THE
MONITOR THEREFORE
THE RECEIVER AMPLIFIES AND
DEMODULATE THE REPLAY
IMPULSES. JAMMING OR
INTERFERING SIGNALS ARE
FILTERED OUT AS WELL AS
POSSIBLE AT THIS
THE TRANSPONDER SOME
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
27 ABRIL 2012

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SSR ANSWER
THE SSR ANSWER USES A SIGNAL LIMITED BY TWO REFERENCES
PULSES KNOWN AS “FRAMING PULSES”, THEY ARE CALLED F1
AND F2 SPACED BY A TIME INTERVAL OF 20,3 usec.
F1 F2
20,3 usec.
BETWEEN F1 AND F2 THE INFORMATION PULSES ARE LOCATED
(BIT CODES), THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THEM DETERMINED
THE CODE
THE 12 BIT CODES MAKE AVAILABLE 4096 DIFFERENT CODES
(0000-7777), IT IS POSSIBLE TO KNOW THE CODE ADDING THE
NUMERICAL VALUES OF EACH INFORMATION PULSE OF THE SAME
GROUP

OA
SSR ANSWER
F1 F2A
1
C
1
A
2
C
2
A
4
C
4
B
1
D
1
B
2
D
2
B
4
D
4
DIGIT N° 1 A
1
A
2
A
4+ +
DIGIT N° 2
B
1
B
2
B
4+ +
DIGIT N° 3
C
1
C
2
C
4+ +
DIGIT N° 4
D
1
D
2
D
4+ +
7
7
7
7

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F1 F2
A
1
C
1
A
2
C
2
A
4
C
4
B
1
D
1
B
2
D
2
B
4
D
4
SSR ANSWER
A
1
C
2
A
4
B
1
D
1
B
4
DIGIT N° 1 1+4 DIGIT N° 2 1+4 DIGIT N° 3 2 DIGIT N° 3 2+1
5 5 2 3
CUAL ES EL CODIGO?
D
2
CUAL ES EL CODIGO?

OA
F1 F2A
1
C
1
A
2
C
2
A
4
C
4
B
1
D
1
B
2
D
2
B
4
D
4
SSR ANSWER
CODIGO 5276 WHICH INFORMATION PULSES ARE PRESENT?

OA
F1 F2A
1
C
1
A
2
C
2
A
4
C
4
B
1
D
1
B
2
D
2
B
4
D
4
SSR ANSWER
TRANSPONDER WHICH INFORMATION PULSES ARE PRESENT?

OA
SSR ANSWER
F
1
F
2
ADDITIONALLY IT IS POSSIBLE TO ADD ANOTHER PULSE
TO THE GROUP, WITH IDENTIFICATION PURPOSE
THIS PULSE IS PLACED 4,35 usec FROM F2, AND IT IS
USED WHEN THE ATC REQUEST “SQUAWK IDENT” .
THE PILOT ONLY PRESS THE IDENTITY BUTTON IN THE
CONTROL PANNEL.
THIS PULSE IS KNOWN AS “SPECIAL PULSE
IDENTIFICATION” SPI
4,35 usec
S
P
I

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WE HAVE ALREADY SEEN
WHAT IS A PSR AND HOW
DOES IT FUNCTION
WHAT IS A SSR AND HOW
DOES IT FUNCTION
HOW DOES THE RADAR
CALCULATE RANGE,
SPEED, POSITION.
THE THEORY OF
OPERATION OF A SSR
THE INTERROGATOR AND
THE TRANSPONDER
HOW DOES THE ANSWER
IS MAKE, AND THE
RELATION OF THE CODE
WITH THE ANSWER
MODULATION.
WHAT ABOUT THE
PROCESSOR
RDP AND FDP

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THE RADAR DATA PROCESSOR RDP
IT IS A SOFTWARE SPECIALLY DESIGNED TO USE THE
RADAR DATA TO GET THE MAXIMUM USEFUL
INFORMATION FOR THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM
AND FINALLY SHOWED AND THE ATC SCREEN.
IT PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
• RADAR DATA MANAGEMENT
• MULTIRADAR TRACKING
• RADAR BIAS ESTIMATION
• ALTITUDE TRACKING
• RADAR WARNINGS CAPACITIES
• FLIGTH PLAN CORRELATION

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RADAR DATA MANAGEMENT
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
MANAGEMENT OF THE RADAR DATA
RECEIVED FROM THE DIFFERENTS
RADAR ANTENNAS.
TO GIVE FORMAT TO THE RADAR
DATA ACCORDING TO THE SYSTEM
PROTOCOL.
TO CHECK PERIODICALLY THE
NORTH ESTABLISHED FOR THE
SYSTEM (MAGNETIC-GEOGRAFIC)
TO MAKE A SISTEMATIC
VERIFICATION OF THE
TRANSMISSION ERRORS THE MAY
BE PRODUCED, TO GUARANTEE THE
RELIBILITY OF THE RADAR DATA.

OA
MULTIRADAR TRACKING
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS IT MAKES A SYNTESIS OF THE
LOCAL TRACKS TO CREATE A
UNIQUE TRACK FROM THE
CALCULATIONS OF THE LOCAL
POSITIONS
TO CONVERT THE GEOGRAFIC
COORDINATES IN STEREOGRAPHIC
COORDINATES
TO ASSOCIATE A LOCAL TRACK TO
A SYSTEM TRACK
TO CREATE NEW SYSTEM TRACKS
TO UPDATE THE SYSTEM TRACKS
TO GIVE THE PRIORITY TO THE
DIFFERENT RADAR SIGNALS
ACCORDING TO THE MOSAIC
DEFINITION OF THE SYSTE.

OA
RADAR BIAS ESTIMATION
SPECIFIC FUNCTION
IT CALCULATES THE BIAS RADAR
(VOLTAGE DIFFERENT) TO CHECK
AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE.
ALTITUDE TRACKING
SPECIFIC FUNCTION TO FOLLOW THE ALTITUDE
EVOLUTION OF EACH SYSTEM
TRACK, FOR ANY VALID C MODE.
TO SHOW THE ALTITUDE CHANGES
TO THE CONTROLLER AND THE
RATE OF THE CHANGE.

OA
RADAR WARNINGS
CAPACITIES
IT PROVIDES THE CAPACITY OF DANGEROUS AREA
INFRANGMENT WARNING (DAIW), IT PREVENTS THAT ANY
AIRCRAFT GET IN AND AREAS “D”, “P”, OR “R”, IT
DOESN´T WORK WITH:
• NOT CORRALATED TRACKS
• TRACKS WITH NO VALID C MODE
• CORRALATED TRACKS AUTHORIZED IN THE DATABASE
TO PROVIDE THE ATC WITH A
WARNING OF THE SEPARATION OF
THE AIRCRAFT WITH THE GROUND,
ACCORDIN TO THE PARAMETERS
SET ON THE DATABASE. IT´S
CALLED MINIMUM SAFETY ALTITUDE
WARNING (MSAW)
TO MANAGE THE SHORT TERM
CONFLICT ALERT (STCA), BUILDING
A 3 D CIRCLE AROUND THE TRACK
ACCORDING TO THE SUPERVISOR
PARAMETERS, THIS ALARM ONLY
FUNCTION WITH SYSTEM TRACK
10 MAYO
2012

OA
FLIGHT PLAN CORRELATION
AUTOMATIC CORRELATION
• IT ONLY HAPPENS WITH 4 DIGITS CODES TRACKS
• IF THE TRACK IS NOT CORRELATED LOOK FOR A FPL WITH THE SAME SSR AND
CORRELATED.
• IF THE FPL IS ALREADY CORRELATED, DECORRELATES THE FPL AND SHOW A WARNING
OF MULTIPLE FPL.
• IF THE TRACK IS ALREADY CORRELATED AND AND THE FPL HAS A DIFFERENT SSR, IT
KEEPS THE CORELATION FOR THREE SCANS AND THE DECORRELATES THE FPL.
• IF THE SSR OF THE TRACK AND FPL ARE THE SAME KEEPS THE CORRELATION.
• IF THE TRACK IS ACTIVATING A EMERGENCY CODE, (7500-7600-7700) THE CORRELATION
IS KEPT.

OA
FLIGHT PLAN CORRELATION
MANUAL CORRELATION
• IT IS ONLY ALLOWED IN THOSE TRACKS THAT ARE NOT AUTOMATIC CORRELATED
• THE AUTOMATIC CORRELATION HAS PRIORITY OVER THE MANUAL CORRELATION,
EXCEPT IN MULTIPLE TRACKS (TRACKS WITH THE SAME SSR).
AUTOMATIC DECORRELATION
• IF HAPPENS WITH MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC CORRELATED TRACKS, THE PRINCIPLE
IT´S BASED THAT NO FPL CAN BE CORRELATED WITH TRACKS WITH DIFFERENT SSR TO
THE SSR SET IN THE FPL.
MANUAL DECORRELATION
•IT´S ONLY ALLOWED IN TRACKS MANUAL CORRELATED.

OA
THE FLIGTH PLAN DATA PROCESSOR
THE FLIGHT PLAN DATA PROCESSOR IS IN CHARGE OF CREATING, PROCESSING AND
DISTRIBUTING FLIGHT PLANS AND METEOROLOGICAL/AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION
TO THE WORKING POSITIONS. IT ACCEPTS BASIC COMMANDS FROM THESE
POSITIONS AFFECTING THE EVOLUTION OF THE FLIGHT PLAN.
THE SYSTEM IS ALSO ABLE TO PROCESS AFTN MESSAGES AS AN ADDITIONAL INPUT
OF FLIGHT PLANS AND THE HANDLING OF THE OLDI (ON LINE DATA INTERCHANGE)
OLDI
LANAFTN
AFTN
FDP
WHERE DOES THE INFORMATION
COME FROM?

OA
THE FLIGTH PLAN DATA PROCESSOR
CAPABILITIES
CREATION, MODIFICATION AND CANCELLATION OF FLIGHT PLANS,
ANALYZING THE ENTERED FLIGHT PLAN DATA FOR ERROR AND
COMPATIBILITY.
DISTRIBUTE FLIGHT PLAN DATA TO AFFECTED SECTORS AND SEND FP
RELATED MESSAGES TO OTHERS ATC CENTERS VIA OLDI.
PROVIDE AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL CODE SSR ALLOCATION.
PROCESS AND DISTRIBUTE MET AND AERONAUTICAL DATA.
PROCESSING OF REPETITIVE FLIGHT PLANS (RPL)
DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS IN
STANDARD SEPARATIONS OF FLIGHT PLANS (MTCA)
MANAGEMENT OF AIR RESTRICTIONS.
MANAGEMENT OF AIRSPACE STRUCTURE DATABASE
MANAGEMENT OF FLIGTH PLANS DATABASES (ROUTES, SIDS, STARS,
IAL, ACFT PERFORMANCE).

OA
USING GEOGRAPHICS
COORDENATES BOUNDARY
AND TRANSFERENCE
POINTS MUST BE DEFINED
USING GEOGRAPHICS
COORDENATES AIRPORTS,
FIX POINTS, ROUTES,
STARS, SIDs, IAC, ILS ARE
DEFINED FOR FPL
PROCESSING
AIRSPACE STRUCTURE DATABASE
PRIOR TO DESCRIBE HOW THE FPL IS PROCESSED , WE NEED
TO DEFINE THE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA TO WHICH THE FDP WILL
SERVE. THIS AREA IS PART OF THE SO CALLED ADAPTATION
DATA.
DEFINITION OF THE
ADJACENT SECTORS
DEFINITION OF THE
CONTROL SECTORS AND
SUBSECTORS.
DEFINITION OF THE WORKING AREA,
ACCORDING TO THE LIMITS ESTABLISHED IN THE
RADAR SYSTEM (2048x2048)
THIS DATA WILL
DEFINE THE OUTFIR
AND INFIR CONCEPT

OA
RPL
REPETITIVE
FLIGHT PLANS
FPL
FLIGTH PLANS
OF THE DAY
PFT
PLANS FOR
TOMORROW
AFTN
MANUAL
MANUAL
MANUAL
AFTN
FPL DATABASE MANAGEMENT

OA
PROCESSING OF FPLs
FLIGHT PLAN
IDENTIFICATION
EVERY FLIGHT PLAN IS UNIQUELY IDENTIFIED BY AN
IDENTIFIER MADE UP OF THE FIELDS CALL SIGN
AND DEPARTURE AERODROME.SO IT CANNOT
EXIST MORE THAN ONE FLIGHT PLAN WITH THE
SAME CALL SIGN AND DEPARTURE AERODROME .
TYPES OF FLIGHT
PLANS
THE ADAPTATION TABLE AIRPORTS IS USED USED
BY THE FDP TO DETERMINE THE TYPE OF FLIGHT
PLAN, DEPARTURE, ARRIVAL, OVERFLIGHT,
DOMESTIC.
FLIGHT PLAN STATES
• PASSIVE STATE, A FPL THAT ENTERS THE DB.
• AUTHORIZED FPL, PROCESSED TO BE ACTIVE
• ACTIVE STATE, IN THE CONTROLLER LIST.(20´)
• MOVING STATE, ETD OR ENTRY MODIFICATION.
• LIVE STATE, ATD, ACT, OR DEP FROM RDP.
• TERMINATED STATE, CANCELLED OR ARRIVED.

OA
SEE YOU NEXT CLASS, WE WILL
MAKE A REVIEW FOR THE TEST
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Basic radar principles 2012

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Basic radar principles 2012