This document discusses key concepts in linguistics, including: 1) It introduces the concepts of langue and parole, which refer to language as an abstract system and concrete usage respectively. 2) It also discusses the distinction between signifier and signified, and synchronic vs diachronic linguistic analysis. 3) The document provides an overview of phonology and syntax, explaining that phonology studies the phonic components of words, while syntax analyzes sentence structure and grammatical relationships.

2. Basic notion in linguistics
Langue and parole
Signifier vs signified
Synchronic vs diachronic linguistc
Phonetics
syntax

4. I am considered the "father of modern
linguistics"and a major figure of
analytic philosophy. My work has
influenced fields such as computer
science, mathematics, and psychology.
For me , linguistics is a branch of cognitive
psychology; genuine insights in linguistics imply
concomitant understandings of aspects of
mental processing and human nature. My theory
of a universal grammar is a direct challenge to
the established behaviorist theories of the time
and had major consequences for understanding
how children learn language and what, exactly,
the ability to use language is.

5. describes the social, impersonal phenomenon of language as a
system of signs
This isabstract use of language through
the signs
describes the individual, personal phenomenon of language as a
series of speech acts made by a linguistic subject.
I promissed you to
improve the social
policies of all our poor
people.
This is the concrete use of the speech

6. is the shape of a word, its phonic
component, the sequence of letters or phonemes.
is the ideational component, the
concept or object that appears in our minds when we
hear or read the signifier
Signified
signifier

7. :Is the study of language at a
particular point in time.
This is in
temrs of

8. is the study of the history or
evolution of language
I have consered that
this approach is
concerned about
to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages.
to reconstruct the pre-history of languages and determine their
relatedness, grouping them into language families, comparative
linguistics.
to develop general theories about how and why language changes;
to describe the history of speech communities
to study the history of words, etymology

10. SYNTAX: Is the study of grammar and sentence structure.
•Some words in English may not
make use of the structural
paradigms. They have no
inflectional or derivational endings. determiners
•They perform a function in the Auxiliary
system –outside of the grammatical subordinators
verbs
relationships they signify, they Function
have little or no meaning.
conjunctions words qualifiers
•The categories of function words
are often called closed classes
because new forms are rarely, if. prepositions
interrogatives
ever, added to them.
•Function words represent only a
few hundred of the more than half a
million words in English. (1999,
Herndon)

11. the relationship is analyzed and identified after each cut is made. The first cut
yields structures that function as subject and predicate.
The boys shyly touched the puppy.
Structures: (NP) noun phrase (VP) verb phrase
Functions: Subject Predicate
The second cut yields structures that function as verbal element and complement
(or object) within the predicate
The boys shyly touched the puppy.
Structures: VP NP
Functions: Verbal Element Complement (Object)

12. The boys shyly touched the puppy.
S. Det. Noun Adverb Verb Det. Noun
F. Mod. Head Modifier Head Mod. Head
Among other things, this type of analysis gives rise to the practice of referring to
noun-headed and verb-headed structures when speaking of phrases.