Recommended
Recommended
More Related Content
Similar to Basic mode of mechanical ventilation..pptx
Similar to Basic mode of mechanical ventilation..pptx (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Basic mode of mechanical ventilation..pptx
- 1. Basic Modes of Mechanical Ventilation WIWI J DEPARTEMENT OF ANESTHESIOLOGY & INTENSIVE THERAPY FK UNIBRAW – RS SAIFUL ANWAR MALANG 1
- 2. What are ventilators ? A machine that generates a controlled flow of gas into a patient’s airways 2
- 3. Basic Ventilator Parameters Tidal volume Frequency PIP Plateau Pressure PEEP Inspiratory Time Expiratory time I : E Ratio 3
- 4. Basic Ventilator Parameters Mode Tidal volume Frequency PIP Plateau Pressure PEEP Inspiratory Time Expiratory time I : E Ratio 4
- 5. Starting a ventilator : Mode Mode denotes interplay between patient and the ventilator Describes the style of breath support based on relationship between the various possible types of breath and inspiratory – phase variables 5
- 6. The ventilator circuit 50 psi air 50 psi O2 Blender Air-O2 mixture of desired FiO2 at 50 psi Stepped down pressure Flow regulator Pressure regulating valve T-piece & ETT tube Insp limb Exp limb 6
- 7. 7
- 8. The ventilatory cycle Ti Te PIP PEEP 0.35 sec 0.65 sec 1 resp cycle= Ti + Te 8
- 9. Mechanical Time (sec) Spontaneous Paw (cm H2O) Inspiration Expiration Expiration Inspiration Breath type : Spontaneous vs Mechanical vs assisted Assisted 9
- 10. Control variables Pressure : Pressure signal is the feedback signal (Pressure Preset) Volume : Volume signal is the feedback signal. usually measure the flow and turn it into volume signal electronically (volume preset) Time Flow Combinations 10
- 11. Volume Control Ventilation Pressure Volume Flow Preset Peak Flow Preset Vt Dependent on Cl & Raw Time (sec) 11
- 12. Pressure Control Ventilation Flow Pressure Volume Cl Cl Set PC level Time (sec) 12
- 13. Basic Modes of Ventilation Controlled Mandatory Ventilation Assist Control Ventilation Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Pressure Support Combinations 13
- 14. Controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) The ventilator delivers Preset tidal volume (or pressure) at a time triggered (preset) respiratory rate. As the ventilator controls both tidal volume (pressure) and respiratory rate, the ventilator “controls” the patients minute volume. Pressure 14
- 15. Controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) Volume controlled Pressure controlled 15
- 16. Preset VT Volume Cycling Dependent on CL & Raw Time (sec) Flow (L/m) Pressure (cm H2O) Volume (mL) Preset Peak Flow Time triggered, Flow limited, Volume cycled Ventilation Controlled mandatory ventilation (Volume- Targeted) 16
- 17. Pressure Flow Volume (L/min) (cm H2O) (ml) Time (sec) Time-Cycled Set PC level Time Triggered, Pressure Limited, Time Cycled Ventilation Controlled mandatory ventilation (Pressure- Targeted) 17
- 18. Controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) Patient can not breath spontaneously Patient can not change the ventilator respiratory rate Suitable only when patient has no breathing efforts Disease or Under heavy sedation and muscle relaxants 18
- 19. Controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) Asynchrony and increased work of breathing. Not suitable for patient who is awake or has own respiratory efforts Can not be used during weaning 19
- 21. Time (sec) Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure Control Control Assisted Assist Control Ventilation 21
- 22. Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure Assist Control Ventilation A set tidal volume (volume control) or a set pressure and time (pressure control) is delivered at a minimum rate Additional ventilator breaths are given if triggered by the patient Mandatory breaths : Ventilator delivers preset volume and preset flow rate at a set back-up rate Spontaneous breaths : Additional cycles can be triggered by the patient but otherwise are identical to the mandatory breath. 22
- 23. Assist Control Ventilation Tidal volume (VT) of each delivered breath is the same, whether it is assisted breath or controlled breath Minimum breath rate is guaranteed (controlled breaths with set VT) Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure 23
- 24. Assist Control Ventilation (volume) Assist Control Ventilation (Pressure) Assist Control Ventilation 24
- 25. Time (sec) Patient / TimeTriggered, Pressure Limited, Time Cycled Ventilation Pressure Flow Volume Set PC level Time-Cycled Pt triggered Time triggered Assist Control Ventilation (Pressure) 25
- 26. Patient / Time triggered, Flow limited, Volume cycled Ventilation Assist Control Ventilation (Volume) Time (sec) Flow Pressure Volume Preset VT Volume Cycling 26
- 27. Assist Control Ventilation Asynchrony taken care of to some extent Low work of breathing, as every breath is supported and tidal volume is guaranteed. Hyperventilation Respiratory alkalosis. Natural breaths are not allowed Breath stacking High volumes and pressures Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure 27
- 28. Assist Control Ventilation Hyperventilation and breath stacking can usually be overcome by choosing optimal ventilator settings and appropriate sedation. Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure 28
- 29. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pressure Machine breaths are delivered at a set rate (volume or pressure limit) Time (sec) 29
- 30. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pressure Machine breaths are delivered at a set rate (volume or pressure limit) Patient is allowed to breath spontaneously from either a demand valve or a continuous flow of gases but not offering any inspiratory assistance. Time (sec) 30
- 31. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pressure Patient’s capability determines Tidal volume of spontaneously breaths Some freedom to breath naturally even on mechanical ventilator Time (sec) 31
- 32. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pressure Random chance of breath stacking and asynchrony : Increased WOB Uncomfortable feeling Time (sec) 32
- 33. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pressure controlled IMV Volume controlled IMV 33
- 34. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Pros : Freedom for natural spontaneous breaths even on machine Lesser chances of hyperventilation Cons : Asynchrony Random chance of breath stacking. Increase work of breathing Random high airway pressure (barotrauma) and lung volume (volutrauma) Setting appropriate pressure limit is important to reduce the risk of barotrauma 34
- 35. Can we synchronize it ? 35
- 36. Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Ventilator delivers either patient triggered assisted breaths or time triggered mandatory breath in a synchronized fashion so as to avoid breath stacking If the patient breathes between mandatory breaths, the ventilator will allow the patient to breathe a normal breath by opening the demand (inspiratory) valve but not offering any inspiratory assistance. 36
- 37. Synchronization window Pressure Time interval just prior to time triggering in which the ventilator is responsive to the patient’s inspiratory effort. Time (sec) Time trigerring 37
- 38. SIMV Pressure Patient trigerred synchronized breath If the patient makes a spontaneous inspiratory effort that falls in sync window, the ventilator is patient triggered to deliver an assisted breath and will count it as mandatory breath Time trigerred mandatory breath 38
- 39. SIMV Pressure Patient trigerred synchronized breath if patient does not make an inspiratory effort then ventilator will deliver a time triggered mandatory breath. Time trigerred mandatory breath 39
- 40. SIMV Pressure Patient trigerred synchronized breath if patient does not make an inspiratory effort then ventilator will deliver a time triggered mandatory breath. Time trigerred mandatory breath If the pt triggers outside this window, vent will allow this spontaneous breath to occur by opening the demand (inspiratory) valve but does not offer any inspiratory assistance. 40
- 41. Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Pressure 3 types of breathing : 1. Patient initiated assisted ventilation, 2. Ventilator generated controlled ventilation, 3. Unassisted spontaneous breath. 41
- 42. Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation P-SIMV V-SIMV 42
- 43. Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV) It allows patients to assume a portion of their ventilatory drive : Weaning is possible Greater work of breathing than AC ventilation and therefore some may not consider it as the initial ventilator mode Friendly cardiopulmonary interaction : Negative inspiratory pressure generated by spontaneous breathing leads to increased venous return, which theoretically may help cardiac output and function 43
- 44. Pressure Support Ventilation Pressure (or Pressure above PEEP) is the setting variable No mandatory breaths Applicable on Spontaneous breaths : a preset pressure assist, Flow cycling : terminates when flow drops to a specified fraction (typically 25%) of its maximum. Patient effort determines size of breath and flow rate 44
- 45. Pressure Support Ventilation Pressure (or Pressure above PEEP) is the setting variable No mandatory breaths Applicable on Spontaneous breaths: a preset pressure assist, Flow cycling: terminates when flow drops to a specified fraction (typically 25%) of its maximum. Patient effort determines size of breath and flow rate. 45
- 46. Pressure Support Ventilation It augments spontaneous VT decreases spontaneous rates and WOB Used in conjunction with spontaneous breaths in any mode of ventilation. No guarantee of tidal volume with changing respiratory mechanics, No back up ventilation in the event of apnea. 46
- 47. Pressure Support Ventilation Provides pressure support to overcome the increased work of breathing imposed by the disease process, the endotracheal tube, the inspiratory valves and other mechanical aspects of ventilatory support Allows for titration of patient effort during weaning. Helpful in assessing extubation readiness 47
- 48. SIMV + PS Ventilation Pressure Spontaneous breath with PS 48
- 49. Thank you very much ! 49
- 50. Summary 50
- 51. Time (sec) Control ventilation (CMV) Assist / control ventilation Pressure Control Control Assisted Pressure Pressure 51
- 52. What is “Auto-Peep”? FLOW INSP EXP Expiratory flow ends before next breath Next breath begins before exhalation ends Obstructive lung disease Rapid breathing Forced exhalation 52
- 53. 53 Ventilation modality types Pressure Volume Controlled breath Assist/Controlled breath Spontaneous breath + Sedation - Patient trigger and cycle the breath Patient trigger the breath Ventilator cycle the breath Ti Te
Editor's Notes
- The ventilator delivers the preset tidal volume at a time triggered (preset) respiratory rate. As the ventilator controls both tidal volume and respiratory rate, the ventilator “controls” the patients minute volume. The patient can not change the ventilator respiratory rate or breath spontaneously. Thus this mode should be applied only when patient has no breathing efforts either due to disease or under heavy sedation and muscle relaxants otherwise it will lead to asynchrony and increased work of breathing.
- Tidal volume (VT) of each delivered breath is the same, whether it is patient triggered (assist) or ventilator triggered (control) If the patient does not initiate a breath before a requisite period of time determined by the set respiratory rate (RR), the ventilator will deliver the set VT Regardless of whether the breath is patient-triggered or time-triggered, the exhalation valve closes and the ventilator generates inspiratory flow at a set rate and pattern (flow limited). Inspiratory flow lasts until the set VT is delivered at which time the breath is cycled-off (volume-cycled). Thus, the AC mode is patient- or time-triggered, flow-limited, and volume-cycled. The airway pressures generated by chosen ventilator settings are determined by the compliance of the respiratory system and the resistance of the airways.
- tachypnea could lead to hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis. Breath stacking can occur when the patient initiates a second breath before exhaling the first. The results are high volumes and pressures in the system.