Basic Mathematics contains information about various charts and graphs: Pie charts and bar charts illustrate proportions and comparisons using wedges or bars divided based on quantities. Scatter plots show the relationship between two variables through data points on Cartesian axes. Histograms bin categorical data into intervals to show distributions, while line graphs connect data points over time or categories. Pictograms represent quantities pictorially through symbols.

1. Basic Mathematics
Mohd Aidil Bin Othman

2. Pie chart
• A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart
divided into sectors, illustrating relative
magnitudes or frequencies.
• In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector (and
consequently its central angle and area), is
proportional to the quantity it represents.
• Together, the sectors create a full disk.
• It is named for its resemblance to a pie which has
been sliced.

3. Example
Sales
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
9%
10%
23% 58%

4. Bar Chart
• A bar chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths
proportional to the values that they represent.
• Bar charts are used for comparing two or more values that were taken over
time or on different conditions, usually on small data sets.
• The bars can be horizontally oriented (also called bar chart) or vertically
oriented (also called column chart).
• Sometimes a stretched graphic is used instead of a solid bar.
• It is a visual display used to compare the amount or frequency of
occurrence of different characteristics of data and it is used to compare
groups of data.

5. Example
Category 4
Category 3
Series 3
Series 2
Category 2
Series 1
Category 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

6. Scatter plot
• A scatter plot is a type of display using Cartesian coordinates
to display values for two variables for a set of data.
• The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having
the value of one variable determining the position on the
horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining
the position on the vertical axis.
• A scatter plot is also called a scatter chart, scatter diagram
and scatter graph.

7. Example
3.5
3
2.5
Axis Title
2
1.5 Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Axis Title

8. Histogram
• In statistics, a histogram is a graphical display of tabulated
frequencies, shown as bars.
• It shows what proportion of cases fall into each of several categories: it is a
form of data binning.
• The categories are usually specified as non-overlapping intervals of some
variable. The categories (bars) must be adjacent. The intervals (or bands, or
bins) are generally of the same size.
• Histograms are used to plot density of data, and often for density
estimation: estimating the probability density function of the underlying
variable.

9. • The total area of a histogram always equals 1. If the
length of the intervals on the x-axis are all 1, then a
histogram is identical to a relative frequency plot.
• An alternative to the histogram is kernel density
estimation, which uses a kernel to smooth samples.
• This will construct a smooth probability density
function, which will in general more accurately reflect
the underlying variable

10. Example
5
4.5
4
3.5
3 Series 1
2.5 Series 2
2 Series 3
1.5
1
0.5
0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

11. Line Graph
• In a graph theory, the line graph of an
undirected graph is another graph that
represents the adjacencies between it edges.
• The line graph is also sometimes called the
edge graph, the adjoin graph, the interchange
graph, or the derived graph.

12. Example
Chart Title
6
5 5
4.3 4.4 4.5
4
3.5
Series 1
3 3 2.8 Series 2
2.4 2.5
2 2 2 Series 3
1.8
1
0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

13. Pictogram
• A Pictograph (also called pictogram or pictograms) is
an ideogram that conveys its meaning through its
pictorial resemblance to a physical object.
• Earliest examples of pictographs include ancient or
prehistoric drawings or paintings found on rock walls.
• Pictographs are also used in writing and graphic
systems in which the characters are to considerable
extent pictorial in appearance.

14. • Pictographs can also take the form of
diagrams to represent statistical data by
pictorial forms, and can be varied in
color, size, or number to indicate change

15. Example
Days Quantity
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
= represent 10 people