This document provides an overview of key concepts in management accounting. It discusses management accounting as a type of information that helps managers plan, coordinate, and control organizational activities. It contrasts management accounting with financial reporting, noting their different purposes, users, structures, and timeliness. The document also covers measurement of costs, revenues, and assets for control purposes and decision making. It emphasizes that accounting numbers are approximations and that management decisions rely on both quantitative and qualitative factors. People, not just numbers, drive organizational performance.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai penerapan lean accounting dan balanced scorecard dalam mendukung penerapan lean manufacturing.
2. Lean accounting bertujuan untuk menyediakan informasi yang akurat dan mudah dipahami serta mengeliminasi aktivitas yang tidak bernilai tambah. Salah satu contoh penerapannya adalah penentuan harga pokok berdasarkan biaya langsung dari value stream.
3.
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas perbedaan antara agen dan kantor cabang serta hubungan antara kantor pusat dan kantor cabang.
2. Agen hanya menerima pesanan barang dan tidak memiliki persediaan sendiri, sedangkan kantor cabang dapat memiliki persediaan dan melakukan transaksi secara independen.
3. Kantor pusat mengawasi modal kerja agen secara langsung, sedangkan kantor cabang diberi keleluasaan
Akuntansi manajerial & Lingkungan Bisniswidya adhy
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang akuntansi manajerial dan lingkungan bisnis. Ia menjelaskan tentang pekerjaan manajemen, perbandingan antara akuntansi keuangan dan manajerial, struktur organisasi, perubahan lingkungan bisnis, dan etika profesional.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang desentralisasi dan evaluasi kinerja. Desentralisasi adalah situasi dimana pembuatan keputusan melibatkan seluruh elemen organisasi. Evaluasi kinerja menggunakan pengukuran seperti return on investment, residual income, dan sistem kompensasi untuk manajer agar tujuannya sejalan dengan perusahaan.
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas hubungan antara kantor pusat, kantor agen, dan kantor cabang dalam sistem akuntansi perusahaan, termasuk perbedaan antara kantor agen dan cabang, pembukuan untuk masing-masing, serta penyusunan laporan keuangan gabungan.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai penerapan lean accounting dan balanced scorecard dalam mendukung penerapan lean manufacturing.
2. Lean accounting bertujuan untuk menyediakan informasi yang akurat dan mudah dipahami serta mengeliminasi aktivitas yang tidak bernilai tambah. Salah satu contoh penerapannya adalah penentuan harga pokok berdasarkan biaya langsung dari value stream.
3.
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas perbedaan antara agen dan kantor cabang serta hubungan antara kantor pusat dan kantor cabang.
2. Agen hanya menerima pesanan barang dan tidak memiliki persediaan sendiri, sedangkan kantor cabang dapat memiliki persediaan dan melakukan transaksi secara independen.
3. Kantor pusat mengawasi modal kerja agen secara langsung, sedangkan kantor cabang diberi keleluasaan
Akuntansi manajerial & Lingkungan Bisniswidya adhy
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang akuntansi manajerial dan lingkungan bisnis. Ia menjelaskan tentang pekerjaan manajemen, perbandingan antara akuntansi keuangan dan manajerial, struktur organisasi, perubahan lingkungan bisnis, dan etika profesional.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang desentralisasi dan evaluasi kinerja. Desentralisasi adalah situasi dimana pembuatan keputusan melibatkan seluruh elemen organisasi. Evaluasi kinerja menggunakan pengukuran seperti return on investment, residual income, dan sistem kompensasi untuk manajer agar tujuannya sejalan dengan perusahaan.
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas hubungan antara kantor pusat, kantor agen, dan kantor cabang dalam sistem akuntansi perusahaan, termasuk perbedaan antara kantor agen dan cabang, pembukuan untuk masing-masing, serta penyusunan laporan keuangan gabungan.
Kunci jawaban bab 8 teori akuntansi suwardjonoHerna Ferari
Apresiasi adalah kenaikan nilai aset akibat faktor-faktor eksternal seperti inflasi, sedangkan akresi adalah kenaikan nilai aset secara bertahap seperti bunga. Keduanya menyebabkan kenaikan nilai aset tetapi apresiasi disebabkan faktor eksternal sedangkan akresi disebabkan proses internal secara bertahap.
Dokumen tersebut membahas perbedaan antara agen dan kantor cabang dalam akuntansi keuangan. Agen berfungsi untuk menerima pesanan barang dan bekerja di bawah pengawasan kantor pusat, sedangkan kantor cabang memiliki wewenang untuk melakukan transaksi dengan pihak ketiga sebagai unit usaha tersendiri. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan sistem pembukuan untuk agen, kantor pusat, dan kantor cabang serta cara peny
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang akuntansi persediaan sesuai PSAK 14, termasuk pengakuan, pengukuran, dan penyajian persediaan dalam laporan keuangan.
2. Beberapa metode pengukuran persediaan yang dijelaskan adalah FIFO, average, dan LIFO beserta contoh penerapannya.
3. Laporan keuangan harus menyajikan persediaan di neraca dan harga pokok penjualan di laporan laba rugi.
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai pendekatan dalam teori akuntansi, yaitu pendekatan pragmatis, sintaktik, semantik, normatif, positif, dan naturalistik. Dokumen ini juga membandingkan pendekatan ilmiah dan naturalistik dalam penelitian akuntansi.
Paragraf ini membahas persyaratan independensi dan kebebasan bagi akuntan publik dan tim auditnya dalam melakukan perikatan audit atau review laporan keuangan perusahaan klien. Persyaratan tersebut mencakup kebebasan berpikir dan penampilan agar akuntan dapat melaksanakan tugasnya secara independen, objektif, dan skeptis.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang akuntansi sewa, termasuk definisi sewa, klasifikasi sewa menjadi sewa operasi dan sewa pembiayaan, serta akuntansi untuk masing-masing klasifikasi sewa dari perspektif lessor dan lessee. Dibahas pula kriteria penentuan sewa pembiayaan dan contoh penerapan akuntansi sewa operasi dan sewa pembiayaan untuk lessor dan lessee.
Akuntansi pensiun dan imbalan pasca kerja melibatkan pengukuran kewajiban pensiun dan beban pensiun secara periodik serta pelaporan aset dan kewajiban pensiun dalam laporan keuangan."
Bursa efek adalah lembaga yang menyediakan sistem dan sarana untuk mempertemukan penawaran jual dan beli efek pihak lain dengan tujuan memperdagangkan efek. Bursa efek memainkan peran penting dalam pasar modal sebagai sarana pendanaan dan investasi."
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang konsep-konsep dasar pendapatan seperti pengertian, saat pengakuan, kriteria pengakuan, dan prosedur pengakuan pendapatan. Dibahas pula berbagai pandangan mengenai saat pengakuan selama proses produksi, penjualan, dan penjualan jasa serta pengukuran dan pembentukan pendapatan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai obligasi perusahaan dan pemerintah, reksa dana, serta berinvestasi di reksa dana. Termasuk jenis obligasi dan reksa dana, cara perusahaan membayar kembali obligasi, alasan perusahaan menerbitkan dan investor membeli obligasi, serta pajak atas investasi reksa dana."
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pelibatan dan pemberdayaan karyawan perusahaan dengan memberikan penjelasan mengenai konsep, tujuan, metode, dan implementasinya. Dibahas pula faktor-faktor penghambat dan cara mengatasinya, serta penghargaan yang diberikan kepada karyawan.
Kunci jawaban bab 8 teori akuntansi suwardjonoHerna Ferari
Apresiasi adalah kenaikan nilai aset akibat faktor-faktor eksternal seperti inflasi, sedangkan akresi adalah kenaikan nilai aset secara bertahap seperti bunga. Keduanya menyebabkan kenaikan nilai aset tetapi apresiasi disebabkan faktor eksternal sedangkan akresi disebabkan proses internal secara bertahap.
Dokumen tersebut membahas perbedaan antara agen dan kantor cabang dalam akuntansi keuangan. Agen berfungsi untuk menerima pesanan barang dan bekerja di bawah pengawasan kantor pusat, sedangkan kantor cabang memiliki wewenang untuk melakukan transaksi dengan pihak ketiga sebagai unit usaha tersendiri. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan sistem pembukuan untuk agen, kantor pusat, dan kantor cabang serta cara peny
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang akuntansi persediaan sesuai PSAK 14, termasuk pengakuan, pengukuran, dan penyajian persediaan dalam laporan keuangan.
2. Beberapa metode pengukuran persediaan yang dijelaskan adalah FIFO, average, dan LIFO beserta contoh penerapannya.
3. Laporan keuangan harus menyajikan persediaan di neraca dan harga pokok penjualan di laporan laba rugi.
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai pendekatan dalam teori akuntansi, yaitu pendekatan pragmatis, sintaktik, semantik, normatif, positif, dan naturalistik. Dokumen ini juga membandingkan pendekatan ilmiah dan naturalistik dalam penelitian akuntansi.
Paragraf ini membahas persyaratan independensi dan kebebasan bagi akuntan publik dan tim auditnya dalam melakukan perikatan audit atau review laporan keuangan perusahaan klien. Persyaratan tersebut mencakup kebebasan berpikir dan penampilan agar akuntan dapat melaksanakan tugasnya secara independen, objektif, dan skeptis.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang akuntansi sewa, termasuk definisi sewa, klasifikasi sewa menjadi sewa operasi dan sewa pembiayaan, serta akuntansi untuk masing-masing klasifikasi sewa dari perspektif lessor dan lessee. Dibahas pula kriteria penentuan sewa pembiayaan dan contoh penerapan akuntansi sewa operasi dan sewa pembiayaan untuk lessor dan lessee.
Akuntansi pensiun dan imbalan pasca kerja melibatkan pengukuran kewajiban pensiun dan beban pensiun secara periodik serta pelaporan aset dan kewajiban pensiun dalam laporan keuangan."
Bursa efek adalah lembaga yang menyediakan sistem dan sarana untuk mempertemukan penawaran jual dan beli efek pihak lain dengan tujuan memperdagangkan efek. Bursa efek memainkan peran penting dalam pasar modal sebagai sarana pendanaan dan investasi."
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang konsep-konsep dasar pendapatan seperti pengertian, saat pengakuan, kriteria pengakuan, dan prosedur pengakuan pendapatan. Dibahas pula berbagai pandangan mengenai saat pengakuan selama proses produksi, penjualan, dan penjualan jasa serta pengukuran dan pembentukan pendapatan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai obligasi perusahaan dan pemerintah, reksa dana, serta berinvestasi di reksa dana. Termasuk jenis obligasi dan reksa dana, cara perusahaan membayar kembali obligasi, alasan perusahaan menerbitkan dan investor membeli obligasi, serta pajak atas investasi reksa dana."
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pelibatan dan pemberdayaan karyawan perusahaan dengan memberikan penjelasan mengenai konsep, tujuan, metode, dan implementasinya. Dibahas pula faktor-faktor penghambat dan cara mengatasinya, serta penghargaan yang diberikan kepada karyawan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang patok duga sebagai proses pengukuran berkelanjutan terhadap produk, layanan, dan praktik bisnis perusahaan terhadap kompetitor terbaik. Tujuannya adalah menemukan kunci keberhasilan kompetitor dan mengadaptasinya untuk meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan. Dibahas pula tahapan, manfaat, prasyarat, kode etik, dan hambatan dari pelaksanaan patok duga.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pelatihan total quality management yang mencakup definisi pelatihan, manfaat pelatihan karyawan, proses pelatihan yang efektif seperti penentuan kebutuhan, peserta, tempat, materi, pemberian pelatihan, evaluasi, pendekatan, prinsip pembelajaran, penyebab kegagalan, dan kurikulum pelatihan kualitas yang meliputi perencanaan kualitas, pengendalian kualitas, dan perbaikan kualitas.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang analisis hubungan biaya-volume-laba yang meliputi konsep biaya variabel, biaya tetap, titik impas, margin kontribusi, dan grafik hubungan antara volume penjualan, biaya, dan laba.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang teknik penganggaran modal yang meliputi proses perencanaan pengeluaran modal jangka panjang untuk memaksimalkan laba perusahaan. Beberapa metode penilaian proyek modal dijelaskan seperti NPV, IRR, payback period beserta penjelasan singkat setiap metode. Dokumen juga membahas aspek administrasi penganggaran modal dan prinsip-prinsip dasar dalam memilih proyek modal.
- An account records transactions relating to a particular item and their effect in terms of debits and credits. Debits increase accounts and credits decrease accounts.
- There are three types of accounts: personal, real, and nominal. Personal accounts relate to individuals, real accounts relate to assets and liabilities, and nominal accounts relate to income and expenses.
- Management accounting provides information to managers for planning, control, and decision making purposes, whereas financial accounting provides information to external parties. Management accounting focuses on the future and internal reporting.
Evaluasi alternatif dan pembelian
Perilaku setelah pembelian
Jenis keputusan membeli konsumen dan keterlibatannya
Implikasi pemasaran atas keterlibatan
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang permintaan dan penawaran dalam perekonomian. Permintaan adalah jumlah barang yang diminta pada berbagai harga, dipengaruhi oleh faktor seperti harga barang itu sendiri, pendapatan, dan jumlah penduduk. Penawaran adalah jumlah barang yang ditawarkan, dipengaruhi oleh harga dan biaya produksi. Keseimbangan harga terjadi pada titik pertemuan kurva permintaan dan penawaran.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas konsep biaya penuh dan informasi biaya penuh serta penggunaannya dalam pengambilan keputusan bisnis dan penyusunan laporan keuangan.
2. Biaya penuh terdiri dari biaya langsung dan tidak langsung yang digunakan untuk suatu objek biaya. Informasi biaya penuh digunakan untuk mengukur profitabilitas dan menentukan harga jual.
3.
Manajemen keuangan adalah aktivitas perencanaan, penganggaran, pengelolaan, dan pengendalian dana organisasi. Fungsinya meliputi perolehan dana, pengelolaan arus kas, dan penghubungan dengan pasar keuangan. Tujuannya adalah memaksimalkan nilai perusahaan dengan mempertimbangkan risiko dan waktu dalam pengambilan keputusan investasi dan pembiayaan.
Management accounting information can be confusing because numbers are used for different purposes and mean different things. Accounting numbers are approximations, especially when used for planning future events. Managers often have to make decisions without complete information and must use the best data available while being aware of any gaps. Both quantitative data and qualitative factors must be considered as accounting evidence only provides a partial view. Ultimately, organizations are made up of people and numbers alone do not drive actions or results - it is how management and employees interpret and act on accounting information that determines its value.
General observations about managerial accounting informationSanTelmo Carrefour
This document discusses several key points about managerial accounting information:
1) Accounting numbers are intended for different purposes and require different approaches, so the same terms can mean different things depending on the context. This causes confusion if not properly understood.
2) Accounting numbers are approximations, especially estimates for future planning, so their accuracy varies. Users must understand the degree of approximation.
3) Management problems often involve incomplete data, so decisions must be made with the information available. Obtaining missing vital information is important, but action cannot always be delayed.
4) Accounting provides only a partial view, as important factors cannot always be quantified. Both solely numerical analysis and relying only on intuition are flawed
What Counts And What Is Counted by Prof. Rob BloomfieldeCornell
Accountants and business leaders move up through the ranks not just because they know how to interpret financial reports (though that helps), but because they understand how organizational systems are designed, and how people respond and perform within those systems.
In this eBook What Counts and What Gets Counted: Seeing Organizations Through an Accountant’s Eyes, Cornell professor Dr. Rob Bloomfield shows how business performance is measured and reported, and reviews essential concepts in cost accounting and financial reporting.
Your vocabulary is one of the most visible markers of your business acumen. Business professionals listen, talk, and write for a living, and they judge you by the terms you use, and misuse. In essence, Prof. Bloomfield’s research and focus is on communicating the language of business.
Accounting Information System And Its Impact In Management Decision MakingSabrina Baloi
This document provides an introduction and background to a study on the impact of accounting information systems on management decision making in secondary schools. It discusses key topics such as the purpose of the study which is to examine this impact, the research questions and hypotheses, limitations of the study, and definitions of important terms. The introduction gives an overview of accounting information systems and their role in providing financial and accounting data to support decision making. It also discusses the importance of effective accounting information for management decisions.
chapter 1Introduction to Accounting Learning Goals.docxcravennichole326
chapter 1
Introduction to Accounting
Learning Goals
• Develop a general understanding of alternative forms of business entities.
• Differentiate between financial and managerial accounting.
• Acquire knowledge about the conceptual underpinnings of accounting.
• Learn the fundamental accounting equation and the impact of transactions.
• Discover alternative career paths within the accounting profession.
Copyright Barbara Chase/Corbis/AP Images
waL80144_01_c01_001-026.indd 1 8/29/12 2:43 PM
2
CHAPTER 1Chapter Outline
Chapter Outline
1.1 Entity Concepts
1.2 The Language of Business
Disciplines of Accounting
Financial Accounting
1.3 Key Concepts
1.4 The Financial Reporting Model
Sources of Capital
Comprehensive Illustration
Statement of Cash Flows: A Fourth Financial Statement
1.5 Usefulness of Accounting in Careers and Life
1.6 The Importance of Ethics
The stereotypical accountant is characterized as a boring number cruncher, charged with maintaining the books and accounts of a business. This image may be traced
back to the 1843 book by Charles Dickens entitled A Christmas Carol. In that tale, Ebene-
zer Scrooge is a penny-pinching miser who cares nothing for the people around him. His
sole purpose is making money, and his trusted but suffering accountant is Bob Cratchit,
who painstakingly tracks every penny. Mr. Scrooge eventually sees the light, but that’s
another story.
Today’s accountant is also another story. The mundane aspects of accounting are now
largely accomplished by sophisticated computer software. For small businesses, the soft-
ware may reside on a simple personal computer. Larger businesses may use elaborate
enterprise resource packages that integrate accounting with all other aspects of managing
the business. Such complex business systems may be maintained internally by a specific
business or be contracted for through a third-party “cloud computing” service provider.
The changed environment has redefined what it means to be an accountant. Although
accountants certainly need to have comprehensive understanding of the fundamental
practices, rules, and procedures constituting the foundation of accounting, they are often-
times more focused on broader measurement, reporting, and managerial tasks. Less time
is spent on data capture, and more time is devoted to analyzing information and helping
with sound business decisions.
Furthermore, to understand and monitor results produced by sophisticated information
systems, accountants need to be knowledgeable and vigilant. If their organizations solely
rely on the data produced by their computers, decision making can be quickly handi-
capped by erroneous output. The accountant must have a keen “forensic” eye to make
sure that reported information is logical and correct. Indeed, the role of accounting has
grown more complex, and with that, the value of the accountant has increased. A large
proportion of business leaders start out as accountant ...
Avoid organizationalmistakes by innovative thinkingSelf-employed
1. The document discusses 10 common mistakes organizations make with performance measures. These include relying solely on financial statements, only looking at monthly or quarterly results, setting goals without ways to measure them, using poor methods like brainstorming to select measures, overreliance on technology to fix measurement problems, using tables instead of graphs to report results, failing to identify relationships between measures, excluding staff from analysis and improvement, collecting too much useless data and not enough relevant data, and using measures solely to reward and punish individuals.
2. Key mistakes are focusing only on lagging financial indicators, short-term results, and goals without measurement; as well as poor methods for selecting measures, not understanding relationships between measures, and not
Implementing A Performance Management CommunicationBrenda Higgins
The document discusses implementing an effective performance management communication plan. It states that communication is a critical part of performance management as it helps employees understand how they contribute to organizational goals, what is expected of them, their performance, and how they can develop. An effective communication plan should address questions for all employees about performance management. It should also outline responsibilities for those involved in the performance process and ensure timely communication of information. Effectively communicating a performance management plan ensures all participants have a clear message and feedback is incorporated into the message.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION AS A TOOL FOR MANAG...Pedro Craggett
This document discusses the role of accounting information in management decision making. It states that accounting provides around 46-50% of the information in an organization's economic information system. Accounting information helps managers in planning, organizing, and controlling activities. Management accounting specifically provides both financial and non-financial information to aid managers in decision making and ensuring strategic objectives are met. The document examines how accounting information can influence management decisions if it is relevant, reliable, and there is not enough other non-accounting information available.
Analyzing The Functions Of A Business, Many Relies On...Jasmine Culbreth
Financial statement analysis and ratio analysis are useful tools for evaluating a company's financial health and performance over time. Ratio analysis examines various financial metrics to identify strengths, weaknesses, and trends. Some key ratios analyzed include liquidity ratios, which measure a company's ability to meet short-term obligations, and profitability ratios, which indicate how effectively a company generates profits from its resources and sales. Ratio analysis is an important part of the financial statement analysis process for managers, investors, and other stakeholders.
The document provides definitions of management accounting from three sources and discusses the differences between financial accounting and management accounting. It also lists different types of costs.
For question one, definitions of management accounting are given from three authors/sources. Question two outlines seven key differences between financial accounting and management accounting, such as users, emphasis on the future, flexibility of data, and adherence to GAAP. Question three lists variable costs, which change proportionally with activity levels, and fixed costs, which remain constant regardless of activity levels.
How Cost Accounting is Driving the Fall of US ManufacturingWilliam Hoefle
Standard cost accounting practices drove the fall of U.S. manufacturing by misrepresenting product costs and incentivizing behavior that inflated reported profits but damaged companies' financial health. While standard cost accounting was more valid in the past when labor costs were higher, it is flawed today by assuming resources like labor are interchangeable and failing to reflect that most costs are fixed over relevant time horizons. This can cause companies to make bad outsourcing and production decisions and artificially boost profits by overproducing inventory and hiding expenses on the balance sheet rather than the income statement. A theoretical example shows how following standard metrics can bankrupt a company by wasting cash on unnecessary inventory despite appearing profitable.
The Systems Development Life Cycle Moderate and large firms with uni.pdfarwholesalelors
The Systems Development Life Cycle Moderate and large firms with unique information needs
often develop information systems in-house. That is to say that information technology (IT)
professional within the firm design and program the systems. A greater number of smaller
companies and large firms with relatively standardized information needs opt to purchase
information systems from software vendors. Both approaches represent significant financial and
operational risks. a model for reducing this risk through careful planning, execution, control, and
documentation of key activities.
The five phases of this model are:
1) Business Needs and Strategy
Systems Strategy –Assess Strategic Information Needs –Develop a Strategic Systems Plan
–Create an Action Plan
2) Project Initiation –
Systems Analysis –Conceptualization of Alternative Designs –Systems Evaluation and Selection
3.) In-House Systems Development –Construct the System –Deliver the System
4). Commercial Packages –Trends in Commercial Packages –Choosing a Package
5) Maintenance and Support
The participants in systems development can be classified into three broad groups: systems
professionals, end users, and stakeholders. Systems professionals are systems analysts, systems
designers, and programmers. These individuals actually build the system. They gather facts
about problems with the current system, analyze these facts, and formulate a solution to solve the
problems. The product of their efforts is a new system. End users are those for whom the system
is built. Many users exist at all levels in an organization. These include managers, operations
personnel, accountants, and internal auditors. In some organizations, it is difficult to find
someone who is not a user. During systems development, systems professionals work with the
primary users to obtain an understanding of the users’ problems and a clear statement of their
needs. As defined in Chapter 1, stakeholders are individuals either within or outside the
organization who have an interest in the system but are not end users. These include accountants,
internal auditors, external auditors, and the internal steering committee that oversees systems
development.
Cost/Time Analysis:
As stated before, the cost/time analysis is an attempt to calculate to what degree the project and
system will meet the objectives. The SDLC must address two topics in its support of this area:
the scope of the analysis and the algorithm for doing it. Cost/Benefit Scope The benefit side of
the analysis should be expressed in quantitative terms wherever possible. Qualitative or
intangible benefits usually are reflections of poorly analyzed tangible benefits. The SDLC should
support the process of quantifying all benefits. On the costs side, the SDLC must address
development costs, installation costs and ongoing operational costs. In doing these calculations it
should differentiate between capital costs and expense costs. Cost/Benefit Algorithm The method
of calcu.
This document provides an overview of brief learning exercises, full exercises, cases, and critical thinking cases covered in Chapter 1 of an accounting textbook. The exercises cover topics such as users of accounting information, components of internal control, accounting standards, and ethics. They are designed to help students develop skills like analysis, judgment, research, and communication. The cases provide real world examples and assessments of topics like reliability of financial statements and codes of ethics. Estimated completion times and difficulty levels are provided for each case.
The document discusses the origins and functions of modern management. It traces management practices back to 16th century England and defines management as organizing resources to achieve objectives. The functions of management involve planning, controlling, leading, and decision making across various business areas. There are different levels of management with top-level making major decisions and middle-level giving direction to lower management on implementing objectives.
This document provides background information on accounting information and its use in management decision making. It defines accounting information as the language of business that processes financial transactions and provides financial performance data to internal and external users. It discusses how accounting information is necessary for proper decision making, profit maximization, and optimal resource utilization. The document also notes some problems with the quality and validity of accounting information provided to management and how this can negatively impact decision making and organizational performance if the information is untimely, inadequate, or unclear.
The document discusses whether the accounting profit figure is simply a measure of the true profit of an organization. It acknowledges that determining a true profit requires defining what true profit is. There is no single agreed definition of true profit. Accounting profit involves professional judgement and estimates, so it may differ from some conceptual true profit. Factors like provisions, depreciation, and fair value estimates mean accounting profit does not objectively capture economic reality or predict future cash flows. Therefore, the accounting profit figure cannot be said to directly equate to a true profit.
Why Unstructured Processes are Critical to an Organization's SuccessEverteam
We pay a lot of attention to structured business processes because they are easily identified, modeled and automated. But they comprise only a small portion of the processes that happen in most organizations today. As digital transformation continues to take on a more critical role for success, organizations need to focus on the unstructured processes that drive innovation and creativity and keep customers happy.
This paper discusses and compares management roles in small and large businesses. In a small business with less than 50 employees, managers typically wear many hats and fulfill multiple roles, such as overseeing operations, directing employees, and handling finances. In a large business with over 500 employees, management roles are more specialized. Higher-level managers focus on strategic planning and long-term goals, while middle managers oversee individual departments and direct supervisors.
I do not have enough context to summarize the document. Could you provide additional details on what aspects you would like me to focus on in the summary?
This document discusses marketing information systems and their components. It defines a marketing information system as a management information system designed to support marketing decision making. The key components of a marketing information system include internal reporting systems, marketing research systems, marketing intelligence systems, and analytical model banks. These components work together to gather, analyze, and distribute pertinent information to marketing decision makers.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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2. Management Accounting as One
Type of Information
Accounting is one type of information. The total
amount of information available to a manager
include both monetary, but includes related
nonmonetary data.
Most accounting information, in terms of quantity of
data, is operating information. The mass of
operating data flowing through an organization
consist of streams of information about production,
purchasing and materials, payroll, plant and
equipment, sales and accounts receivable, and
finance. Data in these streams provide the raw
materials for financial statements. These
3. Management accounting is the process within an
organization that provides information used by an
organization’s managers in planning, coordinating,
and controlling the organization’s activities.
Management accounting information is summary
information. In order to understand it, one needs
to know something about the source of raw data
used for summaries, but only enough to be able to
understand the result summaries.
4. Types of Management Accounting
Information and Their Uses
Cost, Revenue,
or Asset
Construction
Uses
Historical Data Future Estimates
1. Full External financial
reporting (especially
inventory and cost of
sales)
Analyzing economic
performance cost-type
contracts
Programming
Normal pricing
decisions
2. Differential None Alternative choice
decisions (including
contribution pricing)
3. Responsibility Analyzing managers’
performance
Budgeting
5. Contrast between Management
Accounting and Financial Reporting
Dimension Management
Accounting
Financial Reporting
1. Necessity Optional Required
2. Purpose A means to the end
of assisting
management
Produce statements
for outside users
3. Users Relatively small
group; known
identity
Relatively large
group; mostly
unknown
4. Structure Varies according to
use of the
information
One basic
equation:
Assets = Equities
5. Principles Whatever is useful GAAP
6. Dimension Management
Accounting
Financial
Reporting
7. Information Monetary and
nonmonetary
Primarily monetary
8. Precision Many
approximation
Fewer
approximation
9. Frequency Varies with
purpose;
Monthly and
weekly common
Quarterly and
annually
10. Timeliness Reports issued
promptly after
period covered
ends
Delay of weeks, or
even months
11. Entity Responsibility Overall
7. Similarities between Management
Accounting and Financial Reporting
The same considerations that make GAAP
sensible for purposes of financial accounting
are likely to be relevant for purpose of
management accounting.
Operating information is used both in preparing
the financial statements and in management
accounting.
8. Source Diciplines on Management
Accounting
Economics which deals with the principles
governing decisions on the use of scarce
resource.
Social psychology which deals with the
principles governing human behavior in
organizations.
Some economists and some social psychologists
criticize management accounting. Much of this
criticism arises because each group has the
mistaken belief that management accounting
relates solely to their discipline. One of the
significant problems in the real world is give the
9. Uses of Management
Accounting
1. Measurement of revenues, costs, and
assets.
2. Control.
3. To aid in choosing among alternative
courses of action.
10. Measurement
Full cost accounting measures the resources
used in performing some activity.
Full cost of producing goods or providing
services = direct costs + indirect costs.
Direct costs = costs directly traced to the
goods or services.
Indirect costs = a fair share of costs incurred
jointly in producing goods or services.
11. Control
Costs (also, revenues and assets) are
identified to and measured by responsibility
center.
A manager heads each responsibility center.
Corrective action can only be taken by
individuals.
To help identify problems (and opportunities)
actual costs are measured and compared to
a benchmark (budget, last year, industry
average).
13. Some General Observations
Different numbers for different purposes:
Many different types of costs: historical,
standard, overhead, variable, fixed, differential,
marginal, opportunity, direct, estimated, full, etc.
Clarify which type you are talking about.
Accounting numbers are approximations
Working with incomplete data
Accounting evidence is only partial evidence
People, not numbers, get things done. How you
use the numbers is as important as how the
numbers are produced.
14. Different numbers for different
purposes
Each of the several purposes previously described requires a
different accounting approach. Since these different numbers may
superficially resemble one another, a person not familiar with them
may easily get confused. One of the most common sources of
confusion is the word cost. Cost could be defined as "... Everything
a manager does, as well as many of the things he does not do."
Cost is a synonym of sacrifice and as such, controlling it and
reducing it is a great concern for managers. In management
accounting, there are historical costs, standard costs, overhead
costs, variable costs, fixed costs, differential costs, marginal costs,
opportunity costs, direct costs, estimated costs, full costs, among
others. Some of these are synonyms; others are not quite
synonyms; still others, although not synonyms at all, are used by
some people as if they were. Accounting numbers should always
be interpreted within the context of the specific problem they are
15. Accounting numbers are
approximations
Users of accounting information must acquire an
understanding of the degree of approximation
present in the data. Some accounting numbers
(such as the amount of cash in the bank account)
may be accurate within very narrow limits,
whereas others are only rough approximations.
The degree of approximation is especially high in
the case of numbers used for planning purposes,
because they are always estimates of what will
happen in the future.
16. Working with incomplete data
In a management problem, we almost never have
exactly the information we would like to have. The
person struggling with the problem usually can
think of additional information that, if available,
would be helpful. There are many decision-making
situations in which pages of numbers are available
but only a small portion of them is truly relevant to
the problem at hand and perhaps none of them is
quite what one needs in order to solve it. The
problem must be solved, it is a fact of life.
17. Management decisions must be made and often
cannot be delayed until all pertinent information is
available. We do the best we can with what we
have and then move on to the next problem. On
the other hand, a decision should not be made if a
vital, obtainable piece of evidence is missing.
Deciding whether or not to act on the available
evidence is one of the most difficult parts of
managerial decision processes. "The art of
business is the art of making irrevocable decisions
on the basis of inadequate information" Wallace B.
Donham.
18. Accounting evidence is only
partial evidence
Few, if any, management problems can be solved solely by
collecting and analyzing numbers. Usually, there are important
factors that cannot be, or have not been, reduced to
quantitative terms. Some people act as if most problems could
be solved by means of a numerical analysis. At the other
extreme are those who believe that intuition is the sure guide
to a sound decision and therefore pay no attention to
numbers. Although the correct attitude is clearly somewhere
between those extremes, there is no way to describe precisely
where it is. "The real trouble with this world of ours is not that
it is an unreasonable world, nor even that is a reasonable one.
The commonest kind of trouble is that it is nearly reasonable,
but not quite. Life is nor an illogicality; yet it is a trap for
logicians. It looks just a little more mathematical and regular
19. People, not numbers, get
things done
An obvious statement about organizations is that
they consist of human beings. Anything that an
organization accomplishes is the result of human
actions. Although numbers can assist the people in
an organization in various ways, the numbers by
themselves accomplish nothing. But numbers do not
talk back; they give the appearance of being
definitive and precise. It is a comforting illusion to
imagine that the construction of a set of numbers is
the same as acting on a real problem. A
management accounting system may be well
designed and carefully operated, but it will be of no
20. For instance three companies may use exactly the
same system with entirely different results. - In the
first company, the system may be useless because
management never acts based on the information
collected and the organization has become aware if
this fact. - In the second company the system may
be helpful because management uses the
information as a general guide for planning,
implementation and, control and has educated the
organization to use it in the same spirit. - In the
third company, the system may be even worse than
useless. It may be damaging because management