This document provides an overview of various data mining methods that are commonly used in health science and biomedical informatics. It discusses techniques such as logistic regression, support vector machines, association rule mining, decision trees, neural networks, and more. It also compares linear regression to logistic regression, describes how support vector machines work, and explains algorithms like Apriori for association rule mining and decision trees. Examples and figures are included to illustrate key concepts.
Analysis of Classification Algorithm in Data Miningijdmtaiir
Data Mining is the extraction of hidden predictive
information from large database. Classification is the process
of finding a model that describes and distinguishes data classes
or concept. This paper performs the study of prediction of class
label using C4.5 and Naïve Bayesian algorithm.C4.5 generates
classifiers expressed as decision trees from a fixed set of
examples. The resulting tree is used to classify future samples
.The leaf nodes of the decision tree contain the class name
whereas a non-leaf node is a decision node. The decision node
is an attribute test with each branch (to another decision tree)
being a possible value of the attribute. C4.5 uses information
gain to help it decide which attribute goes into a decision node.
A Naïve Bayesian classifier is a simple probabilistic classifier
based on applying Baye’s theorem with strong (naive)
independence assumptions. Naive Bayesian classifier assumes
that the effect of an attribute value on a given class is
independent of the values of the other attribute. This
assumption is called class conditional independence. The
results indicate that Predicting of class label using Naïve
Bayesian classifier is very effective and simple compared to
C4.5 classifier
Hypothesis on Different Data Mining AlgorithmsIJERA Editor
In this paper, different classification algorithms for data mining are discussed. Data Mining is about
explaining the past & predicting the future by means of data analysis. Classification is a task of data mining,
which categories data based on numerical or categorical variables. To classify the data many algorithms are
proposed, out of them five algorithms are comparatively studied for data mining through classification. There are
four different classification approaches namely Frequency Table, Covariance Matrix, Similarity Functions &
Others. As work for research on classification methods, algorithms like Naive Bayesian, K Nearest Neighbors,
Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Network & Support Vector Machine are studied & examined using benchmark
datasets like Iris & Lung Cancer.
A Survey Ondecision Tree Learning Algorithms for Knowledge DiscoveryIJERA Editor
Theimmense volumes of data are populated into repositories from various applications. In order to find out desired information and knowledge from large datasets, the data mining techniques are very much helpful. Classification is one of the knowledge discovery techniques. In Classification, Decision trees are very popular in research community due to simplicity and easy comprehensibility. This paper presentsan updated review of recent developments in the field of decision trees.
Analysis of Classification Algorithm in Data Miningijdmtaiir
Data Mining is the extraction of hidden predictive
information from large database. Classification is the process
of finding a model that describes and distinguishes data classes
or concept. This paper performs the study of prediction of class
label using C4.5 and Naïve Bayesian algorithm.C4.5 generates
classifiers expressed as decision trees from a fixed set of
examples. The resulting tree is used to classify future samples
.The leaf nodes of the decision tree contain the class name
whereas a non-leaf node is a decision node. The decision node
is an attribute test with each branch (to another decision tree)
being a possible value of the attribute. C4.5 uses information
gain to help it decide which attribute goes into a decision node.
A Naïve Bayesian classifier is a simple probabilistic classifier
based on applying Baye’s theorem with strong (naive)
independence assumptions. Naive Bayesian classifier assumes
that the effect of an attribute value on a given class is
independent of the values of the other attribute. This
assumption is called class conditional independence. The
results indicate that Predicting of class label using Naïve
Bayesian classifier is very effective and simple compared to
C4.5 classifier
Hypothesis on Different Data Mining AlgorithmsIJERA Editor
In this paper, different classification algorithms for data mining are discussed. Data Mining is about
explaining the past & predicting the future by means of data analysis. Classification is a task of data mining,
which categories data based on numerical or categorical variables. To classify the data many algorithms are
proposed, out of them five algorithms are comparatively studied for data mining through classification. There are
four different classification approaches namely Frequency Table, Covariance Matrix, Similarity Functions &
Others. As work for research on classification methods, algorithms like Naive Bayesian, K Nearest Neighbors,
Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Network & Support Vector Machine are studied & examined using benchmark
datasets like Iris & Lung Cancer.
A Survey Ondecision Tree Learning Algorithms for Knowledge DiscoveryIJERA Editor
Theimmense volumes of data are populated into repositories from various applications. In order to find out desired information and knowledge from large datasets, the data mining techniques are very much helpful. Classification is one of the knowledge discovery techniques. In Classification, Decision trees are very popular in research community due to simplicity and easy comprehensibility. This paper presentsan updated review of recent developments in the field of decision trees.
A survey of modified support vector machine using particle of swarm optimizat...Editor Jacotech
The main objective of this survey paper is to provide a detailed description of Wireless Sensor Networks with Medium Access Control layer and Routing layer. In the medium access control layer, Event Driven Time Division Multiple Access protocol is studied and in Network layer, two routing protocols Bellman-Ford and Dynamic Source Routing are studied.
Classification of Breast Cancer Diseases using Data Mining Techniquesinventionjournals
Medical data mining has great deal for exploring new knowledge from large amount of data. Classification is one of the important data mining techniques for classification of data. In this research work, we have used various data mining based classification techniques for classification of cancer diseases patient or not. We applied the Breast Cancer-Wisconsin (Original) data set into different data mining techniques and compared the accuracy of models with two different data partitions. BayesNet achieved highest accuracy as 97.13% in case of 10-fold data partitions. We have also applied the info gain feature selection technique on BayesNet and Support Vector Machine (SVM) and achieved best accuracy 97.28% accuracy with BayesNet in case of 6 feature subset.
Analysis On Classification Techniques In Mammographic Mass Data SetIJERA Editor
Data mining, the extraction of hidden information from large databases, is to predict future trends and behaviors, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. Data-Mining classification techniques deals with determining to which group each data instances are associated with. It can deal with a wide variety of data so that large amount of data can be involved in processing. This paper deals with analysis on various data mining classification techniques such as Decision Tree Induction, Naïve Bayes , k-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) classifiers in mammographic mass dataset.
Incremental learning from unbalanced data with concept class, concept drift a...IJDKP
Recently, stream data mining applications has drawn vital attention from several research communities.
Stream data is continuous form of data which is distinguished by its online nature. Traditionally, machine
learning area has been developing learning algorithms that have certain assumptions on underlying
distribution of data such as data should have predetermined distribution. Such constraints on the problem
domain lead the way for development of smart learning algorithms performance is theoretically verifiable.
Real-word situations are different than this restricted model. Applications usually suffers from problems
such as unbalanced data distribution. Additionally, data picked from non-stationary environments are also
usual in real world applications, resulting in the “concept drift” which is related with data stream
examples. These issues have been separately addressed by the researchers, also, it is observed that joint
problem of class imbalance and concept drift has got relatively little research. If the final objective of
clever machine learning techniques is to be able to address a broad spectrum of real world applications,
then the necessity for a universal framework for learning from and tailoring (adapting) to, environment
where drift in concepts may occur and unbalanced data distribution is present can be hardly exaggerated.
In this paper, we first present an overview of issues that are observed in stream data mining scenarios,
followed by a complete review of recent research in dealing with each of the issue.
KNOWLEDGE BASED ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS STATISTICAL TOOLS IN DETECTING BREAST CANCERcscpconf
In this paper, we study the performance criterion of machine learning tools in classifying breast cancer. We compare the data mining tools such as Naïve Bayes, Support vector machines, Radial basis neural networks, Decision trees J48 and simple CART. We used both binary and multi class data sets namely WBC, WDBC and Breast tissue from UCI machine learning depositary. The experiments are conducted in WEKA. The aim of this research is to find out the best classifier with respect to accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity in detecting breast cancer
A survey of modified support vector machine using particle of swarm optimizat...Editor Jacotech
The main objective of this survey paper is to provide a detailed description of Wireless Sensor Networks with Medium Access Control layer and Routing layer. In the medium access control layer, Event Driven Time Division Multiple Access protocol is studied and in Network layer, two routing protocols Bellman-Ford and Dynamic Source Routing are studied.
Classification of Breast Cancer Diseases using Data Mining Techniquesinventionjournals
Medical data mining has great deal for exploring new knowledge from large amount of data. Classification is one of the important data mining techniques for classification of data. In this research work, we have used various data mining based classification techniques for classification of cancer diseases patient or not. We applied the Breast Cancer-Wisconsin (Original) data set into different data mining techniques and compared the accuracy of models with two different data partitions. BayesNet achieved highest accuracy as 97.13% in case of 10-fold data partitions. We have also applied the info gain feature selection technique on BayesNet and Support Vector Machine (SVM) and achieved best accuracy 97.28% accuracy with BayesNet in case of 6 feature subset.
Analysis On Classification Techniques In Mammographic Mass Data SetIJERA Editor
Data mining, the extraction of hidden information from large databases, is to predict future trends and behaviors, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. Data-Mining classification techniques deals with determining to which group each data instances are associated with. It can deal with a wide variety of data so that large amount of data can be involved in processing. This paper deals with analysis on various data mining classification techniques such as Decision Tree Induction, Naïve Bayes , k-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) classifiers in mammographic mass dataset.
Incremental learning from unbalanced data with concept class, concept drift a...IJDKP
Recently, stream data mining applications has drawn vital attention from several research communities.
Stream data is continuous form of data which is distinguished by its online nature. Traditionally, machine
learning area has been developing learning algorithms that have certain assumptions on underlying
distribution of data such as data should have predetermined distribution. Such constraints on the problem
domain lead the way for development of smart learning algorithms performance is theoretically verifiable.
Real-word situations are different than this restricted model. Applications usually suffers from problems
such as unbalanced data distribution. Additionally, data picked from non-stationary environments are also
usual in real world applications, resulting in the “concept drift” which is related with data stream
examples. These issues have been separately addressed by the researchers, also, it is observed that joint
problem of class imbalance and concept drift has got relatively little research. If the final objective of
clever machine learning techniques is to be able to address a broad spectrum of real world applications,
then the necessity for a universal framework for learning from and tailoring (adapting) to, environment
where drift in concepts may occur and unbalanced data distribution is present can be hardly exaggerated.
In this paper, we first present an overview of issues that are observed in stream data mining scenarios,
followed by a complete review of recent research in dealing with each of the issue.
KNOWLEDGE BASED ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS STATISTICAL TOOLS IN DETECTING BREAST CANCERcscpconf
In this paper, we study the performance criterion of machine learning tools in classifying breast cancer. We compare the data mining tools such as Naïve Bayes, Support vector machines, Radial basis neural networks, Decision trees J48 and simple CART. We used both binary and multi class data sets namely WBC, WDBC and Breast tissue from UCI machine learning depositary. The experiments are conducted in WEKA. The aim of this research is to find out the best classifier with respect to accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity in detecting breast cancer
Data Analysis: Statistical Methods: Regression modelling, Multivariate Analysis - Classification: SVM & Kernel Methods - Rule Mining - Cluster Analysis, Types of Data in Cluster Analysis, Partitioning Methods, Hierarchical Methods, Density Based Methods, Grid Based Methods, Model Based Clustering Methods, Clustering High Dimensional Data - Predictive Analytics – Data analysis using R.
Performance Comparision of Machine Learning AlgorithmsDinusha Dilanka
In this paper Compare the performance of two
classification algorithm. I t is useful to differentiate
algorithms based on computational performance rather
than classification accuracy alone. As although
classification accuracy between the algorithms is similar,
computational performance can differ significantly and it
can affect to the final results. So the objective of this paper
is to perform a comparative analysis of two machine
learning algorithms namely, K Nearest neighbor,
classification and Logistic Regression. In this paper it
was considered a large dataset of 7981 data points and 112
features. Then the performance of the above mentioned
machine learning algorithms are examined. In this paper
the processing time and accuracy of the different machine
learning techniques are being estimated by considering the
collected data set, over a 60% for train and remaining
40% for testing. The paper is organized as follows. In
Section I, introduction and background analysis of the
research is included and in section II, problem statement.
In Section III, our application and data analyze Process,
the testing environment, and the Methodology of our
analysis are being described briefly. Section IV comprises
the results of two algorithms. Finally, the paper concludes
with a discussion of future directions for research by
eliminating the problems existing with the current
research methodology.
Machine learning workshop, session 3.
- Data sets
- Machine Learning Algorithms
- Algorithms by Learning Style
- Algorithms by Similarity
- People to follow
Data Science - Part V - Decision Trees & Random Forests Derek Kane
This lecture provides an overview of decision tree machine learning algorithms and random forest ensemble techniques. The practical example includes diagnosing Type II diabetes and evaluating customer churn in the telecommunication industry.
IMAGE CLASSIFICATION USING DIFFERENT CLASSICAL APPROACHESVikash Kumar
IMAGE CLASSIFICATION USING KNN, RANDOM FOREST AND SVM ALGORITHM ON GLAUCOMA DATASETS AND EXPLAIN THE ACCURACY, SENSITIVITY, AND SPECIFICITY OF EACH AND EVERY ALGORITHMS
A discriminative-feature-space-for-detecting-and-recognizing-pathologies-of-t...Damian R. Mingle, MBA
Each year it has become more and more difficult for healthcare providers to determine if a patient has a pathology
related to the vertebral column. There is great potential to become more efficient and effective in terms of quality
of care provided to patients through the use of automated systems. However, in many cases automated systems
can allow for misclassification and force providers to have to review more causes than necessary. In this study, we
analyzed methods to increase the True Positives and lower the False Positives while comparing them against stateof-the-art
techniques in the biomedical community. We found that by applying the studied techniques of a data-driven
model, the benefits to healthcare providers are significant and align with the methodologies and techniques utilized
in the current research community.
AI Professionals use top machine learning algorithms to automate models that analyze more extensive and complex data which was not possible in older machine learning algos.
A Formal Machine Learning or Multi Objective Decision Making System for Deter...Editor IJCATR
Decision-making typically needs the mechanisms to compromise among opposing norms. Once multiple objectives square measure is concerned of machine learning, a vital step is to check the weights of individual objectives to the system-level performance. Determinant, the weights of multi-objectives is associate in analysis method, associated it's been typically treated as a drawback. However, our preliminary investigation has shown that existing methodologies in managing the weights of multi-objectives have some obvious limitations like the determination of weights is treated as one drawback, a result supporting such associate improvement is limited, if associated it will even be unreliable, once knowledge concerning multiple objectives is incomplete like an integrity caused by poor data. The constraints of weights are also mentioned. Variable weights square measure is natural in decision-making processes. Here, we'd like to develop a scientific methodology in determinant variable weights of multi-objectives. The roles of weights in a creative multi-objective decision-making or machine-learning of square measure analyzed, and therefore the weights square measure determined with the help of a standard neural network.
Similar to Basic course on computer-based methods (20)
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. I. Data Mining
DM is defined as “the process of seeking interesting or valuable information
(patterns) within the large databases”
At first glance, this definition seems more like a new name for statistics
However, DM is actually performed on sets of data that are far larger than
statistical methods can accurately analyze
3. Data Mining methods
DM involves methods that are at the intersection of arteficial intelligence, machine
learning, statistics and database systems
Sometimes, these methods support dimensionality reduction, by mapping a set of
maximally informative dimensions
Sometimes, they represent definite mathematical models
Often, combination of methods is used to problem solving
4. Data Mining methods
Essentially, patterns are often defined relative to the overall model of the data set from which it is
derived
There are many tools involved in data mining that help find these structures
Some of the most important tools include
Clustering - the act of partitioning data sets of many random items into subsets of smaller size
that show commonality between them - by looking at such clusters, analysts are able to extract
statistical models from the data fields
Regression - the method of fitting a curve through a set of points using some goodness-of-fit
criterion - while examining predefined goodness-of-fit parameters - analysts can locate and
describe patterns
Rule extraction - the method of using relationships between variables to establish some sort of
rule
Data visualization - a sort of technique that can help us to explain (understand) trends and
complexity in data much easily
5. Data Mining methods
most commonly used in health science
Logistic Regression (LR)
Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Appriori and other association rule mining (AR)
Decision Tree algorithms(DT)
Classification algorithms: K-means, SOM (Self-organizing Map), Naive Bayes
Arteficial Neural Networks (ANN)
6. Yet a combination of techniques can elicite a particular mining function
Techniques Utility
Appriori
& FP Growth
Association rule mining for finding frequent item sets
(e.g. diseases) in medical databases
ANN
& Genetic algorithm
Extracting patterns
Detecting trends
Classifcation
Decision Tree algorithms (ID3, C4, C5, CART) Decision support
Classification
Combined use of K-means, SOM & Naive Bayes Accurate classification
Combination of SVM, ANN & ID3 Classification
7. Logistic Regression (LR)
A popular method for classifying individuals, given the values of a set of explanatory
variables
Will a subject develop diabetes ?
Will a subject respond to a treatment ?
It estimates the probability that an individaul is in a particular group
LR does not make any assumptions of normality, linearity and homogeneity of variance
for the independent variables
8. Fig. 1. Logistic regression curve
Value produced by logistic regression is a probability value between 0.0 and 1.0
If the probability for group membership in the modeled category is above some cut point (the
default is 0.50) - the subject is predicted to be a member of the modeled group
If the probability is below the cut point - the subject is predicted to be a member of the other
group
-7.5 -5 -2.5 2.5 5 7.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
9. Testing the LR model performances (a fit to a series of data)
Testing the models depending on the probability p
ROC curve
C statistics
GINI coefficient
KS test
Testing the models depending on the cuf-off values
Sensitivity (true positive rate)
Specificity (true negative rate)
Accuracy
Type I error (misclassification of diabetic)
Type II error (misclassification of healty)
10. Linear vs Logistic regression model
In linear regression - the outcome (dependent variable) is continuous - it can have any
of an infinite number of possible values.
In logistic regression - the outcome (dependent variable) has only a limited number of
possible values - it is used when the response variable is categorical in nature
The logistic model is unavoidable if it fits the data much better than the linear model
In many situations - the linear model fits just as well, or almost as well as the logistic
model
In fact, in many situations, the linear and logistic model give results that are practically
indistinguishable
11. Fig. 2. Linear vs Logistic regression model
The linear model assumes that the probability p is a linear function of the regressors
The logistic model assumes that the log of the odds p/(1-p) is a linear function of the regressors
12. Support Vector Machine
Supervised ML method
For classification and regression challenges (mostly for classification)
The principle algorithm is laying on:
Each data item is plotted as a point in n-dimensional space (n= number of features the
varible posses) with the value of each feature being the value of a particular coordinate
Then, classification is performed - by finding the hyper-plane that differentiates the two
classes very well
13. Supervised ML Unsupervised ML
The major part of practical ML uses supervised learning
When there are input variables (x) and an output variable (Y) - an algorithm is used to
learn the mapping function from the input to the output: Y = f(X)
The goal is to approximate the mapping function so well that when you have new
input data (x) - you can predict the output variables (Y) for that data
It is called supervised learning because the process of an algorithm learning from the
training dataset can be thought of as a teacher supervising the learning process.
We know the correct answers, the algorithm iteratively makes predictions on the
training data and is corrected by the teacher
Learning stops when the algorithm achieves an acceptable level of performance
Supervised learning problems can be grouped into regression and classification
problems
Classification - when the output variable is a category, such as “disease” and “no
disease”
Regression - when the output variable is a real value, such as “weight”
Usual methods of Supervised ML are:
Linear regression - for regression problems
Random forest - for classification and regression problems
Support vector machines -for classification problems
When there are only input data (X) and no corresponding
output variables
The goal is to model the underlying structure or
distribution in the data - in order to learn more about the
data
It is called unsupervised learning because unlike supervised
learning - there is no known answer and there is no teacher
Algorithms are left to their own devises to discover and
present the interesting structure in the data
Unsupervised learning problems can be grouped into
clustering and association problems
Clustering - when the problem is to discover the inherent
groupings in the data, such as grouping by purchasing
behavior
Association - when the problem is to discover rules that
describe large portions of your data
Usual methods of Unsupervised ML are:
k-means - for clustering problems
Apriori algorithm - for association rule learning problems
14. Appriori algorithm (AA)
/ other Association Rule Mining (ARM)
ARM - a technique to uncover how items are associated to each other
AA - mining association rules between frequent sets of Items in large databases (Fig. 3.)
15. Decision Tree (DT) algorithms
In supervised learning algorithms
For classification and regression problems
The DT algorithm tries to solve the problem by using tree representation (Fig. 4.)
A flow-chart-like structure (Fig. )
Each internal node denotes a test on an attribute
Each branch represents the outcome of a test
Each leaf (a terminal node) holds a class label
The topmost node in a tree is the root node
There are many specific decision-tree algorithms
16. Fig. 4. DT algorithm simulate the brancing logic of the tree
18. Arteficial Neural Networks (ANN)
A method of artificial intelligence inspired by and structured according to the human brain
It is a ML & DM method - a method that learn on examples
Uses retrospective data
It can be used for prediction, classification and pattern recognition (e.g. association problems)
Prediction - a numeric value is predicted as the output (e.g. blood pressure, age etc.) and MSE
or RMSE error is used as the evaluation measure of model performance
Classification - cases are assigned into two or more categories of the output (e.g.
presence/absence of a disease, treatment outcome, etc.) and classification rate is used as the
evaluation measure of model performance
ANNs have shown success in modelling real world situations, so they can be used both in
research purpose and for practical usage as a decision support or a simulation tool
19. Biological vs Arteficial Neural Network
(Fig. 6.)
Biological neural network - consists of mutually connected biological neurons
A biological neuron - a cell that receives information from other neurons through dendrites, processes it
and sends impuls through the axon and synapses to other neurons in the network
Learning - is being performed by the change of the weights of synaptic connections - millions of neurons
can parallely process information
Artificial neural network
An artificial neuron - a processing unit (variable) that receives weighted input from other variables,
transforms the input according to a formula and sends the output to other variables
Learning - is being performed by the change of weight values of variables (weights wji are ponders by
which the inputs are multiplied)
21. Fig. 7. - Generalization ability of the ANN model needs to be tested
It does not rely on results obtained on a single sample - many learning iterations
on the training set take place within the middle (hidden) layer - staying between
input and output layers
22. Criteria for distinguishing ANN algorithms
Nummber of layers
Type of learning
• Supervised - real output values are known from the past and provided in the dataset
• Unsupervised - real output values are not known, and not provided in the dataset, these networks are used
to cluster data in groups by characteristics
Type of connections among neurons
Connection among input and output data
Input and transfer functions
Time characteristics
Learning time
etc.
23. II. Modern computer-based methods
Graph-based DM
Data Visualization and Visual Analytics
Topological DM
Similar techniques that can be used to organize highly complex and heterogeneous
data
Data can be very powerful, if you can actually understand what it's telling you
It's not easy to get clear takeaways by looking at a slew of numbers and stats - you
need the data presented in a logical, easy-to-understand way – that`s the situation
when to enter some of these techniques
24. Graph-based DM
In order to apply graph-based data mining techniques, such as classification and
clustering - it is necessary to define proximity measures between data represented in the
graph form (Fig. 8. and 9.)
There are several within-graph proximity measures
Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search (HITS)
The Neumann Kernel (NK)
Shared Nearest Neighbor (SNN)
25. Fig. 8. - Defining proximity measures enables structure visible
Scatter plots showing the similarity from -1 to 1
26. Fig. 9. - Citation graph by using NK-proximity measures
- n1…n8 vertices (articles)
- edges indicate a citation
Citation Matrix C can be formed - If an edge between two vertices exists
then the matrix cell = 1 else = 0
27. Fig. 10. - How to generalize mathematically
the pattern of a dalmatian dog?
28. Data Visualization
The human brain processes visual information better than it processes text - so by
using charts, graphs and design elements - data visualization can help us to explain
(understand) trends and stats much more easily (Fig. 10.)
Fig. 10. - The structure of population by age - commoly used data
visualisation procedure in public health domain
29. Data visualization
The samples of data being mined are so vast that scatter plots and histograms will
often fall short representing any information of realistic value (Fig. 11.)
For that very reason, the analysts concerned with data mining are constantly looking
for better ways to graphically represent data
No matter what tools analysts will have at their fingertips - the patterns and models
being mined will only be as good in quality as the data that it is being derived from
30. Fig. 11. - Making graph more simple and easier for understanding
31. Application domains of Data Visualization and Visual Analytics
techniques
Visualization of large, complex, multivariate, biological networks
Visual text analytics and classify relevant related work on biological entities in publi
cation databases (e.g. PubMed)
Visualization for exploring heterogeneous data
and data from multiple data sources
Visual analytics as support for understanding uncertainty
and data quality issues
32. Fig. 12. - Complex data visual analytics computer-based tool
(the personal archive)
33. Fig. 13. - First visualization of the human
Protein-Protein-Interaction structure
34. Topological DM
Applying topological techniques to DM and KDD is a hot and promising future research
area.
Topology has its roots in theoretical mathematics, but within the last decade,
computational topology rapidly gains interest among computer scientists.
It is a study of abstract shapes and spaces and mappings between them. It originated
from the study of geometry and set theory.
Topological methods can be applied to data represented by point clouds, that is, finite
subsets of the n-dimensional Euclidean space.
The input is presented with a sample of some unknown space which one wishes to
reconstruct and understand.
Distinguishing between the ambient (embedding) dimension n, and the intrinsic
dimension of the data is of primary interest towards understanding the intrinsic
structure of data.
35. Topological DM
Geometrical and topological methods are tools allowing us to analyse highly complex data
Modern data science uses topological methods to find the structural features of data sets before
further supervised or unsupervised analysis
Mathematical formalism, which has been developed for incorporating geometric and topological
techniques, deals with point cloud data sets, i.e. finite sets of points
The point clouds are finite samples taken from a geometric object
Tools from the various branches of geometry and topology are then used to study the point
cloud data sets
Topology provides a formal language for qualitative mathematics, whereas geometry is mainly
quantitative.
Topology studies the relationships of proximity or nearness, since geometry can be regarded as
the study of distance functions
These methods create a summary or compressed representation of all of the data features to
help to rapidly uncover particular patterns and relationships in data.
The idea of constructing summaries of entire domains of attributes involves understanding the
relationship between topological and geometric objects constructed from data using various
features
36. Topological DM
Fig. 14.
Forming the computational
structure (down below) from
the shape which one wishes to
reconstruct and understand
(up above)