The document discusses the Basel I, II, and III frameworks aimed at ensuring banks maintain adequate capital to manage risk effectively. Basel II introduced a three-pillar framework addressing capital requirements, supervisory review, and market discipline, while Basel III emphasized improved capital quality, additional capital buffers, leverage ratios, and liquidity management. Key changes in Basel III include raising minimum capital requirements and introducing measures for systemically important financial institutions.

1. BASEL (I,II, &III)
PRESENTED BY:
RUPESH NYAUPANE
MBA

2. • Prior to Basel (I)
Capital
• Capital Adequacy ------------- X 100
Assets

3. Basel (I) (After 1988)
Capital Fund
• Capital Adequacy ---------------- X 100
Risk Weighted Exposures
(Core + Supplementary)
• = --------------------- X 100
Risk Weight X (Assets + Off Balance Sheet Exposures)

4. Key Objectives of Basel II
• To ensure banks set aside sufficient capital for risk it assumes
• Not intended to be neutral amongst different banks / exposures / countries
• To provide incentive to banks for greater risk management (RM) and corporate
governance in recognition of significant enhancements in RM practices since Basel I
– Even for simpler approaches, more risk sensitive RM capabilities required
– More is expected from banks adopting more advanced approaches
• Nevertheless, the reduction in overall level of capital within the industry was not a
desired outcome
– Financial systems are expected to operate at similar levels

5. Basel II Framework based on 3 Pillars
• Pillar 1 specifies how banks should determine the capital requirements
for the major risks that they face. Basel I only covers Pillar 1 which is
the capital measurement process
• Pillar 2 recognises that although banks are ultimately responsible for
managing their risks, supervisors can play a more active role in
assessing banks’ risk management practices
• Pillar 3 emphasises the role played by disclosure in ‘regulating’ bank’s
behaviour and promoting market discipline.

6. Basel II---Main Features
• Pillar One—Capital Requirements
1.1 Credit Risk
• 1.2 Market Risk
1.3 Operational Risk
• 2. Pillar Two
2.1 Supervisory Review
3. Pillar Three
3.1 Market Discipline

7. Basel iii MAIN FEATURES
• Better Capital Quality : One of the key elements of Basel 3 is the
introduction of much stricter definition of capital. Better quality capital
means the higher loss-absorbing capacity.
• Capital Conservation Buffer: Another key feature of Basel iii is that now
banks will be required to hold a capital conservation buffer of 2.5%. The
aim of asking to build conservation buffer is to ensure that banks maintain
a cushion of capital that can be used to absorb losses during periods of
financial and economic stress.
• Countercyclical Buffer: This is also one of the key elements of Basel
III. The countercyclical buffer has been introduced with the objective to
increase capital requirements in good times and decrease the same in bad
times.

8. Cont…
• Minimum Common Equity and Tier 1 Capital Requirements
: The minimum requirement for common equity, the highest form of
loss-absorbing capital, has been raised under Basel III from 2% to
4.5% of total risk-weighted assets.
• Leverage Ratio: A review of the financial crisis of 2008 has
indicted that the value of many assets fell quicker than assumed from
historical experience. Thus, now Basel III rules include a leverage
ratio to serve as a safety net. A leverage ratio is the relative amount of
capital to total assets (not risk-weighted).
• Liquidity Ratios: Under Basel III, a framework for liquidity risk
management will be created. A new Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)
and Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) are to be introduced in 2015
and 2018, respectively.

9. Cont…
• Systemically Important Financial Institutions (SIFI) : As part of
the macro-prudential framework, systemically important banks will be
expected to have loss-absorbing capability beyond the Basel III
requirements. Options for implementation include capital surcharges,
contingent capital and bail-in-debt.

10. For feedback: rupesh.nyaupane@apexcollege.edu.np