The document discusses the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and its evolution over time from Basel I, II, and III accords. CAR is a ratio used by regulators to assess a bank's capital adequacy by comparing its capital to risk-weighted assets. The Basel accords established international standards for CAR and defined components like Tier 1 capital, Tier 2 capital, and risk weighting of assets. Basel III aimed to strengthen banks' ability to absorb shocks by improving capital quality and introducing liquidity ratios and leverage ratios.
A set of international banking regulations put forth by the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision, which set out the minimum capital requirements of financial institutions with the goal of minimizing credit risk. Banks that operate internationally are required to maintain a minimum amount (8%) of capital based on a percent of risk-weighted assets.
A set of international banking regulations put forth by the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision, which set out the minimum capital requirements of financial institutions with the goal of minimizing credit risk. Banks that operate internationally are required to maintain a minimum amount (8%) of capital based on a percent of risk-weighted assets.
This presentation is the one stop point to learn about Basel Norms in the Banking
This is the most comprehensive presentation on Risk Management in Banks and Basel Norms. It presents in details the evolution of Basel Norms right form Pre Basel area till implementation of Basel III in 2019 along with factors and reason for shifting of Basel I to II and finally to III.
Links to Video's in the presentation
Risk Management in Banks
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZ5_V4RW5pE
Tier 1 Capital
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tier1capital.asp
Tier 2 Capital
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tier2capital.asp
Basel I
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/basel_i.asp
Capital Adequacy Ratio
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitaladequacyratio.asp
Basel II
http://www.investopedia.com/video/play/what-basel-ii/?header_alt=c
Basel III
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/basell-iii.asp
RBI Governor - Raghuram G Rajan on the importance if Basel III regulations
https://youtu.be/EN27ZRe_28A
This presentation is the one stop point to learn about Basel Norms in the Banking
This is the most comprehensive presentation on Risk Management in Banks and Basel Norms. It presents in details the evolution of Basel Norms right form Pre Basel area till implementation of Basel III in 2019 along with factors and reason for shifting of Basel I to II and finally to III.
Links to Video's in the presentation
Risk Management in Banks
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZ5_V4RW5pE
Tier 1 Capital
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tier1capital.asp
Tier 2 Capital
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tier2capital.asp
Basel I
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/basel_i.asp
Capital Adequacy Ratio
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitaladequacyratio.asp
Basel II
http://www.investopedia.com/video/play/what-basel-ii/?header_alt=c
Basel III
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/basell-iii.asp
RBI Governor - Raghuram G Rajan on the importance if Basel III regulations
https://youtu.be/EN27ZRe_28A
In India, commercial banks are the oldest, largest and fastest growing financial intermediaries. They have been playing a very important role in the process of development. In 1949 RBI was nationalized followed by nationalization of Impearl Bank of India (New State Bank Of India) in 1995.
Financial sector is treated as to be the back bone of the economy. The quality in the working of financial sector truly impacts the profitability of the banks which as a whole impacts the economy and GDP of a country. Thus, it is important to explore the impact of reforms on the profitability of Indian banks. The paper focuses on the impact of reforms on profitability of Indian banks. This research will evolve the performance of financial institutions only after 1998 and in the wake of Narsimham Committee II.
The study is micro economic in nature and seeks to analyze the productivity of banking systems. Here an attempt has been made to examine the impact of reforms. The impact of reforms on the profitability of Indian banks has been examined on the basis of following parameters: Interest income to total assets, Operating Profit to Total Asset, Return on Asset and Return on Advances. More importantly such analysis is useful in enabling policymaker to identify the success or failure of policy initiative or alternatively highlight different strategies undertaken by banking firms which contribute to their success. Here an attempt has been made to examine the impact of banking reforms on profitability of Indian banking industry.
GROWTH PHASE IN INDIAN BANKING SECTOR
In over five decades since dependence, banking system in India has passed through five distinct phase, viz.
(1) Evolutionary Phase (prior to 1950)
(2) Foundation phase (1950-1968)
(3) Expansion phase (1968-1984)
(4) Consolidation phase (1984-1990)
(5) Reformatory phase (since 1990)
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Basel Accords - Basel I, II, and III Advantages, limitations and contrastSyed Ashraf Ali
The Basel Accords is referred to the banking supervision Accords (recommendations on banking regulations). Basel I, Basel II and Basel III was issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). They are called the Basel accords as the BCBS maintains its secretariat at the Bank for
International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland and the committee normally meets there. The Basel Accords is a set of
recommendations for regulations in the banking industry.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
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how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
2. What is CAR?
Capital adequacy provides regulators with a means of
establishing whether banks and other financial
institutions have sufficient capital to keep them out of
difficulty. Regulators use a Capital Adequacy Ratio
(CAR), a ratio of a bank’s capital to its assets, to assess
risk.
CAR = (Bank’s Capital)/(Risk Weighted Assets)
= (Tier I Capital + Tier II Capital)/(Risk Weighted
Assets)
3. Concepts of Capital Adequacy
Norms
Tier I Capital
Tier II Capital
Risk Weighted Assets
Subordinated Debts
4. Risks Involved
Credit Risk
Market Risk
a) Interest Rate Risk
b) Foreign Exchange Risk
c) Commodity Price Risk etc.
Operational Risk
5. Basel – I Norms
In 1988, the Basel I Capital Accord was created. The
general purpose was to:
1. Strengthen the stability of international banking
system.
2. Set up a fair and a consistent international banking
system in order to decrease competitive inequality
among international banks.
6. Basis of Capital in Basel - I
Tier I (Core Capital): Tier I capital includes stock issues
(or share holders equity) and declared reserves, such as
loan loss reserves set aside to cushion future losses or for
smoothing out income variations.
Tier II (Supplementary Capital): Tier II capital includes all
other capital such as gains on investment assets, long-term
debt with maturity greater than five years and hidden
reserves (i.e. excess allowance for losses on loans and
leases). However, short-term unsecured debts (or debts
without guarantees), are not included in the definition of
capital.
7. Risk Categorization
According to Basel I, the total capital should represent
at least 8% of the bank’s credit risk.
Risks can be:
The on-balance sheet risk (like risks associated with
cash & gold held with bank, government bonds,
corporate bonds etc.)
Market risk including interest rates, foreign
exchange, equity derivatives & commodities.
Non Trading off-balance sheet risks like forward
purchase of assets or transaction related debt assets
8. Limitations of Basel – I Norms
Limited differentiation of credit risk
Static measure of default risk
No recognition of term-structure of credit risk
Simplified calculation of potential future counterparty
risk
Lack of recognition of portfolio diversification effects
9. Basel – II Norms
Basel – II norms are based on 3 pillars:
Minimum Capital – Banks must hold capital against
8% of their assets, after adjusting their assets for risk
Supervisory Review – It is the process whereby
national regulators ensure their home country banks
are following the rules.
Market Discipline – It is based on enhanced
disclosure of risk
10. Risk Categorization
In the Basel – II accord, Credit Risk, Market Risk and
Operational Risks were recognized.
Under Basel – II, Credit Risk has three approaches
namely, standardized, foundation internal ratings-
based (IRB), and advanced IRB
Operational Risk has measurement approaches like
the Basic Indicator approach, Standardized approach
and the Advanced Measurement approach.
11. Impact on Banking Sector
Capital Requirement
Wider Market
Products
Customers
12. Advantages of Basel II over I
The discrepancy between economic capital and
regulatory capital is reduced significantly, due to that
the regulatory requirements will rely on banks’ own
risk methods.
More Risk sensitive
Wider recognition of credit risk mitigation.
13. Pitfalls of Basel – II norms
Too much regulatory compliance
Over Focusing on Credit Risk
The new Accord is complex and therefore demanding
for supervisors, and unsophisticated banks
Strong risk differentiation in the new Accord can
adversely affect the borrowing position of risky
borrowers
14. Basel – III Norms
Basel – III norms aim to:
Improving the banking sector's ability to absorb
shocks arising from financial and economic stress
Improve risk management and governance
Strengthen banks' transparency and disclosures
15. Structure of Basel – III Accord
Minimum Regulatory Capital Requirements based on
Risk Weighted Assets (RWAs) : Maintaining capital
calculated through credit, market and operational risk
areas.
Supervisory Review Process : Regulating tools and
frameworks for dealing with peripheral risks that
banks face
Market Discipline : Increasing the disclosures that
banks must provide to increase the transparency of
banks
16. Major changes in Basel - III
Better Capital Quality
Capital Conservation Buffer
Counter cyclical Buffer
Minimum Common Equity and Tier I Capital
requirements
Leverage Ratios
Liquidity Ratios
Systematically Important Financial Institutions
17. Basel III and its impact
On Banks
On Financial Stability
On Investors
18. References
Bank For International Settlements, “Basel Committee
on Banking Supervisions”,
http://www.bis.org/bcbs/index.htm
Investopedia,
http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/10/
understanding-basel-3-
regulations.asp#axzz26w2DIKab
Bank Credit Management by G.Vijayaraghavan,
Chapter – 14, pp- 170 - 171
Limited differentiation of credit riskThere are four broad risk weightings (0%, 20%, 50% and 100%), as shown in Figure1, based on an 8% minimum capital ratio. Static measure of default risk The assumption that a minimum 8% capital ratio is sufficient to protect banks from failure does not take into account the changing nature of default risk.No recognition of term-structure of credit risk The capital charges are set at the same level regardless of the maturity of a credit exposure. Simplified calculation of potential future counterparty riskThe current capital requirements ignore the different level of risks associated with different currencies and macroeconomic risk. In other words, it assumes a common market to all actors, which is not true in reality. Lack of recognition of portfolio diversification effectsIn reality, the sum of individual risk exposures is not the same as the risk reduction through portfolio diversification. Therefore, summing all risks might provide incorrect judgment of risk. A remedy would be to create an internal credit risk model - for example, one similar to the model as developed by the bank to calculate market risk. This remark is also valid for all other weaknesses.
Refer G.Vijayaraghavan book pp 170-171
Regulatory Compliance: Economic capital was originally devised to help banks run their businesses better. While the regulatory advocacy of economiccapital frameworks is heartening, banks shouldn’t over-focus on regulatory applications or, even, capital adequacy. Instead they should immediately useeconomic capital analysis to throw light on areas such as business line profitability, risk-based pricing and the potential use of credit derivatives to optimise portfolios - and plan the full roll-out of at least one short-term business goal such as improved economic-capital based credit limit setting.Over Focusing on Credit Risk: Credit risk is the first and sometimes the only banking risk banks consider, but other risk types can account for up to 45percent of overall economic capital at a ‘typical’ bank. These risk sources must be quantified if a bank wants to understand overall capital requirements and compare the performance of business lines – not least because the proportion of risk from each risk source often varies dramatically (eg, between lending and non-lending business lines). One typical problem is that banks forget to assign capital to important risks not fully addressed by the Basel II reforms such as financially-driven business risks, eg, the way interest rate volatility drives the revenue of mortgage origination units.
(a) Better Capital Quality : One of the key elements of Basel 3 is the introduction of much stricter definition of capital. Better quality capital means the higher loss-absorbing capacity. This in turn will mean that banks will be stronger, allowing them to better withstand periods of stress. (b) Capital Conservation Buffer: Another key feature of Basel iii is that now banks will be required to hold a capital conservation buffer of 2.5%. The aim of asking to build conservation buffer is to ensure that banks maintain a cushion of capital that can be used to absorb losses during periods of financial and economic stress. (c) Countercyclical Buffer: This is also one of the key elements of Basel III. The countercyclical buffer has been introduced with the objective to increase capital requirements in good times and decrease the same in bad times. The buffer will slow banking activity when it overheats and will encourage lending when times are tough i.e. in bad times. The buffer will range from 0% to 2.5%, consisting of common equity or other fully loss-absorbing capital. (d) Minimum Common Equity and Tier 1 Capital Requirements : The minimum requirement for common equity, the highest form of loss-absorbing capital, has been raised under Basel III from 2% to 4.5% of total risk-weighted assets. The overall Tier 1 capital requirement, consisting of not only common equity but also other qualifying financial instruments, will also increase from the current minimum of 4% to 6%. Although the minimum total capital requirement will remain at the current 8% level, yet the required total capital will increase to 10.5% when combined with the conservation buffer. (e) Leverage Ratio: A review of the financial crisis of 2008 has indicted that the value of many assets fell quicker than assumed from historical experience. Thus, now Basel III rules include a leverage ratio to serve as a safety net. A leverage ratio is the relative amount of capital to total assets (not risk-weighted). This aims to put a cap on swelling of leverage in the banking sector on a global basis. 3% leverage ratio of Tier 1 will be tested before a mandatory leverage ratio is introduced in January 2018. (f) Liquidity Ratios: Under Basel III, a framework for liquidity risk management will be created. A new Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) are to be introduced in 2015 and 2018, respectively. (g) Systemically Important Financial Institutions (SIFI) : As part of the macro-prudential framework, systemically important banks will be expected to have loss-absorbing capability beyond the Basel III requirements. Options for implementation include capital surcharges, contingent capital and bail-in-debt.
Basel III and the BanksWith that in mind, banks must hold more capital against their assets, thereby decreasing the size of their balance sheets and their ability to leverage themselves. While these regulations were under discussion prior to the financial crisis, their necessity is magnified as more recent events occur. The Basel III regulations contain several important changes for banks' capital structures. First of all, the minimum amount of equity, as a percentage of assets, will increase from 2% to 4.5%. There is also an additional 2.5% "buffer" required, bringing the total equity requirement to 7%. This buffer can be used during times of financial stress, but banks doing so will face constraints on their ability to pay dividends and otherwise deploy capital. Banks will have until 2019 to implement these changes, giving them plenty of time to do so and preventing a sudden "lending freeze" as banks scramble to improve their balance sheets.It is possible that banks will be less profitable in the future due in part to these regulations. The 7% equity requirement is a minimum and it is likely that many banks will strive to maintain a somewhat higher figure in order to give themselves a cushion. If financial institutions are perceived as being safer, the cost of capital to banks would actually decrease. Banks that are more stable will be able to issue debt at a lower cost. At the same time, the stock market might assign a higher P/E multiple to banks that have a less risky capital structure.Basel III and Financial Stability Basel III is not a panacea, and will not single-handedly restore stability to the financial system and prevent future financial crisis. However, in combination with other measures, these regulations are likely to help produce a more stable financial system. In turn, greater financial stability will help produce steady economic growth, with less risk for crisis fueled recessions such as that experienced following the global financial crisis of 2008-2009.While banking regulations may help reduce the possibility of future financial crises, it may also restrain future economic growth. This is because bank lending and the provision of credit are among the primary drivers of economic activity in the modern economy. Therefore, any regulations designed to restrain the provision of credit are likely to hinder economic growth, at least to some degree. Nevertheless, following the events of the financial crisis, many regulators, financial market participants and ordinary individuals are willing to accept slightly slower economic growth for the possibility of greater stability and a decreased likelihood of a repeat of the events of 2008 and 2009. Basel III and InvestorsAs with any regulations, the ultimate impact of Basel III will depend upon how it is implemented in the future. Furthermore, the movements of international financial markets are dependent upon a wide variety of factors, with financial regulation being a large component. Nevertheless, it is possible to generalize about some of the possible impacts of Basel III for investors.It is likely that increased bank regulation will ultimately be a positive for bond market investors. That is because higher capital requirements will ultimately make bonds issued by banks safer investments. At the same time, greater financial system stability will provide a safer backdrop for bond investors, even if the economy grows at a slightly weaker pace as a result. The impact on currency markets is less clear; but increased international financial stability will allow participants in these markets to focus upon other factors while perhaps eventually giving less focus to the relative stability of each country's banking system.Finally, the effect of Basel III on stock markets is uncertain. If investors value enhanced financial stability more than the possibility of slightly higher growth fueled by credit, stock prices are likely to benefit from Basel III (all else being equal). Furthermore, greater macroeconomic stability will allow investors to focus more on individual company or industry research while having to worry less about the economic backdrop or the possibility of broad-based financial collapse.