presentation on Basel 2 and 3

3. INTRODUCTION OF BASEL
 BASEL is a city in Switzerland which is also the headquarters
of Bank of International Settlement (BIS).
 In 1988,central bankers from around the world published a set
of minimum capital requirements for banks known as “ Basel
Accord ”
 BIS’s common goal:
 Financial stability
 Common standards
 BIS have 27 member nations in the committee.
 BASEL guidelines refers to broad supervisory standards
formulated by the group of central banks-called the Basel
Committee On Banking Supervision (BCBS).

4. BASEL ACCORD
 The Basel Accords refer to the banking supervision Accords
issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
(BCBS). They are called the Basel Accords as the BCBS
maintains its secretariat at the Bank for International
Settlements in Basel. The Basel Accords is a set of
recommendations for regulations in the banking industry.
PURPOSE:
 To ensure that financial institutions have enough capital on
account to meet obligations and absorb unexpected losses.
 India has accepted Basel Accords for the banking system.

6. Basel II
 Basel II is the second of the Basel accords which are
recommendations on banking laws and regulations issued by the
BCBS.
 Basel II , initially published in June 2004
 Was intended to create an international standard for banking
regulators to control how much capital banks need to put aside to
guard against the types of financial and operational risks banks face.
 Basel II attempted was to accomplish by setting up risk and
capital management requirements designed to ensure that a bank has
adequate capital for the risk the bank exposes itself to through its
lending and investment practices.

7. OBJECTIVE OF BASEL II
 Ensuring that capital allocation is more risk sensitive.
 Enhance disclosure requirements which would allow
market participants to assess the capital adequacy of an
institution.
 Ensuring that credit risk, operational risk and market risk
are quantified based on data and formal techniques.
 Attempting to align economic and regulatory capital
more closely to reduce the scope for regulatory arbitrage.

8. 3 PILLARS OF Basel II FRAMEWORK

9. PILLAR 1:MINIMUM CAPITAL
REQUIREMENT
 Pillar 1 sets out the minimum capital requirements
firms will be required to meet to cover credit,
market and operational risk

10. CREDIT RISK :
The risk of loss arising from outright default due to inability
or unwillingness of the customer or counter party to meet
commitments in relation to lending, trading, settlement and
other financial transaction of the customer or counter party to
meet commitments
MARKET RISK :
The possibility of loss caused by changes in the market
variables such as interest rate, foreign exchange rate, equity
price and commodity price

11. OPERATIONAL RISK :
Operational risk is risk of loss resulting from inadequate or
failed internal processes, people and systems or from external
events. It includes legal risk, such as exposure to fines,
penalties and private settlements. It does not, however, include
strategic or reputational risk.

12. PILLAR 2:SUPERVISORY REVIEW
• The 2nd pillar deals with the regulatory response to the 1st
pillar, giving regulators much improved tools over those
available to them under Basel 1.
• It also provides a framework for dealing with all the other
risks a bank may face, such as systematic risk, pension risk,
concentration risk, strategic risk, reputation risk, liquidity risk
and legal risk which the accord combines under the title of
residual risk.
• It gives the bank a power to review their risk management
system.

13. PILLAR 3: MARKET
DISCIPLINE
 Aims to complement the minimum capital requirements and
supervisory review process by developing a set of disclosure
requirements which will allow the market participants to gauge
the capital adequacy of an institution
 Aim 3 is to allow market discipline to operate by requiring
institutions to disclose details on the scope of application, capital,
risk exposures, risk assessment processes, and the capital adequacy
of the institution.
 It must be consistent with how the senior management, including
the board, assess and manage the risks of the institution.

14. ADVANTAGES
 Takes global aspect into consideration for more rational
decision making, improving the decision matrix for banks.
 Makes better business standards.
 Reduces losses to the banks.
 Improving overall efficiency of banking and finance systems.
 Allowing capital allocation based on ratings of the borrower
making capital more risk-sensitive.
 Provides range of alternatives to choose from.
 Incorporates sensitivity to banks.
 Encouraging mergers and acquisitions and more
collaboration on the part of the banks, this ultimately leads to
proper control over their capital and assets.

15. DRAWBACKS
 Dealing with diversity.
 Lack of data on internal ratings and modeling.
 Cyclical fluctuations in bank lending.
 Credit risk reduction.
 Competition among banks.
 Financial innovations.

17. BASEL 3 FRAMEWORK

18. MAJOR FEATURES OF Basel III
 Better Capital Quality : One of the key elements of Basel 3 is the introduction of
much stricter definition of capital. Better quality capital means the higher loss-absorbing
capacity. This in turn will mean that banks will be stronger, allowing
them to better withstand periods of stress.
 Capital Conservation Buffer : Another key feature of Basel iii is that now banks
will be required to hold a capital conservation buffer of 2.5%. The aim of asking
to build conservation buffer is to ensure that banks maintain a cushion of capital
that can be used to absorb losses during periods of financial and economic stress.
 Countercyclical Buffer : This is also one of the key elements of Basel III. The
countercyclical buffer has been introducted with the objective to increase capital
requirements in good times and decrease the same in bad times. The buffer will
slow banking activity when it overheats and will encourage lending when times are
tough i.e. in bad times. The buffer will range from 0% to 2.5%, consisting of
common equity or other fully loss-absorbing capital.

19.  Minimum Common Equity and Tier 1 Capital Requirements : The minimum
requirement for common equity, the highest form of loss-absorbing capital, has
been raised under Basel III from 2% to 4.5% of total risk-weighted assets. The
overall Tier 1 capital requirement, consisting of not only common equity but also
other qualifying financial instruments, will also increase from the current minimum
of 4% to 6%. Although the minimum total capital requirement will remain at the
current 8% level, yet the required total capital will increase to 10.5% when
combined with the conservation buffer.
 Leverage Ratio: A review of the financial crisis of 2008 has indicted that the
value of many assets fell quicker than assumed from historical experience. Thus,
now Basel III rules include a leverage ratio to serve as a safety net. A leverage ratio
is the relative amount of capital to total assets (not risk-weighted). This aims to put
a cap on swelling of leverage in the banking sector on a global basis. 3% leverage
ratio of Tier 1 will be tested before a mandatory leverage ratio is introduced in
January 2018.
 Liquidity Ratios: Under Basel III, a framework for liquidity risk management will
be created. A new Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and Net Stable Funding Ratio
(NSFR) are to be introduced in 2015 and 2018, respectively.

20.  Systemically Important Financial Institutions (SIFI) :
As part of the macro-prudential framework, systemically
important banks will be expected to have loss-absorbing
capability beyond the Basel III requirements. Options for
implementation include capital surcharges, contingent
capital and bail-in-debt.