This document discusses base oils and additives used in engine oil composition. It covers the different types of base oils including mineral, synthetic and semi-synthetic oils. It also describes key base oil properties that affect lubricant characteristics and performance. Additionally, it provides an overview of common additive packages and how they contribute to properties like wear protection, viscosity and chemical stability.

1. Base Oils and Additives

2. Base Oils Additives
+
Viscosity
Modifier
+
Finished lubricant
Composition of an Engine Oil

3. 3
?
Choosing the Right Base Oils

4. .
.
Wear
Viscosity
Surface
activity
Oxidation
stability
Chemical
activity
Volatility
Solvency
Corrosion
properties
Acid &
sludge
formation
Residue
formationSeal compatibility
Additive
compatibility
Foaming
tendency
Friction
reduction
Low temperature
behaviour
Demulsifying ability
Base Oil
Properties
Base Oil Properties Affecting Lubricant Characteristics

5. CONVENTIONAL MINERAL BASE OILS Group I & II
UNCONVENTIONAL BASE OILS Group III
• hydrocracked, hydroisomerised
SYNTHETIC BASE OILS
• PAO: hydrogenated poly alpha olefins Group IV
• Esters
• Other Group V
Base Oil Categories

6. Base Oil
70 - 99%
Pour Point
Depressant
0 - 2%
Visco Modifier
0 - 15%
Performance Package
1- 30%
Anti-wear
Composition of an Engine Oil
Antioxidant
Other
Detergent
Dispersant

7. Introduction to Total Products

8. What does it all mean?
SAE - Viscosity American
International
Gasoline and
Diesel
Specifications
Fuel Economy
Product
Oil Grade
Product
Category
Total Engine
Oil Range
(petrol/diesel)

9. Product Category
There are 3 different types of base oils which are used in lubricants
manufacturing process:
Mineral oils are made from petroleum-based products and undergo no
transformation.
Synthetic oils consist of chemicals compounds. Synthetic oils are
preferred to lubricants refined from petroleum when operating in extremes
of temperatures, as it provides superior mechanical and chemical
properties than those found in mineral oil.
Semi-synthetic oils which are blends of minerals and synthetic oils
(no more than 30%)

10. Engine Oil SAE Viscosity Classification
Viscosity grade provides information on oil viscosity when submitted
to temperatures variations. Multi-grade oil indicates a viscosity
grade at low and high temperatures.
EXAMPLE:
5W stands for viscosity grade at low temperatures.
W= Winter not weight
The lower the index is, the more fluid motor oil will be at low
temperatures, which ensures optimal lubrication when starting the
engine.
30 stands for viscosity grade at high temperatures.
The higher the grade is, the more viscous motor oil will be at high
temperatures, which enables better lubricating at high temperatures.

11. -30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
Starting Temp Summer Grade
The lower the winter grade, the lower
temperature are accepted by the oil.
The higher the Summer Grade the
higher the temperature the oil can
accept (protect the engine at high temp).
Start up oil flow is very important!
Engine Oil SAE Viscosity Classification
0W
5W
10W
15W
20W
25W
60
50
40
30
20

12. International Specifications / OEMs
Total Lubricants meet international specifications as ACEA, API, JASO and ILSAC
to ensure high technical performances.
In addition, some OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) set up quality
certifications to protect and optimize their engines' performances. These
homologations are more stringent than international standards.
The OEMs recommend the use of specific motor oil requirements (see your car
maintenance guide)

13. International Specifications
ACEA (Association des Constructeurs Européens d’Automobiles)
API (American Petroleum Institute)/ILSAC
JASO (Japan Automobile Standards Organization)
OEMs Specifications
Ex: DC, PSA, VOLVO, MAN, CAT, Ford, GM, Mack etc
Homologation
Performance Specs of Automotive Lubricants

14. API – America Petroleum Institute
ILSAC – International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee
International Specifications API/ILSAC

15. .
Engines API classifications are characterised by 2 letters.
Latest specifications
Gasoline
Diesel
SJ / SL / SN
CF-2 2 stroke engines) / CG-4 < CH-4 < CJ-4
API Classification
SN/CF
Application Type: Service Level
S: Gasoline C: Industrial Diesel

16. 1st letter indicates the type of service
2nd letter indicates the performance level
API DONUT
S A
.
.
.
S G
S H
S J
S L
S N
Gasoline Severity
1945
1988
1993
1996
2001
2011 Current
API/ILSAC Specifications
C A
.
.
.
.
.
C D
C F
C J
1945
1965
1995
Diesel Severity

17. API SJ
 Oxidation Control (IIIG)
More severe chemical limits
P & S limits 
+ FE  Oxidation Control (IIIF, TEOST)
 Deposit control (IIIF)
 More severe oil consumption (Noack)
API/ILSAC Evolutions
API SL API SM
ILSAC GF-2
 FE (VIB)  FE (VIB)
P : 600 à 800 ppm
ILSAC GF-3 ILSAC GF-4 ILSAC GF-5
200420011997 2011
API SN

18. For example
AECA 2004/2008 Specifications
The letter refers to the type of service and
the number the performance level.
Generally, European specification are more severe than American specifications.
Engine type:
A: Gasoline
B: Light Diesel
E: Heavy Duty Diesel
C: Catalyst Compatible Oil
Technical performance
level:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
A 3

19. A 1
A 5
A 2
A 3
/
/
B 1
B 5
B 2
B 3
B 4
/
DIRECT
Injection
High performance oils
Standard quality oils
A single category for gasoline and diesel
Fuel Economy categories maintained
Standard level not maintained
After-treatment
systems
« C » Catalyst Compatible Category
Chemical limits for new categories
(P, S, Ash )
Standard quality oils
High performance oils
FUEL ECONOMY
DIRECT
Injection
High performance level maintained
Diesel direct injection performances
required
ACEA Evolutions: A, B and C Categories
ACEA 2004ACEA 2002
gasoline diesel

20. Product Specs OEM Main Selling Point
API ACEA
Quartz 9000
5w40
SM/CF A3/B4 Peugeot Citroen B71 2296
MB 229.3
VW 502.00/505.00
BMW LL01
Porsche
- Withstand harshest operating
condition
- Maximum oxidation protection for
Gasoline and Diesel engines
Quartz 9000
SM 5w30
SM/CF For all vehicles requiring
SM/CF or ILSAC GF-4
specifications
- Fuel Economy
- Maximum protection under severe
driving conditionsILSAC GF-4
Quartz Ineo
MC3 5w30
SM/CF C3 MB 229.31, 229.51
BMW LL04
VW 502.00/505.00/505.01
- Euro IV vehicles
- Low SAPS, C3
API / ACEA & OEM

21. 21
Product Specs OEM Main Selling Point
API ACEA
Rubia TIR 7900
15W40
CJ-4/SM E7/E9 Mack EO-O Premium Plus 07
Cummins CES 20081
Volvo VDS-4
Caterpillar ECF-3
Mercedes 228.31
Detroit Diesel DDC 93K218
Man M3275
- Latest engine technology
- Designed for Low-Sulphur, Low-Emission
engines and most severe operating
conditions
Rubia TIR 8900
10W30
E4/E6/E7 Mercedes 228.51
MAN M 3477/M3277-CRT
Volvo VDS-3
Renault RLD-2
- Fuel Economy, Long Drain interval
- Low SAPS
Rubia TIR FE 7200
15W30
CI-4 E5/E7 Renault RLD-2
Mercedes 228.3
Volvo VDS-3
Man M3275
Cummins CES 20071/72/77/78
Mack EO-M+
- Fuel Economy
- Euro 2, Euro 3 and most Euro 4 engines
Global DHD-1
Rubia FE 20W30 CF-
4/CF
- Reduce fuel consumption
- Superior protection
TOTAL – Featured Products

22. 22
Sulphur
 NOx Trap
Sulphated ash
 PF
Development of new lubricants called “Low Saps”
Phosphorous
TWC
SCR
Oxycat
Why Low SAPS Oil?
A single
lubricant
required for all
post-treatment
systems

23. 1. Turbocharger and
EGR Valve
2. EGR Transfer
Pipe (Hot)
3. EGR Cooler
4. EGR Transfer
Pipe (Cool)
Source: Detroit Diesel
Impact on Lubricants:
High operating
temperature;
EGR => more NOx & PM
in oil => increase of
nitro-oxidation &
necessity of higher
dispersant performance
EGR System (Exhaust Gas Recirculation)

24. Reduction of pollutant emissions
Particulate filter (DPF)
Particulate filter: Operating principle
Stage One: Filtration
Particulates accumulate in the silicon
carbide filter medium.
Stage Two: Regeneration of the clogged filter
Combustion of accumulated particles in
the particulate filter.
DPF – Particulate Filter

25. CRT = DOC + DPF
DCO reduce CO & HC
DPF burns particulates
Require use of ULSD
( max 50ppm)
Source: Johnson Matthey Website
CRT® (Continuous Regenerating Technology)

26. Particulates Reduction of 30%
NOx Reduction of 80-90%
UREA = AdBlue (DIN 70070)
Use of approximately 5 - 6% UREA compared to fuel consumption
Reduction of fuel consumption by 4–8% reference to EURO III engines
Require a distribution networks for UREA (AdBlue)
The SCR System

27. Source: Johnson Matthey Website
SCRT® (Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology)
SCRT = CRT + SCR
CRT reduce CO,HC & PM
& enhance low temp NOx
reduction
SCR provides high
temperature NOx
reduction with in the
presence of aq. urea
2NH3+ NO + NO2  2 N2 + 3H2O

28. FE (Fuel Economy Lubricants)
Fuel Economy lubricants are designed to provide
maximum protection to vehicles' engines and enable
major savings.
TOTAL Fuel Economy range is used today in numerous
types of vehicles (cars, heavy duty, etc.) and industrial
machinery (agriculture, public works, etc.).

29. Comparative Viscosity Classifications

30. How to read a data sheet