1. LOW-VISCOSITY LUBRICANT
LOW-VISCOSITY LUBRICANT
FOR
FOR
LOW-FUEL CONSUMPTION
LOW-FUEL CONSUMPTION
AND
AND
ZERO-EMISSION CAR
ZERO-EMISSION CAR
EKO RUDIANTO
PT. TOYOTA MOTOR MANUFACTURING INDONESIA
November, 2007
1
2. OVERVIEW
1. BACKGROUNG
2. OBJECTIVES
3. EMISSION REGULATION MOVEMENT
4. ENGINE TECH. DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT
5. FUEL SPEC. QUALITY DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT
6. ENGINE OIL SPEC. DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT
7. DISCUSSION
8. CONCLUSION
2
4. ORGANIZATION OF UNWP29
UN GRPE Working Party on Pollution and Energy
Inland
Inland G R B Working Party on Noise
transport
transport
committee
committee
GRSG Working Party on General Safety Provisions
WP29
GRRF Working Party on Brakes and Running Gear
G R E Working Party on Lighting and Light-signaling
GRSP Working Party on Passive Safety
Source : GAIKINDO
4
5. GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE MEGA MERGER
Opel Suzuki
Fiat GENERAL MOTOR
Isuzu
Mazda SAAB TOYOTA
Hino
FORD Daihatsu
Volvo
RENAULT Subaru
Nissan
Diesel Nissan
Roll
BMW
Royce Honda
PEUGEOT
Mitsubishi DAIMLER
Chrysler AUDI VW
Source : GAIKINDO
5
6. GLOBAL PASSENGER CAR MARKET
• Substantial contribution to growth emanating from emerging auto markets:
China, India, Iran and Russia
• Toyota projected to overtake GM as world’s largest seller of automobiles this year;
Hyundai and Renault/Nissan also on the rise
80 18%
70 16%
Toyota
Units in Millions
60 14% GM
Sales Share
50 12% Ford
R/N
40 10%
VW
30 8%
Hyundai
20 6% DCX
10 4%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Source : GAIKINDO
6
7. ASEAN AUTOMOTIVE CONDITION
No.1
(1,000) Production In Total of ASEAN4 993,171
No.2
950
342,606
850 No.3
310,910
750 Toyota Honda
650 Isuzu Mitsubishi No.4
Nissan Perodua 280,804
550
Proton Suzuki
450 Ford Chevrolet No.5
255,981
350
250 No.6
216,385
150
No.7
50
152,185
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012
YEAR
Source : GAIKINDO
7
8. INDONESIA AUTO INDUSTRY COMMUNITY
Jeep
Daihatsu Isuzu Djakarta
Motor
Nissan Hyun
KIA/ UD ASTRA dai
Biman
Motor Toyota
BMW GROUP tara
German
Neoplan Peugeot Fiat Motor
Mercedes B
Suzuki Ford Star
Datsun
Mazda Motor Honda
INDO Hino GMBI Honda Prospek
Nissan Chevrolet Motor
MOBIL Renault Citroen
Audi GROUP GM Berliet
Opel Holden
Ssang VW
Yong Volvo Alun
Mitsu
KTB
bishi Starsauto
Land Dinamika
Rover China
DAF IVECO
Sources :: GAIKINDO
Source
GAIKINDO
8
13. EMISSION REGULATION CONTROL
Gasoline and Diesel - Low Duty Car
(g/km)
20
CO
10
Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 HYBRID CAR FUEL CELL
(g/km)
6
5
HC 4
+
3
NOx 2
1
Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 HYBRID CAR FUEL CELL
13
14. GLOBAL EMISSION REGULATION FOR
GASOLINE AND DIESEL LOW DUTY VEHICLE
EXHAUST EMISSION
EC (EEC) UNECE MODE TEST
EUROPE Global
Commercial Passenger
UNION
Vehicles Vehicles
ECE 15 - 04 ( Euro- 0 ) ( Euro- 0 )
88 / 76 / EEC ECE 82 / 00 ( A )
Euro- 1 Euro- 1
ECE 82 / 00 ( B )
91 / 441 / EEC ECE 82 / 01
Test Test
93 / 59 / EEC ECE 82 / 02 Mode: Mode :
94 / 12 / EC ECE 82 / 03 New EC
Euro New EC
Mode
96 / 69 / EC ( ECE 82 / 04 ) -2 Mode
Euro- 2
Euro- ( UDC + Euro- ( UDC +
98 / 69 / EC ( ECE 82 / 05 ) 3&4 EUDC ) 3&4 EUDC )
14
15. Gasoline & Diesel Passenger Vehicle among
ASEAN countries and Asia countries.
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
CHINA Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
BEIJING Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
TAIWAN US Tier1 US Tier 2 Euro 4
HONGKONG Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
PHILIPINE Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro3
INDONESIA Euro 2
Euro 4
MALAYSIA Euro 2
Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
THAILAND
Categorized required
BRUNEI
ECE15/04 Euro 3
VIETNAM Euro 2
SINGAPORE Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
AUSTRALIA Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
NEW ZEALAND Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
Source : AAF/TC3
15
16. GLOBAL EMISSION REGULATION FOR
DIESEL HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE
EC ( EEC ) ECE EXHAUST
REGULATION REGULATION EMISSION TEST MODE
LEVEL
88 / 77 / EEC ECE 49 / 01 0
ESC
91 / 542 / EEC ( A ) ECE 49 / 02 ( A ) EURO 1 ( Europe
91 / 542 / EEC ( B ) ECE 49 / 02 ( B ) PREVIOUS Stationer
EURO 2 Cycle )
96 / 1 / EC ECE 49 / 03 ? EURO 2
ETC
1999 / 96 / EC ( A ) UNDER STUDY EURO 3 (Europe Transient
Cycle)
ESC
1999 / 96 / EC ( B1 ) UNDER STUDY EURO 4
ETC
ESC
1999 / 96 / EC ( B2 ) UNDER STUDY ( EURO 5 )
ETC
16
17. Diesel Commercial Vehicle (Heavy Duty) among
ASEAN countries and Asia countries.
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
CHINA Euro 2 Euro 3
BEUJING Euro 2 Euro 3
TAIWAN US 94HDE US 04HDE Euro 4
HONGKONG Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
PHILIPINE Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro3
INDONESIA Euro 2
Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 4
MALAYSIA
THAILAND Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
BRUNEI
VIETNAM Euro 1 Euro 2
SINGAPORE Euro 2 Euro 4
AUSTRALIA Euro 3 Euro 4
NEW ZEALAND Euro 3 Euro 4
Source : AAF/TC3
17
18. EMISSION REGULATION MOVEMENT TREND AMONG
ASEAN & ASIAN COUNTRIES
，
China, Beijing, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia，
，
Thailand, Vietnam，Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, India, 11
major cities in India
Gasoline & Diesel of Passenger Vehicle
14
12 ASEAN countries
Euro1
Euro2 intently direct to Euro4
10 in year 2010.
8
6 Euro3
4
Euro 4
2 or
Equivalent
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source : AAF/TC3
18
19. INDONESIA EMISSION REGULATION
MINISTRY DECREE NO : 141 , IN SEPT. 23-2003.
Petrol Light Duty and Diesel light Duty (GVW<3.5 ton ; Category : M1
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Enforce to
New Model Idle ECE 83-04 (Euro-2) EURO-4 ?
Enforce to
Idle ECE 83-04 (Euro-2)
Existing Model
Diesel Heavy Duty (GVW>3.5 ton ; Category : M2,M3,N2,N3,O3, & O4)
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Enforce to
New Model Idle ECE 49-02 (Euro-2) EURO-4 ?
Enforce to
Existing Model Idle ECE 49-02 (Euro-2)
19
20. 4.
ENGINE TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT
20
21. GASOLINE ENGINE TECHNOLOGY SCHEMA (GVW < 3.5 TON)
Three way
Euro-2 Engine Reduction Catalyst Catalyst
Oxidation Catalyst
Technology schema
Fuel Tank
ECU Muffler
Three way Catalyst
Exhaust O2
Manifold sensor
Lambda
ECU (ELECTRONIC COMPUTER UNIT)
Fuel Supply Valve Timing Ignition Air Control Cooling System
EURO-1
Engine Contact
Technology CARBU-
CARBU- Fixed (FIX) Single Throttle LLC
Point
System (Long Life Coolant)
RATER System
ECU. AND OBD (ON BOARD DIAGNOSTIC)
Fuel Supply Valve Timing Ignition Air Control Cooling System
EFI VVT-i
VVT- ESA (Electronic ACIS & EGR
EURO-2 (Variable Valve Spark Advance) (Acoustic Control SLLC (Super
(Electronic
Engine Timing Induction) Long Life
Fuel Full Transistor Three Way Catalyst +
Technology Intelligent ) Coolant)
Injection) O2 Sensor
21
22. GASOLINE ENGINE TECH. VS EMISSION REG.
TYPICAL SYSTEM TWC = Three Way Catalyst S/C = Swirl Control
OBD= On Board Diagnostic O2S = O2 Sensor
EM
HC g/km
1.0
EM S<500 ppm Euro1
1O2S
TWC(13R)
OBD 0.5
EM 2O2S S<150 ppm
Euro2
TWC(13R)
EM OBD
Euro3
2O2S S<50 ppm
Euro4
3 2 1 0 0.5 1.0
CO NOx
S/C(7R) TWC(9R)
Source : JAMA
22
23. DIESEL ENGINE TECHNOLOGY SCHEMA (GVW < 3.5 TON)
Euro-2 Engine
Technology schema
EURO-1 Injection Pump, Exhaust Gas Re-Circulating,
Diesel PM Reduction :
Black Smoke Reduction : Micro Grain Injection Fuel. And Multi-Valve System.
Soluble Organic Fraction : Oxidation Catalyst & Diesel Particulate Filter System.
EURO-2 Diesel NOx Reduction :
Pilot Injection by Common Rail System, Cooled Exhaust Gas Re-Circulating, Super
Charger with Inter-Cooler, Nox Reduction Catalyst System.
23
24. DIESEL ENGINE PASSENGER TECH.
VS EMISSION REGULATION
TYPICAL SYSTEM EGR =EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATING
HC g/km
IP 1.0
EM Euro1
IP S<500 ppm
EGR
EM
0.5
OC
Euro2
CR S<350 ppm
EGR
EM Euro3
OC Euro4
CO 3 NOx
2 1 0 0.5 1.0
CR S<50 ppm 0.05
EGR
EM
0.10
OC
0.15
EM =EXHAUST MANIFOLD IP= Injection Pump
VE =INJECTION PUMP CR =COMMON RAIL PM Source : JAMA
24
25. DIESEL ENGINE TECHNOLOGY SCHEMA (GVW > 3.5 TON)
Intake Throttle Valve
EGR Valve Common Rail System for
Ultra-High-Pressure Fuel Injectors
Intercooler
Oxidation Catalyst for Ammonia
EGR Cooler
Oxidation Catalyst for NO
Air Intake
Exhaust
Urea Injection Controller Ｐ Selective Catalytic
Reduction Device for NOx
Euro-2 Engine
Technology schema Urea Tank
EURO-1 Injection Pump, Exhaust Gas Re-Circulating,
Urea-Based Selective Catalytic Reduction and Ultra-High-Pressure Fuel Injection
EURO-2
25
26. DIESEL ENGINE HEAVY DUTY TECH.
VS EMISSION REGULATION
TYPICAL SYSTEM HC g/kWh
IP 1.0
Euro1
ESC
Euro3 ETC
Euro2
IP S<500 ppm
EGR Euro3 Euro4
0.5
CR S<350 ppm Euro4
EGR
OC CO 6 NOx
4 2 0 5 10
CR S<50 ppm 0.1
EGR 0.2
0.3
OC 0.4
(Diesel Particulate NOx Reduction) PM
Source : JAMA
26
31. FUEL EFFICIENCY TECNOLOGY DEVELOMENT
PRIUS 2001
Hybrid Car
Vehicle Efficiency (Km/ liter)
50
PRIUS 1997
40 LEXUS 2003 HINO BUS 2004
Y
OG
OL
HN
30 T EC
N
IO
VAT
NO
IN HIGHLINDER
CAMRY 2006
20 2003
Conventional Car
10
１９００ ２０００ ２００5
２００
Source : TMC
31
39. PEFORMANCE TARGET OF ENGINE OIL ACTIVITIES
OIL FLOW WORK IN ENGINE OIL WORK PERFORMANCE
OIL FUNCTION REQUIREMENT OIL PROPERTIES PERFORMANCE
39
40. LUB BASE SPEC. OF PERTAMINA PRODUCTS
FROM CILACAP REFINERY
NO. PROPERTY METHOD HVI - 60 HVI - 95 HVI-160S HVI-160B
HVI- HVI- HVI-650
HVI-
1. Appearance VISUAL Clear & Bright
2. Ash Content (%wt) ASTM D-482 Constant max. 0.01
Cloud Test (hours) SMS-2556 Min. 3.0
3. Constant Min. 7.0
(No Cloud at 0 ° )
C
Color ASTM ASTM D-1500 Max. 1.5 Max. 4.0
4. Max. 2.0 Max. 3.0
Color stability,
5. (48 hours at 100 °
C)
SMS-260 Constant max. 1.00
Min. 204 Min. 210
6. Flash Point PMcc. (°
C) ASTM D-93 Constant Min. 228 Min. 267
7. Total Acidity
(mg KOH/g)
ASTM D-974 Constant max. 0.05
Max. -15.
8. Pour Point (°
C) ASTM D-97 Constant Max. -9.
Specific Gravity
9. (at 60 / 60 °F) ASTM D-1298 To be reported Max. 33.5
Max. 11.8
Viscosity, Kinematics Max. 7.4 Min. 30.5
10. ASTM D-445 Max. 4.9 Min. 10.7
(100 ° cSt.)
C, Min. 6.7
Min. 4.4
11. Viscosity Index ASTM D-2270 Constant Min. 95.
Source : PERTAMINA
40
41. PROPERTIES REQUIREMENTS STD. OF ENGINE OIL
CLASSIFICATION REQUIREMENT OF READ ACROSS TEST
OIL TEST METHOD ITEMS
NO NO TEST
CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION ITEM
METHOD
Element content The element contents in oil are analyzed 1. Name of refinery
1 in Oil Test using the most accurate and precise
1.
methods currently available 2. Location of refinery
Cooper Strip The Copper Strip corrosion is evaluated 3. Neutral number of base
2
2.
Corrosion test at 120oC for 3 hours using a glass tube oil (mixing ratio)
as specified in ASTM D1300 4. Refining process
3 Rust prevention It shall be evaluated in accordance with
3. 5. Flash point (oC) ASTM D92
characteristic test ASTM D655 using 10 volt % of distilled
water 6. Pour point (oC) ASTM D97
4.
4 Oxidation It is evaluated at 165,5oC for 72 hours in
7. Kinematics viscosity ASTM D445
Stability (ISOT) accordance with TSK1000G and n-pentane
(mm2/s ; 40o ; 100oC) ASTMD46
in soluble by ASTM D893
8. Viscosity index ASTM D2270
5. Miscibility Test
5
Follow Federal Test Method 791B and
9. Aniline Point ASTM D611
Method 3470
Compatibility 10. Element content ASTMD3121
6 It is evaluated in accordance with ASTM
6. with Oil Seal
(mass %) (S/N) ASTMD3431
D471 (Sect 12) at 120oC for 70 hours
Rubber
11. Structural group analysis ASTM
7 The wear preventive characteristic are (mass %) (Paraffin's ; D3238
7. Wear evaluated in accordance with ASTM D4172 Naphthenes ; Aromatics)
Prevention under of RPM 1800 rpm load of 392N (40
characteristic Boiling range ASTM
kef), t 90oC and time duration 30 minutes 12.
distribution (oC) D2887
41
42. ENGINE OIL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
1. CLASSIFICATION 2. READ ACROSS
REQUIREMENT OF TEST ITEMS
OIL TEST METHOD
3. QUALITY STD.
REQUIREMENTS
Engine Dynamometer Test
42
48. TOYOTA eco-car
Approaches
to Reduces CO2 and
Zero Emissions
UNDER
STUDY
No control
Hybrid Technology
CO2
Euro-5
Euro 4, UNDER
Euro 3 STUDY
Euro 2,
Euro 1.
BIO Diesel LPG Gasoline Electric Fuel Cell
FUEL Engine CNG Engine Vehicle Vehicle
48
