Electronic Evidence is found in all computer and multimedia as well as communication devices. Increasingly most of the business transactions are done in paperless mode but when the disputes arise, then where to look for evidence? This presentation will help you in this field.
NARCOANALYSIS
Use in Forensic Science.
Introgation and Interview technology.
MEDICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT OF NARCOANALYSIS
Narcotic Drugs
Accuracy
NARCO ANALYSIS IN INDIA
To detect the truth of fact from the suspect's person.
Help to investigate the Criminal cases.
Recent cases
Formation of fingerprint, Types of fingerprint found at the crime scene, Fundamental principles of Fingerprint, Characteristics feature of Fingerprints, fingerprint patterns and their structure
Cyberspace Usages Challenges And Disputeresolution Jautkarshjani
In todays world every 2nd company must have suffered some form of Cyber Crime at some point of time. Should it be ignored or should it be dealt with Iron Hands. Is there anything a company can or must do to prevent this? Yes, where there are problems, there are solutions and our IT Act give you such solutions. What is required is awareness and this presentation is just an attempt to sensitize todays corporates to arise to this issue and deal with it effectively.
Electronic Evidence is found in all computer and multimedia as well as communication devices. Increasingly most of the business transactions are done in paperless mode but when the disputes arise, then where to look for evidence? This presentation will help you in this field.
NARCOANALYSIS
Use in Forensic Science.
Introgation and Interview technology.
MEDICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT OF NARCOANALYSIS
Narcotic Drugs
Accuracy
NARCO ANALYSIS IN INDIA
To detect the truth of fact from the suspect's person.
Help to investigate the Criminal cases.
Recent cases
Formation of fingerprint, Types of fingerprint found at the crime scene, Fundamental principles of Fingerprint, Characteristics feature of Fingerprints, fingerprint patterns and their structure
Cyberspace Usages Challenges And Disputeresolution Jautkarshjani
In todays world every 2nd company must have suffered some form of Cyber Crime at some point of time. Should it be ignored or should it be dealt with Iron Hands. Is there anything a company can or must do to prevent this? Yes, where there are problems, there are solutions and our IT Act give you such solutions. What is required is awareness and this presentation is just an attempt to sensitize todays corporates to arise to this issue and deal with it effectively.
hawk eye is not a technology just name of company HAWK-EYE .In hawk eye there are 6 camera use in cricket and 10 camera use in tennis.This technology is implementation in brain surgery and military (search for enemy) technology .
Brain fingerprinting by ankit 2017............ankitg29
information about the brain fingerprinting technology . by EEG method by neuron firing and impulse of brain wave.P300 mean is 300-1000 m-sec brain wave, is better tech. than the polygraph test and other than than PET test. is basically depand the brain wave. is not the depand on the emotions and the pulse rate
Electronic or Digital evidence in India Courts
ip address as evidence
cdr address as evidence
electronic evidence under indian evidence act
electronic record in india
iris recognition system as means of unique identification Being Topper
Project Done and submitted by Students Of final year CBP Government Engineering College
student name : vipin kumar khutail , Krishnanad Mishra , Jaswant kumar, Rahul Vashisht
Project Description :
Iris recognition is an automated method of bio-metric identification that uses mathematical pattern-recognition techniques on video images of one or both of the irises of an individual's eyes, whose complex random patterns are unique, stable, and can be seen from some distance
"The Barcode" Presentation
By: Group Four (Aslam, Ceren, Fohn, Sara and Youssef)
for the group assignment of the "Research Methodology" course at the University of Greenwich
hawk eye is not a technology just name of company HAWK-EYE .In hawk eye there are 6 camera use in cricket and 10 camera use in tennis.This technology is implementation in brain surgery and military (search for enemy) technology .
Brain fingerprinting by ankit 2017............ankitg29
information about the brain fingerprinting technology . by EEG method by neuron firing and impulse of brain wave.P300 mean is 300-1000 m-sec brain wave, is better tech. than the polygraph test and other than than PET test. is basically depand the brain wave. is not the depand on the emotions and the pulse rate
Electronic or Digital evidence in India Courts
ip address as evidence
cdr address as evidence
electronic evidence under indian evidence act
electronic record in india
iris recognition system as means of unique identification Being Topper
Project Done and submitted by Students Of final year CBP Government Engineering College
student name : vipin kumar khutail , Krishnanad Mishra , Jaswant kumar, Rahul Vashisht
Project Description :
Iris recognition is an automated method of bio-metric identification that uses mathematical pattern-recognition techniques on video images of one or both of the irises of an individual's eyes, whose complex random patterns are unique, stable, and can be seen from some distance
"The Barcode" Presentation
By: Group Four (Aslam, Ceren, Fohn, Sara and Youssef)
for the group assignment of the "Research Methodology" course at the University of Greenwich
OnlineCG is the best news site. They don't only focus on current affairs but also work on multiple discipline like business, technology, entertainment, politics and world news. Chhattisgarh Today updated every few minutes and the headlines keeps changing as and when new incidents occur in the world. Click here for more details : http://onlinecg.in/
Up-Sale решения от Intui.travel transfer для OTA , Metasearch, сайтов по п...Ilya Balakhnichev
Как поднять средний чек с привлеченного лкиента, как отжать больше с UP-sale, кака предложить релевантный трансфер в 1 шаг практически к любому проданному авиабилету, отелю, билету и сгенерировать динамический пакет. А также простые решения White label и витжеты
How do barcodes work? A Complete Guide Barcode KnowledgeBarcode Live
How do barcodes work? It is difficult for those who are new to running a retail business to grasp how barcodes function and what role it serves. Check out this post, we have it covered!
brief description of bar code reader which is used widely in industries, retails, libraries etc. bar code helps to provide complete details of the product within negligible time.
This creative and informative presentation gives a great gist about the bare codes, types of bar codes, bar code readers and its type. Also for better understanding, there has been provided the ways to decode it for a leman. This presentation also gives an idea about the advantages and disadvantages as well as it applications in different fields. This is well designed presentation for who are aiming for engineering.
International Barcodes Knowledge You Should UnderstandBarcode Live
A shop often needs individual barcodes. If not, you may get stuck. Similarly, international barcodes are vital in global distribution. Know more about it here.
Read more: https://barcodelive.org/international-barcodes
There are many different barcodes to choose from, and that make it impossible to implement a barcoding solution. In our latest series we are discussing everything that you need to know about barcoding solutions.
Regulatory aspect of barcode technology ( Introduction, FDA rule, Benefits of barcode, terminology, Symbologies, Types of barcode, Pharmacode, Applications of barcode, Types of barcode readers,Pharmaceutical)
A slide that contains complete information about barcodes.
Topics Covered:-
Introduction
Barcode Types and Uses
Bar-coding terminology
Barcode scanners
Advantages
Conclusion
FactsERP is tailor-made ERP Software Solution, our fully customizable ERP software is developed in Dubai to meet exact requirements of UAE market. Facts is the best software development company in the Middle East which provides ERP solution, HR & Payroll software since 18+ years.
FactsHCM is the only software application that unifies HR, Payroll, and talent management into a single system-of-record. Embedded analytics manager delivers user experience unlike any other enterprise application here in Dubai. FactsSHARP redefines the management of a global, mobile and diverse workforce.
FACTS Computer Software House LLC was founded in 2002 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It has grown to become a world-leading provider of ERP, HR & Payroll, Integrated Business Management Software’s, Warehouse Management Software, ecommerce Software Solutions.
Facts ERP is tailor-made ERP Software Solution, our fully customizable ERP software is developed in Dubai to meet exact requirements of UAE market. Facts is the best software development company in the Middle East which provides ERP solution, HR & Payroll software since 15+ years.
FactsHCM(Human Capital Management) is a robust platform for the most challenging HR requirement of organizations regardless of the size(bib to small) and type.
Facts HCM has proven record of accomplishment in HR and Payroll needs that spans global companies.
FACTS Computer Software House LLC was founded in 2002 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It has grown to become a world-leading provider of ERP, HR & Payroll, Integrated Business Management Software’s, Warehouse Management Software, ecommerce Software Solutions.
To overcome the challenges of today’s modern business, we have developed FACTSeBiz Suite, the first affordable application to combine the most commonly used eBusiness functions into one integrated application. With FACTSeBiz Suite, the Internet is integrated into the DNA of your business, opening new opportunities for growth and efficiency.
Facts ERP is tailor-made ERP Software Solution, our fully customizable ERP software is developed in Dubai to meet exact requirements of UAE market. Facts is the best software development company in the Middle East which provides ERP solution, HR & Payroll software since 14 years.
Web clustering Engines are emerging trend in the field of data retrieval. They organize search results by topic, thus providing a complementary view to the flat ranked list returned by the standard search engines.
FactseBiz is a virtual web ecommerce application to combine the most commonly used eBusiness functions and modules into one affordable integrated software application
BI software to work closely with FactsBMS/ FactsERP from multiple databases, archived and live.Prepare for massive data collected in our BMS/ ERP systems.
Responsive Web design is the approach that suggests that the design and development should respond to the user’s behavior and environment based on screen size, platform and orientation.
Our portfolio of offerings include world class software solutions in ERP , HR & Payroll , e- Commerce , Integrated Business Management solutions and many more customized software solutions along with Software Development and Project Management.
Business Intelligence basically represents the tools and systems that play a key role in the strategic planning process of the corporation. These systems allow a company to gather, store, access and analyze corporate data to aid in decision-making.
FactseBiz is a virtual web ecommerce application to combine the most commonly used eBusiness functions and modules into one affordable integrated software application. With FactseBiz, the internet is integrated into the DNA of your business.
Cyaniclab : Software Development Agency Portfolio.pdfCyanic lab
CyanicLab, an offshore custom software development company based in Sweden,India, Finland, is your go-to partner for startup development and innovative web design solutions. Our expert team specializes in crafting cutting-edge software tailored to meet the unique needs of startups and established enterprises alike. From conceptualization to execution, we offer comprehensive services including web and mobile app development, UI/UX design, and ongoing software maintenance. Ready to elevate your business? Contact CyanicLab today and let us propel your vision to success with our top-notch IT solutions.
TROUBLESHOOTING 9 TYPES OF OUTOFMEMORYERRORTier1 app
Even though at surface level ‘java.lang.OutOfMemoryError’ appears as one single error; underlyingly there are 9 types of OutOfMemoryError. Each type of OutOfMemoryError has different causes, diagnosis approaches and solutions. This session equips you with the knowledge, tools, and techniques needed to troubleshoot and conquer OutOfMemoryError in all its forms, ensuring smoother, more efficient Java applications.
Strategies for Successful Data Migration Tools.pptxvarshanayak241
Data migration is a complex but essential task for organizations aiming to modernize their IT infrastructure and leverage new technologies. By understanding common challenges and implementing these strategies, businesses can achieve a successful migration with minimal disruption. Data Migration Tool like Ask On Data play a pivotal role in this journey, offering features that streamline the process, ensure data integrity, and maintain security. With the right approach and tools, organizations can turn the challenge of data migration into an opportunity for growth and innovation.
In software engineering, the right architecture is essential for robust, scalable platforms. Wix has undergone a pivotal shift from event sourcing to a CRUD-based model for its microservices. This talk will chart the course of this pivotal journey.
Event sourcing, which records state changes as immutable events, provided robust auditing and "time travel" debugging for Wix Stores' microservices. Despite its benefits, the complexity it introduced in state management slowed development. Wix responded by adopting a simpler, unified CRUD model. This talk will explore the challenges of event sourcing and the advantages of Wix's new "CRUD on steroids" approach, which streamlines API integration and domain event management while preserving data integrity and system resilience.
Participants will gain valuable insights into Wix's strategies for ensuring atomicity in database updates and event production, as well as caching, materialization, and performance optimization techniques within a distributed system.
Join us to discover how Wix has mastered the art of balancing simplicity and extensibility, and learn how the re-adoption of the modest CRUD has turbocharged their development velocity, resilience, and scalability in a high-growth environment.
Why React Native as a Strategic Advantage for Startup Innovation.pdfayushiqss
Do you know that React Native is being increasingly adopted by startups as well as big companies in the mobile app development industry? Big names like Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest have already integrated this robust open-source framework.
In fact, according to a report by Statista, the number of React Native developers has been steadily increasing over the years, reaching an estimated 1.9 million by the end of 2024. This means that the demand for this framework in the job market has been growing making it a valuable skill.
But what makes React Native so popular for mobile application development? It offers excellent cross-platform capabilities among other benefits. This way, with React Native, developers can write code once and run it on both iOS and Android devices thus saving time and resources leading to shorter development cycles hence faster time-to-market for your app.
Let’s take the example of a startup, which wanted to release their app on both iOS and Android at once. Through the use of React Native they managed to create an app and bring it into the market within a very short period. This helped them gain an advantage over their competitors because they had access to a large user base who were able to generate revenue quickly for them.
In 2015, I used to write extensions for Joomla, WordPress, phpBB3, etc and I ...Juraj Vysvader
In 2015, I used to write extensions for Joomla, WordPress, phpBB3, etc and I didn't get rich from it but it did have 63K downloads (powered possible tens of thousands of websites).
Modern design is crucial in today's digital environment, and this is especially true for SharePoint intranets. The design of these digital hubs is critical to user engagement and productivity enhancement. They are the cornerstone of internal collaboration and interaction within enterprises.
How Recreation Management Software Can Streamline Your Operations.pptxwottaspaceseo
Recreation management software streamlines operations by automating key tasks such as scheduling, registration, and payment processing, reducing manual workload and errors. It provides centralized management of facilities, classes, and events, ensuring efficient resource allocation and facility usage. The software offers user-friendly online portals for easy access to bookings and program information, enhancing customer experience. Real-time reporting and data analytics deliver insights into attendance and preferences, aiding in strategic decision-making. Additionally, effective communication tools keep participants and staff informed with timely updates. Overall, recreation management software enhances efficiency, improves service delivery, and boosts customer satisfaction.
Your Digital Assistant.
Making complex approach simple. Straightforward process saves time. No more waiting to connect with people that matter to you. Safety first is not a cliché - Securely protect information in cloud storage to prevent any third party from accessing data.
Would you rather make your visitors feel burdened by making them wait? Or choose VizMan for a stress-free experience? VizMan is an automated visitor management system that works for any industries not limited to factories, societies, government institutes, and warehouses. A new age contactless way of logging information of visitors, employees, packages, and vehicles. VizMan is a digital logbook so it deters unnecessary use of paper or space since there is no requirement of bundles of registers that is left to collect dust in a corner of a room. Visitor’s essential details, helps in scheduling meetings for visitors and employees, and assists in supervising the attendance of the employees. With VizMan, visitors don’t need to wait for hours in long queues. VizMan handles visitors with the value they deserve because we know time is important to you.
Feasible Features
One Subscription, Four Modules – Admin, Employee, Receptionist, and Gatekeeper ensures confidentiality and prevents data from being manipulated
User Friendly – can be easily used on Android, iOS, and Web Interface
Multiple Accessibility – Log in through any device from any place at any time
One app for all industries – a Visitor Management System that works for any organisation.
Stress-free Sign-up
Visitor is registered and checked-in by the Receptionist
Host gets a notification, where they opt to Approve the meeting
Host notifies the Receptionist of the end of the meeting
Visitor is checked-out by the Receptionist
Host enters notes and remarks of the meeting
Customizable Components
Scheduling Meetings – Host can invite visitors for meetings and also approve, reject and reschedule meetings
Single/Bulk invites – Invitations can be sent individually to a visitor or collectively to many visitors
VIP Visitors – Additional security of data for VIP visitors to avoid misuse of information
Courier Management – Keeps a check on deliveries like commodities being delivered in and out of establishments
Alerts & Notifications – Get notified on SMS, email, and application
Parking Management – Manage availability of parking space
Individual log-in – Every user has their own log-in id
Visitor/Meeting Analytics – Evaluate notes and remarks of the meeting stored in the system
Visitor Management System is a secure and user friendly database manager that records, filters, tracks the visitors to your organization.
"Secure Your Premises with VizMan (VMS) – Get It Now"
Check out the webinar slides to learn more about how XfilesPro transforms Salesforce document management by leveraging its world-class applications. For more details, please connect with sales@xfilespro.com
If you want to watch the on-demand webinar, please click here: https://www.xfilespro.com/webinars/salesforce-document-management-2-0-smarter-faster-better/
Field Employee Tracking System| MiTrack App| Best Employee Tracking Solution|...informapgpstrackings
Keep tabs on your field staff effortlessly with Informap Technology Centre LLC. Real-time tracking, task assignment, and smart features for efficient management. Request a live demo today!
For more details, visit us : https://informapuae.com/field-staff-tracking/
How to Position Your Globus Data Portal for Success Ten Good PracticesGlobus
Science gateways allow science and engineering communities to access shared data, software, computing services, and instruments. Science gateways have gained a lot of traction in the last twenty years, as evidenced by projects such as the Science Gateways Community Institute (SGCI) and the Center of Excellence on Science Gateways (SGX3) in the US, The Australian Research Data Commons (ARDC) and its platforms in Australia, and the projects around Virtual Research Environments in Europe. A few mature frameworks have evolved with their different strengths and foci and have been taken up by a larger community such as the Globus Data Portal, Hubzero, Tapis, and Galaxy. However, even when gateways are built on successful frameworks, they continue to face the challenges of ongoing maintenance costs and how to meet the ever-expanding needs of the community they serve with enhanced features. It is not uncommon that gateways with compelling use cases are nonetheless unable to get past the prototype phase and become a full production service, or if they do, they don't survive more than a couple of years. While there is no guaranteed pathway to success, it seems likely that for any gateway there is a need for a strong community and/or solid funding streams to create and sustain its success. With over twenty years of examples to draw from, this presentation goes into detail for ten factors common to successful and enduring gateways that effectively serve as best practices for any new or developing gateway.
Experience our free, in-depth three-part Tendenci Platform Corporate Membership Management workshop series! In Session 1 on May 14th, 2024, we began with an Introduction and Setup, mastering the configuration of your Corporate Membership Module settings to establish membership types, applications, and more. Then, on May 16th, 2024, in Session 2, we focused on binding individual members to a Corporate Membership and Corporate Reps, teaching you how to add individual members and assign Corporate Representatives to manage dues, renewals, and associated members. Finally, on May 28th, 2024, in Session 3, we covered questions and concerns, addressing any queries or issues you may have.
For more Tendenci AMS events, check out www.tendenci.com/events
OpenFOAM solver for Helmholtz equation, helmholtzFoam / helmholtzBubbleFoamtakuyayamamoto1800
In this slide, we show the simulation example and the way to compile this solver.
In this solver, the Helmholtz equation can be solved by helmholtzFoam. Also, the Helmholtz equation with uniformly dispersed bubbles can be simulated by helmholtzBubbleFoam.
A Comprehensive Look at Generative AI in Retail App Testing.pdfkalichargn70th171
Traditional software testing methods are being challenged in retail, where customer expectations and technological advancements continually shape the landscape. Enter generative AI—a transformative subset of artificial intelligence technologies poised to revolutionize software testing.
Prosigns: Transforming Business with Tailored Technology SolutionsProsigns
Unlocking Business Potential: Tailored Technology Solutions by Prosigns
Discover how Prosigns, a leading technology solutions provider, partners with businesses to drive innovation and success. Our presentation showcases our comprehensive range of services, including custom software development, web and mobile app development, AI & ML solutions, blockchain integration, DevOps services, and Microsoft Dynamics 365 support.
Custom Software Development: Prosigns specializes in creating bespoke software solutions that cater to your unique business needs. Our team of experts works closely with you to understand your requirements and deliver tailor-made software that enhances efficiency and drives growth.
Web and Mobile App Development: From responsive websites to intuitive mobile applications, Prosigns develops cutting-edge solutions that engage users and deliver seamless experiences across devices.
AI & ML Solutions: Harnessing the power of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Prosigns provides smart solutions that automate processes, provide valuable insights, and drive informed decision-making.
Blockchain Integration: Prosigns offers comprehensive blockchain solutions, including development, integration, and consulting services, enabling businesses to leverage blockchain technology for enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency.
DevOps Services: Prosigns' DevOps services streamline development and operations processes, ensuring faster and more reliable software delivery through automation and continuous integration.
Microsoft Dynamics 365 Support: Prosigns provides comprehensive support and maintenance services for Microsoft Dynamics 365, ensuring your system is always up-to-date, secure, and running smoothly.
Learn how our collaborative approach and dedication to excellence help businesses achieve their goals and stay ahead in today's digital landscape. From concept to deployment, Prosigns is your trusted partner for transforming ideas into reality and unlocking the full potential of your business.
Join us on a journey of innovation and growth. Let's partner for success with Prosigns.
Accelerate Enterprise Software Engineering with PlatformlessWSO2
Key takeaways:
Challenges of building platforms and the benefits of platformless.
Key principles of platformless, including API-first, cloud-native middleware, platform engineering, and developer experience.
How Choreo enables the platformless experience.
How key concepts like application architecture, domain-driven design, zero trust, and cell-based architecture are inherently a part of Choreo.
Demo of an end-to-end app built and deployed on Choreo.
2. Definition
A barcode is an optical, machine-readable, representation of data; the data
usually describes something about the object that carries the barcode.
Barcodes systematically represented data by varying the widths and spacing
of parallel lines , referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D). Later two-
dimensional (2D) codes were developed, using rectangles, dots, hexagons and
other geometric patterns, and it is usually called barcodes although they do
not use bars as such. Barcodes originally were scanned by special optical
scanners called barcode readers. Later applications software became
available for devices that could read images, such as smartphones with
cameras.
3. Who Invented Barcode ? (History of Barcodes)
Modern bar code began in 1948. Bernard Silver, a graduate student at Drexel
Institute of Technology in Philadelphia. A local food chain store owner had
made an inquiry to the Drexel Institute asking about research into a method
of automatically reading product information during checkout. Silver told his
friend Norman Joseph Woodland about the food chain president's request.
The problem fascinated Woodland and he began to work on the problem.
Woodland's first idea was to use ultraviolet light sensitive ink. The team built
a working prototype but decided that the system was too unstable and
expensive.
4. On October 20, 1949, Woodland and Silver filed their patent application for the
"Classifying Apparatus and Method", describing their invention as "article
classification...through the medium of identifying patterns".
The first patent for a bar code type product (US Patent #2,612,994) was issued to
inventors Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver on October 7, 1952. The Woodland
and Silver bar code can be described as a "bull's eye" symbol, made up of a series of
concentric circles
Norman Joseph Woodland
Born September 6, 1921
Atlantic City, New Jersey
Died December 9, 2012 (aged 91)
Edgewater, Jersey
5. Bar code was first used commercially in 1966, however, it was soon realized that there
would have to be some sort of industry standard set. By 1970, the Universal Grocery
Products Identification Code or UGPIC was written by a company called Logicon Inc.
The first company to produce bar code equipment for retail trade use (using UGPIC)
was the American company Monarch Marking in 1970, and for industrial use, the
British company Plessey Telecommunications was also first in 1970. UGPIC evolved
into the U.P.C. symbol set or Universal Product Code, which is still used in the United
States. George J. Laurer is considered the inventor of U.P.C. or Uniform Product Code,
which was invented in 1973.
Bar Code - Commercial Use
6. In June of 1974, the first U.P.C. scanner was installed at a Marsh's supermarket in Troy,
Ohio. On June 26, 1974, the first product with a bar code was scanned at a check-out
counter. It was a 10-pack of Wrigley's Juicy Fruit chewing gum. The pack of gum wasn't
specially designated to be the first scanned product. It just happened to be the first item
lifted from the cart by a shopper whose name is long since lost to history. Today, the
pack of gum is on display at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American
History.
A 10-pack of Wrigley Juicy Fruit gum was the first item scanned for its UPC in a grocery store 40 years ago in 1974.
7. If you look at a barcode, you probably can't make head or tail of it: you don't know
where one number ends and another one begins. But it's simple really. Each digit in the
product number is given the same amount of horizontal space: exactly 7 units. Then, to
represent any of the numbers from zero through nine, we simply color those seven units
with a different pattern of black and white stripes. Thus, the number one is represented
by coloring in two white stripes, two black stripes, two white stripes, and one black
stripe, while the number two is represented by two white stripes, one black stripe, two
white stripes, and two final black stripes
How barcodes represent the numbers 0-9
8. How do barcodes work?
All Barcodes look similar - at least when viewed from distance. They have the same
alternating black and white lines. There are 95 columns evenly spaced. Some columns
appear thicker when a group of columns are of same color, both black and white. See
the top of the barcode below.
when the laser light falls on this set of parallel lines the white lines reflect most of the
light while black lines don't. Now a computer can understand only two numbers -
either 0 or 1. So it treats dark lines as 1s and white lines as 0s.
The first line reflects none of the light (or very less light) - Hence assigned the digit 1. The
next line reflects almost all light - hence assigned 0. In the same manner all columns are
assigned the numbers. Total assignations - 95. Note that these numbers are different
from the one actually put below. After this, these 95 numbers are grouped in 15
different sections. 12 of these sections are used for the actual visible numbers and
remaining 3 act as guards - Left Guard, Center Guard and Right Guard. You can see that
in each bar code the left, the right and the center sections are similar.
9. The pattern for the right side is similar except that it has an even number of 1s. This helps
the computer to figure out which side is left/right, in case the product has been turned
upside down! There is one more check for this. All the codes for the left side begin with a
0 while those for the right side begin with a 1, leaving the guards.
10. 1. The very first number decides the type of product - Standard, weighted items,
pharmacy, coupons etc.
2. The next 5 sets of numbers tell who the manufacturer of the product is.
3. The next 5 sets of numbers tell the product code.
4. Finally the final digit is called Modulo check character. It is used for error checking. It is
an important number, and its functioning is explained below.
To get the Modulo check character:
Add all the digits at odd places. There are 11 digits (leaving the Modulo number)
So for the above figure it is
0+6+0+2+1+5 = 14.
Multiply it by 3 to get 42
Now add the even digits: 3 +0+0+9+4 = 16
Add both: 42 + 16 = 58.
Now the modulo check number is obtained by subtracting this from the next higher
multiple of 10. Here 60 - 58 = 2 --> The Modulo number.
This is how the scanner verifies that the code is correct or not.
11. Universal Product Code (UPC)
"UPC" stands for Universal Product Code. UPC bar codes were originally created to
help grocery stores speed up the checkout process and keep better track of inventory,
but the system quickly spread to all other retail products because it was so successful.
UPCs originate with a company called the Uniform Code Council (UCC). A
manufacturer applies to the UCC for permission to enter the UPC system. The
manufacturer pays an annual fee for the privilege. In return, the UCC issues the
manufacturer a six-digit manufacturer identification number and provides guidelines
on how to use it. You can see the manufacturer identification number in any standard
12-digit UPC code. The UPC symbol has two parts:
• The machine-readable bar code
• The human-readable 12-digit UPC number
12. The manufacturer identification number is the first six digits of the UPC number --
639382 in the image above. The next five digits -- 00039 -- are the item number. A
person employed by the manufacturer, called the UPC coordinator, is responsible
for assigning item numbers to products, making sure the same code is not used on
more than one product, retiring codes as products are removed from the product
line, etc. In general, every item the manufacturer sells, as well as every size package
and every repackaging of the item, needs a different item code.
13. The last digit of the UPC code is called a check digit. This digit lets the scanner
determine if it scanned the number correctly or not. Here is how the check digit is
calculated for the other 11 digits, using the code 63938200039 from "The Teenager's
Guide to the Real World" example shown above:
1. Add together the value of all of the digits in odd positions (digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and
11). 6 + 9 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 9 = 32
2. Multiply that number by 3. 32 * 3 = 96
3. Add together the value of all of the digits in even positions (digits 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10).
3 + 3 + 2 + 0 + 3 = 11
4. Add this sum to the value in step 2. 96 + 11 = 107
5. Take the number in Step 4. To create the check digit, determine the number that,
when added to the number in step 4, is a multiple of 10. 107 + 3 = 110 The check
digit is therefore 3.
14. Each time the scanner scans an item, it performs this calculation. If the check digit it
calculates is different from the check digit it reads, the scanner knows that
something went wrong and the item needs to be rescanned.
15. Types of Barcodes
There are many types of barcodes that are used to track products, mail, and people.
Barcodes can be one dimensional or two dimensional. Nearly everyone has
purchased products that have one or more barcodes.
The Universal Product Code(UPC) is a one dimensional or linear barcode that is seen
by more people than any of the other types of barcodes. UPC symbols are required in
the retail industry and in the food service industry. When you purchase an item in a
retail store, you will see a UPC barcode that is printed on the outside of a product, or
a barcode that is printed on a barcode label which is affixed to a product. The UPC
has a fixed length of twelve digits and it uses numbers only.
Industry: Retail
Variations: UPC-A, UPC-E
16. EAN CODE (International Article Number also known as European Article Number,
which technically refers to EAN-13)
are also used to label consumer goods worldwide for point-of-sale scanning, primarily in
Europe. They look very similar to UPC codes, and the main distinction is their
geographical application. While EAN-13 (comprising 13 digits) is the default form factor,
you’ll find EAN-8 (covering 8 digits) barcodes on products where only limited space is
available, like small candies.
Industry: Retail
Variations: EAN-13, EAN-8, JAN-13, ISBN, ISSN
17. Code 39 is a linear barcode that is used for inventory tracking and other coding purposes
in manufacturing and other industries. Code 39 is a variable length code. This code can be
set at a length that fits the specific requirements of any kind of application. Code 39 is an
alphanumeric code that can encode digits zero through nine, upper case letters A through
Z, and a few special characters such as a dollar sign.
Industry: Automotive and Defense
Code 128 is a linear barcode that is used by the shipping and packaging industries. This
code is designed to be very compact. It uses the least amount of space of all of the one
dimensional types of barcodes. Code 128 is perfect for squeezing a lot of information
onto a shipping label. It can be used for alphanumeric or numeric barcodes. It can make
use of one hundred twenty eight ASCII characters.
Industry: Supply Chain
18. The Postal Numerical Encoding Technique barcode, or PostNET, is used by the United
States Postal Service. This linear barcode is used for zip codes that include the
mandatory five digit zip code and the optional four digit extension. PostNET makes it
easier to automate the sorting and delivery of mail.
QR Codes are 2D matrix barcodes with a strong consumer focus, often used in tracking
and marketing such as advertisements, magazines, and business cards. Free to use,
flexible in size, have a high fault tolerance, and have fast readability, though they can’t be
read with a laser scanner. QR codes support four different modes of data: numeric,
alphanumeric, byte/binary, and Kanji. QR code growth began in Japan and use continues
to grow today. They are public domain and free to use.
Industry: Retail, Entertainment and Advertising
19. PDF417 is a two dimensional barcode that is a portable data file which securely stores
large amounts of data. It can encode signatures, fingerprints, and photographs. Some
states use PDF417 barcodes on their driver licenses to encode names, addresses, driving
records, and driver photographs. Airline tickets and some packages also use this barcode.
Industry: Logistics and Government
Data matrix code is a two dimensional barcode that arranges black and white modules in
a square or rectangle.
Variation: Micro-Datamatrix
Industry: Electronics, Retail and Government
20. Aztec code is a two dimensional barcode that is used in a bulls eye pattern on a
square grid. This code is used by airlines for electronic boarding passes. This code is
also used on some railway tickets. Japan has started using an Aztec code stamp to
mark the passports of foreigners who visit Japan.
Industry: Transportation