Brain fingerprinting is a forensic technique that uses electroencephalography (EEG) to determine if specific information is stored in a subject's brain. It works by presenting stimuli related to an event and measuring brain responses. P300 MERMER responses indicate recognition of known information. The technique has been used for counterterrorism, criminal cases, medical research, and evaluating advertising campaigns. It involves investigating a case, interviewing the subject, conducting the brain fingerprinting test, and adjudicating guilt or innocence. The technique detects stored information but not how it was obtained or intent. It cannot be used if the suspect knows all available details or there are no distinguishing probe stimuli.

1. Brain finger printing
By:
Aradhya Kundu

2. Contents
• Introduction
• History
• Technique
• Graphical representation
• ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
• Application
• Phases of application
• Conclusion

3. Introduction
What is Brain finger printing:
– Brain fingerprinting is a forensic science technique
that uses electroencephalography (EEG) to determine
whether specific information is stored in a subject's
brain.
– Relevant words, pictures or sounds are presented to a subject
by a computer in a series with stimuli .
– The brainwave responses measured using a patented headband
equipped with EEG sensors P300-MERMER ("Memory and
Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic
Response")

4. History
• Brain fingerprinting was invented by Lawrence
Farwell
• Farwell's brain fingerprinting originally used the P300
brain response to detect the recognition of the
known information.
• Later, Farwell discovered the P300-MERMER, which
extends the basic P300 and is reported to provide
greater accuracy and statistical confidence .

5. Technique
• measurements are recorded in fractions of a second
after the stimulus is presented, before the subject is
able to formulate or control a response
• Brain responses were recorded from the midline
frontal, central, and parietal scalp locations, referenced
to linked mastoids (behind the ear), and from a
location on the forehead to track eye movements
• At the end of each test, subjects were given a written
list of all stimulus items and asked to mark each item
as noteworthy, somewhat noteworthy, or irrelevant –
those marked were thrown out

6. Graphical representation
Information is absent Information is present

7. Graphical representation

8. Graphical representation

9. Technique
Types of stimuli used:
• 1) "irrelevant" stimuli that are irrelevant to the
investigated situation and to the test subject,
• 2) "target" stimuli that are relevant to the
investigated situation and are known to the
subject, and
• 3) "probe" stimuli that are relevant to the
investigated situation which the subject
denies knowledge of

10. Electroencephalography
• Electroencephalography (EEG) is the
measurement of electrical activity produced
by the brain as recorded from electrodes
placed on the scalp.
• Scalp EEG activity oscillates at multiple
frequencies having different characteristic
spatial distributions associated with different
states of brain functioning such as waking and
sleeping.

11. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
• These oscillations represent synchronized activity
over a network of neurons.
• The neuronal networks underlying some of these
oscillations are understood while many others are
not.
• The recording is obtained by placing electrodes
on the scalp. Each electrode is connected to one
input of a differential amplifier and a common
system reference electrode is connected to the
other input of each differential amplifier.

12. Electroencephalography
• These amplifiers amplify the voltage between the
active electrode and the.
• A typical adult human EEG signal is about 10μV to
100 μV in amplitude when measured from the
scalp and is about 10–20 mV when measured
from subdural electrodes.
• In digital EEG systems, the amplified signal is
digitized via an analog-to-digital converter, after
being passed through an anti-aliasing filter.

13. Electroencephalography

14. Application
• COUNTER TERRORISM:
1: Aid in determining who has participated in terrorist acts,
directly or indirectly.
2: Aid in identifying trained terrorists with the potential to
commit future terrorist acts, even if they are in a “sleeper”
cell and have not been active for years.
3: Help to identify people who have knowledge or training in
banking, finance or communications and who are
associated with terrorist teams and acts.
4: Help to determine if an individual is in a leadership role
within a terrorist organization.

15. Application
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE: The key difference between a guilty party
and an innocent suspect is that the perpetrator of the crime
has a record of the crime stored in their brain, and the
innocent suspect does not. Until the invention of Brain
Fingerprinting testing, there was no scientifically valid way to
detect this fundamental difference.
• MEDICAL FIELD: Brain Fingerprinting is the patented
technology that can measure objectively, for the first time,
how memory and cognitive functioning of Alzheimer sufferers
are affected by medications.

16. Application
• OTHER APPLICATIONS:
• In advertising, Brain Fingerprinting Laboratories will offer
significant advances in measuring campaign and media
effectiveness. Most advertising programs today are evaluated
subjectively using focus groups. We will be able to offer
significantly more advanced, scientific methods to help determine
the effectiveness of campaigns and be very cost competitive with
current methodologies. This technology will be able to help
determine what information is actually retained in memory by
individuals. For example, in a branding campaign do people
remember the brand, the product, etc. and how do the results vary
with demographics? We will also be able to measure the
comparative effectiveness of multiple media types.
• In the insurance industry, Brain Fingerprinting Laboratories will be
able to help reduce the incidence of insurance fraud by determining
if an individual has knowledge of fraudulent or criminal acts. The
same type of testing can help to determine if an individual has
specific knowledge related to computer crimes where there is
typically no witness or physical evidence.

17. Phases of application
• Investigation: The first phase in applying Brain Fingerprinting
testing in a criminal case is an investigation of the crime.
Before a Brain Fingerprinting test can be applied, an
investigation must be undertaken to discover information that
can be used in the test.
• Interview of Subject: Once evidence has been accumulated
through investigation, and before the Brain Fingerprinting test
is conducted to determine if the evidence can be linked to the
suspect, it can in some cases be very valuable to obtain the
suspect‟s account of the situation.

18. Phases of application
• Scientific Testing with Brain Fingerprinting: It is in the Brain
Fingerprinting test where science contributes to the process.
Brain Fingerprinting determines scientifically whether or not
specific information is stored in a specific person’s brain.
• Adjudication of Guilt or Innocence: The final step in the
application of Brain Fingerprinting in legal proceedings is the
adjudication of guilt or innocence. This is entirely outside the
realm of science. The adjudication of guilt or innocence is the
exclusive domain of the judge and jury.

19. Limitations
• Brain fingerprinting detects information-processing brain responses that
reveal what information is stored in the subject’s brain. It does not detect
how that information got there.
• Another case where brain fingerprinting is not applicable would be one
wherein a suspect and an alleged victim – say, of an alleged sexual assault
–agree on the details of what was said and done, but disagree on the
intent of the parties. Brain fingerprinting detects only information, and not
intent
• In a case where the suspect knows everything that the investigators know
because he has been exposed to all available information in a previous
trial, there is no available information with which to construct probe
stimuli, so a test cannot be conducted

20. Conclusion
• Brain Fingerprinting is a revolutionary new
scientific technology for solving crimes,
identifying perpetrators, and exonerating
innocent suspects, with a record of 100%
accuracy in research with US government
agencies, actual criminal cases, and other
applications. The technology fulfills an urgent
need for governments, law enforcement
agencies, corporations, investigators, crime
victims, and falsely accused, innocent suspects.

21. Thank you
Any questions???