The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
It Contains Pathogenesis of viral diseases like AIDS, Hepatitis, Influenza and Rabies.
It contains detail pathogenesis with various verified sources.
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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug equipment.
Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. It is common in all parts of the world. Most people recover without treatment.
Influenza spreads easily between people when they cough or sneeze. Vaccination is the best way to prevent the disease.
Symptoms of influenza include acute onset of fever, cough, sore throat, body aches and fatigue.
Treatment should aim to relieve symptoms. People with the flu should rest and drink plenty of liquids. Most people will recover on their own within a week. Medical care may be needed in severe cases and for people with risk factors.
There are 4 types of influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease.
Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the proteins on the surface of the virus. Currently circulating in humans are subtype A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. The A(H1N1) is also written as A(H1N1)pdm09 as it caused the pandemic in 2009 and replaced the previous A(H1N1) virus which had circulated prior to 2009. Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics.
Influenza B viruses are not classified into subtypes but can be broken down into lineages. Influenza type B viruses belong to either B/Yamagata or B/Victoria lineage.
Influenza C virus is detected less frequently and usually causes mild infections, thus does not present public health importance.
Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people.
What is HIV? How an HIV infections advances to AIDS? What is AIDS? What are the medicine to stop HIV replication? What are the diagnostic tests? What are the medical managements for AIDS? What are the categories of HIV infection? Symptoms of HIV infection? What should be the nurse care plan for an AIDS patient? How can people prevent HIV infection? All these questions are answered in this presentation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. FUN FACT#
• Did you know that worlds AIDS DAY is on 1 st
December ?
3. The first reported case of HIV was in 1981.. The syndrome was
characterized by a predisposition to opportunistic infections, it
was suspected that AIDS was caused by a previously unknown
virus, as it spreads thought contact with bodily fluids, and in
1983 HIV 1 was isolated
There are two closely related HIVs ;
HIV-1, HIV-2 the later which is less virulent. They majority of
cases is found in HIV-1, HIV-2 is predominantly found in west
Africa. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2, have their origin from non
human primate. Based on similarities in sequence with SIMIAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY virus. HIV is likely to be the
evolutionary product of closely related SIVs that crossed from
nonhuman to human in the early twenties
‘the leading hypothesis is that SIVs were transmitted to humans
through cutaneous or mucosal exposure to infected animal blood
4. ETIOLOGY
RNA virus, family retroviridae, subfamily lentivirus
Proteins: envelope glycoprotein, group specifies ag,
polymerase
The virus is not stable in the environment, temperatures of
52-54 degrees can kill the virus in 20-30 mins , and 100
degrees celsius in 5 minutes
Detergents and antiseptics can also inactivate the virus
6. EPIDEMIOLOGY contd..
HAART drug therapy (HIGHLY Active antretoviral therapy) has
slowed the pandemic in countries with money
2 nucleoside transcriptase inbh+ 1 protease inhb+1 non nucleoside
inhb OR 1 fusion inhb OR 1 integrase inhb
BUT…..
There's is as yet no cure- we cant get get rid of virus from an infected
individual
There is no vaccine- can block primary infection
Cant stop taking antiviral drug- if you stop the virus will return
because they integrate in to the human DNA
Drugs are expensive
AIDS IS a becoming in third world countries
7. HOW IS HIV TRANSMITTED ?
SEXUAL
Transfusion and blood and its products
Vertical (perinatal, intranatal, postnatal)
HIV is transmitted primarily via
unprotected sexual intercourse
(including anal (most dangerous) and
even oral sex), contaminated blood
transfusions, hypodermic needles,
and from mother to child during
pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding.
Some bodily fluids, such as saliva
and tears, do not transmit HIV
But not through respiratory
alimentary, or vector
8. HIV does not usually cause AIDS
immediately and controversy
still remain as to precisely how the virus
damages the immune system and whether
all HIV-1 infected individuals will
necessarily develop disease. Great strides
have been made since the identification of
HIV but much remains a puzzle and a cure
or a vaccine are exclusive
9. PATHOGENESIS
AFTER the virus enter the
• Body------ dendritic cells-------lymph nodes (cd4 tcells)
Gp120 + cd4 receptor
Gp41+ccr5/cxcr4.
• The capsid of the virus are released into the cd4 t cells,
• Rna are converted to dna via reverse transriptase enzyme
• HIV Dna gets into the human dna genome and integrates
it
• The cd4 tcell are begin killed by the cd8 t cells because
they express abnormal protins by the MHC class 1
And over time the cd4 tcells decrease
10.
11. PATHIGENESIS CONTD..
Cytopathic effect:
Fusion of the cd4 t cell so as to prevent it from antibodies
NEF gene:
Down regulates the class 1 molecule, and the cytotoxic t cells (cd8) find it
difficult to kill cd4 t cells
TAT gene: impairs the production of cytokines
HEAVY glycosylation of gp120: hides some epitome( particular spots that
can trigger the immune system to produce antibodies)
12.
13. CLINICAL COURSE
• Incubation period 2 weeks – 10 years
• 1 acute infection: 4-8 weeks
• 2 virus carrier- 4-8 weeks
• AIDS- 1-2 YEARS
14. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
•
Stage of acute infection (ARS): basically characterized by flu like symptoms
( fever, headache…) virus are present antibodies are also present CD8 increase
•
Viral carriage ( asymptomatic): no symptoms CD4:CD8 is decreased. Virus
and antibodies are present
•
Progressive lymphadenopathy (PLA): enlarged lymph nodes in extrainguinal
region >1cm in 2 or more site. CD4 decreases <500ml, CD8 cells increase,
CD4:CD8 decrease
•
AIDS related complex: accompanied by many opportunistic infections MTB,
pneumocystis Caroni, Kaposi sarcoma, CMV, candidiasis, toxoplasmosis,
Cryptococcus CD4 >200ml<500ml
•
AIDS: AIDS related complex + decrease level of CD4 <200ml+ cachexia,
polyneuropathy, dementia etc….
15. DIAGNOSIS
•
ELISA Test — ELISA, which stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is
used to detect HIV infection. If an ELISA test is positive, the Western blot test is
usually administered to confirm the diagnosis. If an ELISA test is negative, but
you think you may have HIV, you should be tested again in one to three months.
•
ELISA is quite sensitive in chronic HIV infection, but because antibodies aren't
produced immediately upon infection, you may test negative during a window of
a few weeks to a few months after being infected. Even though your test result
may be negative during this window, you may have a high level of the virus and
be at risk of transmitting infection.
•
Western Blot — This is a very sensitive blood test used to confirm a positive
ELISA test result.
16. • Saliva Tests — A cotton pad is used to obtain saliva from the inside of
your cheek. The pad is placed in a vial and submitted to a laboratory
for testing. Results are available in three days. Positive results should
be confirmed with a blood test.
• Viral Load Test — This test measures the amount of HIV in your
blood. Generally, it's used to monitor treatment progress or detect
early HIV infection. Three technologies measure HIV viral load in the
blood — reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),
branched DNA (bDNA) and nucleic acid sequence-based
amplification assay (NASBA). The basic principles of these tests are
similar. HIV is detected using DNA sequences that bind specifically
to those in the virus. It is important to note that results may vary
between tests
