Immune response to hiv infection
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Immune Response to HIV
HIV primarily infects CD4+ T-cells, establishing chronic immune activation that allows the virus to thrive. During infection, HIV uses error-prone reverse transcription to establish latent reservoirs within the host. This makes eradication of the virus difficult as it develops escape mutants to evade both humoral immunity through antibody neutralization and cellular immunity from CD8+ T cells. While monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells are less affected numerically, they show functional deficiencies that allow persistence and spread of the infection throughout the immune system.
Immune Response to HIV Infection
This document summarizes the immune response to HIV infection. It discusses how CD4 T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, B-cells, and antigen presenting cells respond to HIV. Cytotoxic T-cells target many HIV proteins but often cannot eliminate the virus due to epitope escape, exhaustion, or suboptimal responses. Antibody responses have difficulty neutralizing HIV due to properties of the gp120 and gp41 envelope proteins. The immune response ultimately fails to clear HIV because the virus can integrate into genes, mutate, and impair antigen presenting cell function.
Immune response during bacterial, parasitic and viral infection.pptx
1) The innate immune response to viruses involves interferon production which stimulates antiviral proteins to block viral replication. Natural killer cells also help destroy infected cells.
2) The adaptive immune response involves humoral immunity with antiviral antibodies that neutralize viruses and prevent infection of cells. Cell-mediated immunity uses cytotoxic T-cells and macrophages to directly kill infected cells.
3) Viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade the immune response, such as reducing MHC expression to avoid detection by T-cells, direct immunosuppression, and antigenic variation for influenza virus.
Immune response to infection by Virus
In this slide explained about body immune response to the viral infection, Types immunity to virus , mechanism of action of immune cells .
Immunological tolerance
This document discusses immunological tolerance and regulatory T cells. It defines tolerance as unresponsiveness to antigen induced by previous exposure. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus through deletion of self-reactive T cells. Peripheral tolerance occurs through several mechanisms in tissues, including regulatory T cells that suppress immune responses. The key transcription factor controlling regulatory T cells is FOXP3. Mutations in FOXP3 can lead to immune dysregulation diseases like IPEX syndrome.
T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
Mechanism of immunoevasion in parasites 2018 06-17
The document summarizes mechanisms of immune evasion in various parasites. It discusses how parasites like malaria, trypanosomes, leishmania, toxoplasma, entamoeba, giardia, schistosomes, trichomonas, and helminths evade the host immune system. Some key strategies parasites use include antigenic disguise, molecular mimicry, immunosuppression through cytokines, inhibiting host immune signaling pathways, disrupting complement pathways, shedding surface antigens, and phenotypic variation. Understanding these immune evasion mechanisms provides insights into host-parasite interactions and disease pathogenesis.
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Immune Response to HIV
HIV primarily infects CD4+ T-cells, establishing chronic immune activation that allows the virus to thrive. During infection, HIV uses error-prone reverse transcription to establish latent reservoirs within the host. This makes eradication of the virus difficult as it develops escape mutants to evade both humoral immunity through antibody neutralization and cellular immunity from CD8+ T cells. While monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells are less affected numerically, they show functional deficiencies that allow persistence and spread of the infection throughout the immune system.
Immune Response to HIV Infection
This document summarizes the immune response to HIV infection. It discusses how CD4 T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, B-cells, and antigen presenting cells respond to HIV. Cytotoxic T-cells target many HIV proteins but often cannot eliminate the virus due to epitope escape, exhaustion, or suboptimal responses. Antibody responses have difficulty neutralizing HIV due to properties of the gp120 and gp41 envelope proteins. The immune response ultimately fails to clear HIV because the virus can integrate into genes, mutate, and impair antigen presenting cell function.
Immune response during bacterial, parasitic and viral infection.pptx
1) The innate immune response to viruses involves interferon production which stimulates antiviral proteins to block viral replication. Natural killer cells also help destroy infected cells.
2) The adaptive immune response involves humoral immunity with antiviral antibodies that neutralize viruses and prevent infection of cells. Cell-mediated immunity uses cytotoxic T-cells and macrophages to directly kill infected cells.
3) Viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade the immune response, such as reducing MHC expression to avoid detection by T-cells, direct immunosuppression, and antigenic variation for influenza virus.
Immune response to infection by Virus
In this slide explained about body immune response to the viral infection, Types immunity to virus , mechanism of action of immune cells .
Immunological tolerance
This document discusses immunological tolerance and regulatory T cells. It defines tolerance as unresponsiveness to antigen induced by previous exposure. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus through deletion of self-reactive T cells. Peripheral tolerance occurs through several mechanisms in tissues, including regulatory T cells that suppress immune responses. The key transcription factor controlling regulatory T cells is FOXP3. Mutations in FOXP3 can lead to immune dysregulation diseases like IPEX syndrome.
T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
Mechanism of immunoevasion in parasites 2018 06-17
The document summarizes mechanisms of immune evasion in various parasites. It discusses how parasites like malaria, trypanosomes, leishmania, toxoplasma, entamoeba, giardia, schistosomes, trichomonas, and helminths evade the host immune system. Some key strategies parasites use include antigenic disguise, molecular mimicry, immunosuppression through cytokines, inhibiting host immune signaling pathways, disrupting complement pathways, shedding surface antigens, and phenotypic variation. Understanding these immune evasion mechanisms provides insights into host-parasite interactions and disease pathogenesis.
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A short presentation on the structure, types and signaling pathways involved in Toll-like receptors. Based on research articles.
AUTOIMMUNITY
This document provides an overview of autoimmune diseases. It discusses how a defect in the immune system can trigger autoimmunity and lists examples of autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The causes of autoimmunity include genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers like infections. Viruses can induce autoimmunity through molecular mimicry or by damaging tissues and exposing new antigens.
Cellular immune response
This document summarizes cellular immune response (CMI) mediated by sensitized T cells. It describes how CMI is induced through antigen presentation and T cell receptor binding, leading to T cell proliferation and differentiation. The two main effector mechanisms of CMI are the release of cytokines like interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor, and the generation of cytotoxic T cells. Cytokines regulate immune cells and have various metabolic and inflammatory effects. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill target cells like virus-infected cells. Tests to detect CMI include skin tests and lymphocyte transformation assays in vitro. CMI plays an important role in immunity against intracellular pathogens and transplants.
Bacterial pathogenesis
The document discusses bacterial pathogenesis and virulence. It describes three main ways bacteria cause disease: 1) invasiveness through mechanisms like adhesion and toxin production, 2) toxigenesis through exotoxins and endotoxins, and 3) evading host immune responses. Specific virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms are discussed for different bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The host barriers bacteria must overcome include phagocytosis, complement activation, and adaptive immune responses; bacteria have evolved strategies to inhibit or subvert these defenses.
5 immune defense against bacterial pathogens
1. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens and includes anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial proteins/peptides.
2. Adaptive immunity develops over time upon exposure to specific pathogens and provides enhanced protection through antibody production and immunological memory.
3. The major categories of innate immunity defenses are anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, microbial antagonism by normal flora, and antimicrobial substances in tissues. Adaptive immunity involves B cells, T cells, and production of antibodies.
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This document summarizes fungal infections and the immune response against fungi. It discusses that fungi are recognized by immune cells through pattern recognition receptors which activate downstream responses like phagocytosis and adaptive immunity like Th1 and Th17 cells. However, fungi have developed mechanisms to evade the immune system like modifying their cell wall to avoid detection and utilizing host nutrients like iron. An effective vaccine is still needed as current antifungal drugs are only partially successful in treating invasive fungal infections.
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Aids an other immunodeficiencies.....
Primary immunodeficiencies are present at birth and can affect adaptive or innate immune functions. The most common secondary immunodeficiency is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). HIV-1 infects and kills CD4+ T cells, eventually leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. While antiretroviral drugs can suppress HIV-1 and prolong life, developing an effective vaccine remains the best option to prevent the spread of AIDS.
Cytokines
Cytokines are low molecular weight polypeptides or glycoproteins that are secreted by cells and have various functions including mediating and regulating immune responses and inflammatory reactions. Cytokines are produced by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, glial cells and other cells. They act through autocrine, paracrine or endocrine mechanisms and initiate their actions by binding to specific membrane receptors. Cytokines have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic and antagonistic effects and form a cytokine network. The major classes of cytokines include interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, interferons, colony stimulating factors, transforming growth factors and chemokines. Cytokines play important roles in various diseases and their therapeutic uses include treatment
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The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in a given organism. Immune tolerance is important for normal physiology. Central tolerance is the main way the immune system learns to discriminate self from non-self. Peripheral tolerance is key to preventing over-reactivity of the immune system to various environmental entities (allergens, gut microbes, etc.).
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Theory of immune surveillance
The document discusses the theory of immune surveillance, which proposes that the immune system patrols the body to recognize and destroy both invading pathogens and abnormal host cells, such as cancer cells. It provides evidence from experiments in mice and clinical observations in humans that support this theory. The key components of immune surveillance systems that eliminate cancer cells are natural killer cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, B-cells and macrophages. The process by which cancer cells can evade immune destruction is called immunoediting, which occurs through three sequential phases - elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Tolerance & autoimmunity
1. Immune tolerance occurs when the immune system fails to respond to an antigen it has previously been exposed to, resulting in non-reactivity to that antigen. Tolerance is important for avoiding autoimmune reactions to self-antigens.
2. Tolerance can occur through several mechanisms, including clonal deletion of autoreactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow, clonal anergy of autoreactive cells, ignorance of sequestered self-antigens, and receptor editing of B cells.
3. Autoimmunity results from a loss of self-tolerance and an immune response against self-components. It can be organ-specific or systemic. Causes of autoimmunity
Adaptive immunity
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T-cell activation
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
immunology chapter 9 : activation of T lymphocytes
1. T lymphocyte activation involves recognition of antigen peptides presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells. This provides an initial activation signal that is enhanced by costimulatory molecules like B7 and CD28.
2. Upon activation, naive T cells proliferate extensively through clonal expansion, increasing the number of antigen-specific T cells by 100,000-fold. They also differentiate into effector T cell subsets.
3. The main effector T cell subsets are TH1 and TH2 cells, distinguished by their cytokine production. TH1 cells produce IFNγ and activate macrophages, while TH2 cells produce IL-4 and stimulate antibody class switching and eosinophil responses.
T Cell and its differentiation
T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature and develop in the thymus gland, where they are selected and educated to recognize the body's own cells and mount immune responses against foreign threats. T-cells recognize antigens presented on other cells through molecules of the major histocompatibility complex and are activated through a process that involves antigen presentation, costimulatory signals, and cytokine communication.
Immunosurveillance,
This document discusses immunosurveillance and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. It explains that the immune system normally surveils and destroys mutated cells to prevent tumor development, but tumors can evade this response through various mechanisms such as antigen shedding or fast proliferation. Immunotherapy aims to boost the immune system's ability to fight cancer, for example through monoclonal antibodies, non-specific stimulants, cancer vaccines, or T-cell therapies.
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Immunology of tuberculosis
The document discusses the immunology of tuberculosis. It covers the stages of pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis infection, the host immune response including innate and acquired immunity, and the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators involved in tuberculosis. The key points are:
1) M. tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen that infects the lungs and can spread to other organs. The host immune response involves phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages and recruitment of other immune cells.
2) Both the innate and acquired immune responses are involved in the host defense against M. tuberculosis. Important components include neutrophils, NK cells, TLR signaling, and the cell-mediated immune response involving CD4 and CD8 T cells.
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Cellular immune response
This document summarizes cellular immune response (CMI) mediated by sensitized T cells. It describes how CMI is induced through antigen presentation and T cell receptor binding, leading to T cell proliferation and differentiation. The two main effector mechanisms of CMI are the release of cytokines like interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor, and the generation of cytotoxic T cells. Cytokines regulate immune cells and have various metabolic and inflammatory effects. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill target cells like virus-infected cells. Tests to detect CMI include skin tests and lymphocyte transformation assays in vitro. CMI plays an important role in immunity against intracellular pathogens and transplants.
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The document discusses bacterial pathogenesis and virulence. It describes three main ways bacteria cause disease: 1) invasiveness through mechanisms like adhesion and toxin production, 2) toxigenesis through exotoxins and endotoxins, and 3) evading host immune responses. Specific virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms are discussed for different bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The host barriers bacteria must overcome include phagocytosis, complement activation, and adaptive immune responses; bacteria have evolved strategies to inhibit or subvert these defenses.
5 immune defense against bacterial pathogens
1. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens and includes anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial proteins/peptides.
2. Adaptive immunity develops over time upon exposure to specific pathogens and provides enhanced protection through antibody production and immunological memory.
3. The major categories of innate immunity defenses are anatomical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, microbial antagonism by normal flora, and antimicrobial substances in tissues. Adaptive immunity involves B cells, T cells, and production of antibodies.
Immune response to fungal infection
This document summarizes fungal infections and the immune response against fungi. It discusses that fungi are recognized by immune cells through pattern recognition receptors which activate downstream responses like phagocytosis and adaptive immunity like Th1 and Th17 cells. However, fungi have developed mechanisms to evade the immune system like modifying their cell wall to avoid detection and utilizing host nutrients like iron. An effective vaccine is still needed as current antifungal drugs are only partially successful in treating invasive fungal infections.
Autoimmunity and Tolerance
The document discusses immunological tolerance and its breakdown which can lead to autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It explains the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance that normally prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Failure of these tolerance mechanisms can occur through various causes like a breakdown of T cell anergy or loss of regulatory T cells, resulting in an immune response against self-tissues and the development of autoimmune conditions.
Aids an other immunodeficiencies.....
Primary immunodeficiencies are present at birth and can affect adaptive or innate immune functions. The most common secondary immunodeficiency is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). HIV-1 infects and kills CD4+ T cells, eventually leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. While antiretroviral drugs can suppress HIV-1 and prolong life, developing an effective vaccine remains the best option to prevent the spread of AIDS.
Cytokines
Cytokines are low molecular weight polypeptides or glycoproteins that are secreted by cells and have various functions including mediating and regulating immune responses and inflammatory reactions. Cytokines are produced by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, glial cells and other cells. They act through autocrine, paracrine or endocrine mechanisms and initiate their actions by binding to specific membrane receptors. Cytokines have pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic and antagonistic effects and form a cytokine network. The major classes of cytokines include interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, interferons, colony stimulating factors, transforming growth factors and chemokines. Cytokines play important roles in various diseases and their therapeutic uses include treatment
Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in a given organism. Immune tolerance is important for normal physiology. Central tolerance is the main way the immune system learns to discriminate self from non-self. Peripheral tolerance is key to preventing over-reactivity of the immune system to various environmental entities (allergens, gut microbes, etc.).
Immunity to fungal infection
This document summarizes immunity to fungal infections. It discusses that fungi are diverse organisms that can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense through physical barriers and immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages. Adaptive immunity involves both humoral responses and cell-mediated responses through T cells. Dendritic cells link the innate and adaptive responses by phagocytosing fungi and presenting antigens to T cells. Cytokines released by immune cells control the Th1/Th2 response. Fungi have developed mechanisms to evade the immune response. Vaccines against some dermatophytic fungi have been developed.
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This document discusses tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy. It provides information on tumor antigens, how tumors stimulate an immune response, and mechanisms tumors use to evade the immune system. The document also outlines several approaches to cancer immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and adoptive cell therapy. A brief history of cancer immunotherapy is given, noting early experiments in the 1890s using bacterial toxins to treat tumors and discoveries in the 1960s about antibody receptors and T cells recognizing cancer cells.
Theory of immune surveillance
The document discusses the theory of immune surveillance, which proposes that the immune system patrols the body to recognize and destroy both invading pathogens and abnormal host cells, such as cancer cells. It provides evidence from experiments in mice and clinical observations in humans that support this theory. The key components of immune surveillance systems that eliminate cancer cells are natural killer cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, B-cells and macrophages. The process by which cancer cells can evade immune destruction is called immunoediting, which occurs through three sequential phases - elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Tolerance & autoimmunity
1. Immune tolerance occurs when the immune system fails to respond to an antigen it has previously been exposed to, resulting in non-reactivity to that antigen. Tolerance is important for avoiding autoimmune reactions to self-antigens.
2. Tolerance can occur through several mechanisms, including clonal deletion of autoreactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow, clonal anergy of autoreactive cells, ignorance of sequestered self-antigens, and receptor editing of B cells.
3. Autoimmunity results from a loss of self-tolerance and an immune response against self-components. It can be organ-specific or systemic. Causes of autoimmunity
Adaptive immunity
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
T-cell activation
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
immunology chapter 9 : activation of T lymphocytes
1. T lymphocyte activation involves recognition of antigen peptides presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells. This provides an initial activation signal that is enhanced by costimulatory molecules like B7 and CD28.
2. Upon activation, naive T cells proliferate extensively through clonal expansion, increasing the number of antigen-specific T cells by 100,000-fold. They also differentiate into effector T cell subsets.
3. The main effector T cell subsets are TH1 and TH2 cells, distinguished by their cytokine production. TH1 cells produce IFNγ and activate macrophages, while TH2 cells produce IL-4 and stimulate antibody class switching and eosinophil responses.
T Cell and its differentiation
T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature and develop in the thymus gland, where they are selected and educated to recognize the body's own cells and mount immune responses against foreign threats. T-cells recognize antigens presented on other cells through molecules of the major histocompatibility complex and are activated through a process that involves antigen presentation, costimulatory signals, and cytokine communication.
Immunosurveillance,
This document discusses immunosurveillance and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. It explains that the immune system normally surveils and destroys mutated cells to prevent tumor development, but tumors can evade this response through various mechanisms such as antigen shedding or fast proliferation. Immunotherapy aims to boost the immune system's ability to fight cancer, for example through monoclonal antibodies, non-specific stimulants, cancer vaccines, or T-cell therapies.
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The document discusses diseases of immunity, including hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. It describes the innate and adaptive immune system, cells involved like T cells, B cells, cytokines, and histocompatibility molecules. Hypersensitivity reactions are classified and immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity is explained, where re-exposure to an antigen leads to rapid allergic reactions mediated by IgE and mast cells.
Diseases Of Immunity
The document discusses diseases of immunity, including hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. It describes the innate and adaptive immune system, cells involved like T cells, B cells, cytokines, and histocompatibility molecules. Hypersensitivity reactions are classified and immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity is explained, where re-exposure to an antigen leads to rapid allergic reactions mediated by IgE and mast cells.
Ch 6 diseases of the immune system part 1
This is a powerpoint presentation on the Topic of Diseases of the immune system, part 1 - Chapter 6, based on Robbin's textbook of pathology. Prepared by Dr. Ashish Jawarkar, who is Assistant professor at Parul institute of medical sciences and research, Vadodara. Please subscribe to our youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwjkzK-YnJ-ra4HMOqq3Fkw . Our facebook page: facebook.com/pathologybasics. Instagram handle @pathologybasics
Neuroimmunology
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including its normal functions, divisions, components, cells, molecules, and regulation. The key points are:
- The immune system protects against pathogens and prevents reinfection through immunological memory. Its divisions are the innate and adaptive systems.
- The innate system provides first response via nonspecific defenses like skin, phagocytes, and natural killer cells. The adaptive system responds antigen-specifically via T and B cells.
- T cells recognize antigen via T cell receptors and MHC molecules and mediate cellular immunity. B cells recognize antigen directly and produce antibodies for humoral immunity.
- Cytokines mediate communication between immune cells, directing immune responses. Regulatory
Immunity 2
The document discusses various aspects of immunity including:
1. There are two types of immune responses - the primary response which is slower and involves IgM, and the secondary response which is faster and involves IgG.
2. Humoral immunity involves antibodies defending against extracellular pathogens and participating in hypersensitivity reactions.
3. The cellular immune response involves antigen processing, T cell activation, cytotoxic T cells attacking infected cells. Helper T cells activate other immune cells.
4. Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks self-antigens, leading to diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. Immunodeficiency diseases impair the immune system's ability to function properly.
Evaluation and importance of innate & adaptive immunity Dr. ihsan edan ab...
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Immunulogy
The document discusses the immune system, including both innate and adaptive immunity. It provides details on the components and functions of the innate immune system, such as physical barriers, white blood cells, and cytokines. Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes and develops a specific response along with memory. The adaptive response includes both humoral immunity carried out by B cells and antibodies, as well as cell-mediated immunity involving T cells. Key aspects covered are antigen presentation, roles of T cell subsets, and the relationship between the humoral and cell-mediated responses.
Immuno1 overview
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including:
1. It differentiates between innate and adaptive immunity and describes cells involved in each.
2. It outlines the properties of adaptive immunity including specificity and memory.
3. It describes the tissues and organs of the immune system including peripheral lymphoid organs and lymphocyte circulation.
Basic immunology
This document provides an overview of basic immunology. It begins with an introduction to immunity, the immune system, and immunology. It then discusses the history of immunology, types of immunity including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the tissues and cells involved in immunity. It covers basic aspects like antigens, antibodies, antigen-antibody reactions, and the complement system. It also discusses major histocompatibility complex, cytokines, immune disorders, and immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis.
Immune response to infectious agents.pptx
This document provides an overview of immune responses to infectious agents. It begins by distinguishing innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity consists of nonspecific defenses like physical barriers and phagocytosis. Adaptive immunity is acquired through antigen exposure and leads to immunological memory. The document then covers specific innate immune cells and molecules like TLRs and the inflammatory response. It discusses adaptive immunity including B and T cells. Finally, it applies these concepts to examples of viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections.
Immunity to infections
This lecture shows the principles, types and properties of immunity and immune response to microbes or infections
Immune response
Describes the basic properties and mechanisms of T cells and B cells in maintaining Immune Response against foreign antigens or infections and covers the UG and PG portion of immunology.
Bailey - Allergy Immunology.pptx
Innate and adaptive immunity work together to defend the body. Innate immunity provides immediate defense through physical barriers and cells that recognize pathogens. Adaptive immunity develops over time and mounts targeted responses through immunoglobulins and T cells with memory. Understanding these systems is fundamental to immunology and its role in disease pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. Key cells involved include macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, T and B cells, which communicate through cytokines, interferons and chemokines to mount inflammatory or specialized immune responses.
everything in Innate adaptive immunity @ujjwal sirohi
a full detailed illustration of INNATE & ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY & its COMPONENTS (NK cells, phagocytosis, APCs, Active & Passive immunity)
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Immune responses in periodontal disease final.pptx
Immune responses in periodontal disease final.pptx
Evaluation and importance of innate & adaptive immunity Dr. ihsan edan ab...
Evaluation and importance of innate & adaptive immunity Dr. ihsan edan ab...
everything in Innate adaptive immunity @ujjwal sirohi
everything in Innate adaptive immunity @ujjwal sirohi
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Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Immune response to hiv infection
- 1. Immune Response to HIV Infection M.Narenkumar, Dept.of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu
- 2. IMMUNITY Adaption to the infective agent Maintain the protective & Immune tolerance Innate immunity TYPES Adaptive immunity
- 3. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Cause secondary immunodeficiency Targets T-cells Causative agent AIDS HIV-1 strain T-helper cells decrease
- 4. Target: CD4+ cells strong affinity g120(coat protein) of HIV-1 • CD4+ & CXCR4 (OR) CCR5=Entry T-cells Monocyte, Macrophage
- 5. INITIAL INTERACTION 1st by Innate immunity- inactivate antigen, induce adaptive immunity Cells involved: • Macrophage • Dendritic cells • NK cells • Graulocytes
- 6. RECOGNITION PRRs-Pattern Recognition Receptors IMMUNE CELLS recognize PAMPs-Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern on PATHOGEN
- 7. TLR TLR- Type 1transmembrane receptors TLR3,TLR 9, TLR 7, TLR 8 SS & DS RNA viral recognition
- 8. PRRs recognition (NF)-kB & IFN regulatory factor 3/7 Signal transduction pathway Proinflammatory response & Antimicrobial response
- 9. NF-kB NF-kB =Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B-cell Transcription factor cytokine production & cell survival Improper function cancer, viral infection,etc., NF-kB cytokine, chemokine, IL-1, IL-18
- 11. IFN-1 Type 1 Interferons are group of interferon proteins Act against viral infection Functions: Inhibit hiv replication Decrease hiv infection in macrophage RNA degradation Viral infected cell apoptosis • INF pDS killer pDS infected cells killed
- 12. Cells involved
- 13. Role of Dendritic cells • Dendritic cells- antigen presenting cells that activates the T-lympocytes produce INF-1 indoleamin(2,3)dioxygenase tryptophan catabolism viral replication inhibited
- 14. Produce inflammatory cytokine & lyse the infected cells Activation receptor: KIR3DS1,NCRs, NKG 2D Recognize MHC-1 Kills the infected cells cDCs IL-12,18 NK cell IFN γ TH1 NK cell DCs CTL response Role of Natural Killer cells
- 15. Role of Macrophage Terminal differentiated, non dividing cells Derived from circulating monocyte Macrophage MHC-11 MHC-1 T-helper cell Tc cells activated activated
- 16. Produce IL-10, IL-27, TGF-beta, MCSF Monocyte to Macrophage differantiation IL-27 anti HIV
- 17. Role of Complement system First-line defender against foreign pathogens Classical pathway involved antibody to envelope C1q activation • No Alternative pathway
- 18. what about lectin pathway?? Lectin pathway occur Need Mannose Binding Lectin(MBL) for recognition But, there is no MBL on HIV. Then, HOW LECTIN PAHWAY occur? Answer: Serum MBL binds on gp120, activates the lectin pathway
- 19. Role of Granulocyte Basophil activated by IgE releases IL-2 Th2 response occur Neutrophil express (PD-L1) Tcell affected negative regulation Eosinophil Eosinophilia occur in HIV patients =? during HIV Th1 response shifted to Th2 response by IL-4, IL-5. so, Eosinophil count increases
- 20. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Host defenses that are mediated by B cells and T cells following exposure to antigen and that exhibit specificity, diversity, memory, and self-non self discrimination 3 responses involved: Neutralizing antibody T-Helper cell response CTL response
- 21. Neutralizing Antibodies Antibodies that bind to pathogen and prevent it from infecting cells Block entry of toxin into cell Target the gp 120 of the HIV viral transmission stopped It block transmission of HIV into fetus Makes HIV as LTNPs- Long Term Non Progressor
- 23. Question HIV changes it’s structure by changing conformation of gp120, glycosylation of envelope protein. If HIV changes it’s structure, how does the ELISA identification possible??? Answer: Non Neutralizing antibodies also produced,. It used in ELISA detection
- 24. T helper cell response T helper cells are type T lymphocytes which recognize MHC11 Produce cytokine that activate immune cells Release IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, TNF –γ It responsible for the inflammation & blocking of HIV replication
- 25. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte Recognize MHC-1 and lyse the infected cells HIV infected cell MHC-1 Expression cell lysed
- 26. Mucosal Immunity
- 27. Mucosal…. is a lining of mostly endodermal origin. It consists epithelium , lamina propria The membranes line present in skin: at the nostrils, the lips of the mouth, the eyelids, the ears the genital area, and the anus. In the female, the glans clitoridis and the clitoral hood, and in the male, the glans penis (the head of the penis) and the inner layer of the foreskin all have a mucous membrane.
- 28. Mucosal Immunity: Innate level Epithelial cells & neutrophils produce antimicrobial peptides Lysozyme, lactoferin, defensin disturb receptors of hiv binding cells HIV entry HIV-1 repelled blocked
- 29. Mucosal Immunity : Adaptive level DCs 1st infected by HIV bind to DC-SIGN move to Lymph node infected cell killed Vagina & cervix CD4+,CD8+ cells destroy infected cell
- 30. Why there is no cure for HIV? It targets T lymphocytes. So all the immune activation stopped. If immune activated, it will kills the T cells, due to of HIV in it. Main hero's of immune cells as MACROPHAGE, WBCs get infected No immunological Memory formed. HIV changes it’s structure.