The system of classification places bacteria under the kingdom prokaryota. It is necessary to draw a comparison between bacteria and viruses. The viruses are a bridge between the living and the non-living world. Though they reproduce like other living organisms they are different from bacteria. Viruses are considered to be animate and inanimate objects.
This document discusses microbial growth and requirements. It covers:
- The four phases of bacterial growth: lag, log/exponential, stationary, and death. Bacteria double rapidly during the log phase.
- Physical requirements for growth including temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure. Most bacteria grow best between 25-40°C at neutral pH.
- Chemical requirements including carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and trace elements. Aerobic bacteria produce more energy than anaerobes.
- Culture media used to grow microbes in the lab, including solid and liquid media, selective/differential media, and enrichment cultures.
- Methods to measure microbial growth including plate counts, which measure viable
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
This document provides a classification of bacteria based on various characteristics. It discusses classification based on mode of nutrition, temperature requirements, pH tolerance, salt tolerance, gas requirements, morphology, gram staining, presence of flagella, and ability to form spores. For each category of classification, examples of bacteria that fall into each category are provided. The document is submitted as an assignment on bacterial classification for a botany class.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This is presentation about classification and nutrition of bacteria. Bacteria are classified depending on various parameters viz. cell wall, temperature, air, salt concentration, Pressure, presence of flagella, pH etc.
Bacteria and its classification. Microbiology NAGALAKSHMI R
Bacteria can be classified in several ways, including by their mode of nutrition, temperature and pH requirements, salt tolerance, gas needs, morphology, gram staining, presence of flagella and ability to form spores. Autotrophic bacteria can produce their own food while heterotrophic bacteria rely on organic compounds. Mesophilic bacteria generally grow best around human body temperature, while thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacteria thrive at higher temperatures. Morphological classifications include cocci, bacilli, spirochetes and others. Gram staining distinguishes between gram positive and gram negative cell walls.
This document provides an overview of the classification of microorganisms. It discusses how organisms are grouped into three domains - archaea, bacteria, and eukarya - based on cell structure. Within these domains, microorganisms can be further classified based on various characteristics like cell structure, metabolism, temperature and pH optima, oxygen requirements, morphology, gram staining, presence of flagella, and ability to form spores. Bacteria, fungi, and archaea are described in more detail with examples provided for different groups.
This document discusses different types of microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. It describes their key characteristics such as appearance, size, shape, nutrition, reproduction methods, and habitats. Viruses are the smallest and can only reproduce inside host cells. Bacteria are larger and can move using flagella or pili. Protozoa include amoebas and paramecium which use pseudopodia to move and feed. Algae such as euglena are single-celled while spirigyra are multi-cellular and reproduce through conjugation. Fungi lack chlorophyll and feed on dead matter.
This document discusses microbial growth and requirements. It covers:
- The four phases of bacterial growth: lag, log/exponential, stationary, and death. Bacteria double rapidly during the log phase.
- Physical requirements for growth including temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure. Most bacteria grow best between 25-40°C at neutral pH.
- Chemical requirements including carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and trace elements. Aerobic bacteria produce more energy than anaerobes.
- Culture media used to grow microbes in the lab, including solid and liquid media, selective/differential media, and enrichment cultures.
- Methods to measure microbial growth including plate counts, which measure viable
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
This document provides a classification of bacteria based on various characteristics. It discusses classification based on mode of nutrition, temperature requirements, pH tolerance, salt tolerance, gas requirements, morphology, gram staining, presence of flagella, and ability to form spores. For each category of classification, examples of bacteria that fall into each category are provided. The document is submitted as an assignment on bacterial classification for a botany class.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This is presentation about classification and nutrition of bacteria. Bacteria are classified depending on various parameters viz. cell wall, temperature, air, salt concentration, Pressure, presence of flagella, pH etc.
Bacteria and its classification. Microbiology NAGALAKSHMI R
Bacteria can be classified in several ways, including by their mode of nutrition, temperature and pH requirements, salt tolerance, gas needs, morphology, gram staining, presence of flagella and ability to form spores. Autotrophic bacteria can produce their own food while heterotrophic bacteria rely on organic compounds. Mesophilic bacteria generally grow best around human body temperature, while thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacteria thrive at higher temperatures. Morphological classifications include cocci, bacilli, spirochetes and others. Gram staining distinguishes between gram positive and gram negative cell walls.
This document provides an overview of the classification of microorganisms. It discusses how organisms are grouped into three domains - archaea, bacteria, and eukarya - based on cell structure. Within these domains, microorganisms can be further classified based on various characteristics like cell structure, metabolism, temperature and pH optima, oxygen requirements, morphology, gram staining, presence of flagella, and ability to form spores. Bacteria, fungi, and archaea are described in more detail with examples provided for different groups.
This document discusses different types of microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. It describes their key characteristics such as appearance, size, shape, nutrition, reproduction methods, and habitats. Viruses are the smallest and can only reproduce inside host cells. Bacteria are larger and can move using flagella or pili. Protozoa include amoebas and paramecium which use pseudopodia to move and feed. Algae such as euglena are single-celled while spirigyra are multi-cellular and reproduce through conjugation. Fungi lack chlorophyll and feed on dead matter.
This document discusses bacterial nutrition, growth conditions, and classification. It describes that bacteria can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, using inorganic or organic sources for food. Growth requires nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, minerals, and vitamins. Bacteria are classified by their use of oxygen - obligate aerobes require oxygen, while obligate anaerobes cannot tolerate it. Facultative bacteria can use oxygen but also grow without it. Temperature, pH, oxygen levels influence bacterial growth. Measurement methods include microscopy, serial dilution plating, turbidity, and mass determination.
This document provides information on the characteristics of bacteria. It begins by describing bacteria as unicellular microorganisms that can be found in almost every ecosystem on Earth. It then discusses the history of bacteria discovery and outlines the evolution of bacteria. The rest of the document covers bacterial classification, morphology, reproduction, growth, pathogenicity, and virulence factors. It provides details on bacterial cell structures, various classification methods, and the mechanisms bacteria use to cause disease and evade the immune system.
This document discusses the growth and nutrition requirements of bacteria. It explains that bacteria require major elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur to support growth. Trace elements and vitamins are also needed. The document outlines different types of bacteria based on their carbon and energy sources, including photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs. It also discusses various types of culture media used to grow bacteria, such as simple, complex, synthetic, enriched, selective, indicator, differential, sugar, transport, and anaerobic media.
General features of Proteobacteria, alpha Proteobacteria
subscribe youtube channel: Dharmesh Sherathia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxOIqxYmerk&t=348s
join me on insta @dharmesh.biology
The document categorizes bacteria based on various parameters such as domain, temperature tolerance, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, and salt tolerance. It discusses the three main domains of bacteria - Archaea, Eubacteria, which include most bacteria, and provides examples of extremophilic archaea that thrive in harsh environments. The document also describes different types of bacteria based on their nutritional requirements, including autotrophs that produce their own food and heterotrophs that consume organic matter.
This document discusses various ways that bacteria can be classified, including phenotypic and genotypic classification. Phenotypically, bacteria are classified based on their morphology, anatomy, staining characteristics, culture growth, nutritional requirements, and environmental tolerances. Morphologically, bacteria are classified as cocci, bacilli, actinomycetes, spirochetes, mycoplasmas, or rickettsiae/chlamydiae depending on their shape and arrangement. Anatomical features used in classification include whether they have capsules, flagella, spores, and their gram stain reaction.
Archaea are a domain of single-celled microorganisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. They can live in extreme environments and have unique cell structures and metabolic pathways. There are two main phyla of Archaea - Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Crenarchaeota includes thermophilic and acidophilic species, while Euryarchaeota is more diverse and includes methanogens, halophiles, and other extremophiles. Archaea play important ecological roles and their unique features make them useful for biotechnology applications.
Classification of bacteria based on temperature, ph and oxygen reqiurement.do...Drx Sharma
Bacteria can be classified in several ways, including by their morphology, genetics, staining properties, and metabolism. Morphological classification looks at shape, arrangement, structures like spores, flagella, and cell wall properties. Genotypic classification examines DNA content and DNA-DNA hybridization. Bacteria also differ in their nutritional modes, like being photoautotrophic, chemoheterotrophic, or parasitic. Growth requires suitable temperature, pH, oxygen levels, nutrients, and water activity. Isolating specific bacteria uses selective methods like culturing under different physical, chemical, or biological conditions to separate types.
This document provides an overview of bacterial classification, structure, and functions. It discusses the taxonomy and classification of bacteria according to their phylogeny and phenotypes. It describes the typical structures of bacteria including their cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, pili, and endospores. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in their cell wall structure. Bacteria serve important functions such as decomposing organic waste, producing industrial chemicals and foods, recycling nutrients, and producing antibiotics.
The document summarizes several bacterial phyla:
- Korarcheota are found in hydrothermal environments and have unique 16S rRNA sequences.
- Euryarchaeota include methanogens and extremophiles and are identified by their rRNA.
- Crenarchaeota are hyperthermophilic and use sulfur reduction in acidic environments.
- Nanoarchaeota are the smallest organisms and live in high temperatures.
- Cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation and are diverse.
- Spirochetes have helical shapes and internal flagella and reproduce through binary fission.
- Proteobacteria include both anaerobic and aerobic organisms and some are pathogenic.
Cultivation, growth and nutrition of bacteriaAshfaq Ahmad
This document discusses the cultivation, growth and nutrition of bacteria. It covers various topics such as:
- The purpose and methods of culturing bacteria, including isolation, identification and maintaining stock cultures.
- The components and uses of culture media, including providing nutrients for bacterial growth and selecting for certain bacteria.
- Obtaining pure cultures through aseptic techniques and separating individual bacterial cells on solid media to form colonies.
- Classification of culture media based on consistency (liquid, solid, semi-solid), nutritional components (simple, complex, synthetic) and functional use (enriched, selective, differential, transport, indicator, anaerobic).
The word Archae came from the Greek word Arkhaion, which means “Ancient”.
Archae is also the Latin name for Prokaryotic Cells. Archaea that growing the hot water of the Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright yellow color.
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and are classified as bacteria because they resemble bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. However, they share slightly common characteristics with the eukaryotes.
Classification of microorganisms lecture note by rm patelrajmit_120
The document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It covers terminology used in taxonomy, provides a brief history of taxonomy, and describes various methods used for microbial classification including morphological, biochemical, genetic, and numerical methods. The intuitive method relies on expert opinion while genetic methods include analyzing the G+C content of DNA and performing nucleic acid hybridization and sequencing to determine genetic relatedness.
This document discusses carbon and energy sources for bacterial growth. It explains that autotrophs use CO2 as a carbon source while heterotrophs use organic carbon sources. Phototrophs use light as an energy source and chemotrophs use redox reactions. The document also discusses bacterial spores, describing them as dormant, resistant structures that help bacteria survive harsh conditions until nutrients return. It covers the structure, types, formation, and germination of bacterial spores.
This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in a bacteriology course. The course will last 5 weeks and cover cell structure and functions, gram reaction, spore formation, nutrition and respiration, growth curves and factors affecting growth, bacterial relationships, bacterial division, and classification. Students will be evaluated through exams, labs, activities, and a final exam. Learning resources include medical microbiology textbooks and online sources. The document then provides background information on bacteria and their classification, including an overview of prokaryotic life, the universal tree of life consisting of three domains, and methods for identifying bacteria.
Growth, nutrition and metabolism of bacteria by Dr. Rakesh Prasad SahDr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
Microbial growth involves an increase in cell size and number through binary fission. The generation time for common bacteria ranges from 20 minutes to 20 hours depending on the species. Bacterial growth in liquid culture follows distinct phases - lag, exponential, stationary, and decline - as shown by a growth curve. Key factors influencing growth include temperature, atmosphere, pH, moisture, osmotic pressure, radiation, and nutrients. Bacteria require carbon, nitrogen, water, and inorganic salts for growth and are classified based on their nutritional requirements and energy sources. Some bacteria also require growth factors like B vitamins.
Physiology of Bacteria. Type & Mechanism of Bacteria Nutrition Eneutron
This document discusses the physiology of bacteria and the process of isolating a pure culture of aerobic bacteria. It covers bacteria metabolism and nutrition, including catabolism, anabolism, nutrient requirements, and mechanisms of nutrient transport. It also describes different types of bacteria based on their nutrient sources and how phototrophs and chemotrophs obtain energy. The document concludes by outlining the multi-stage process used to isolate a pure culture of aerobic bacteria, including seeding a sample and investigating cultural properties to obtain an isolated colony.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. It discusses the binominal nomenclature system developed by Carolus Linnaeus to classify organisms. It also describes Woese's three domain system that divides organisms into the domains of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Finally, it provides details on the classification and characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses, and bacteria.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the three domain system proposed by Carl Woese which divides organisms into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It then provides details on the characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and bacteria; and discusses methods used to identify bacteria including biochemical tests and serological tests.
This document discusses bacterial nutrition, growth conditions, and classification. It describes that bacteria can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, using inorganic or organic sources for food. Growth requires nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, minerals, and vitamins. Bacteria are classified by their use of oxygen - obligate aerobes require oxygen, while obligate anaerobes cannot tolerate it. Facultative bacteria can use oxygen but also grow without it. Temperature, pH, oxygen levels influence bacterial growth. Measurement methods include microscopy, serial dilution plating, turbidity, and mass determination.
This document provides information on the characteristics of bacteria. It begins by describing bacteria as unicellular microorganisms that can be found in almost every ecosystem on Earth. It then discusses the history of bacteria discovery and outlines the evolution of bacteria. The rest of the document covers bacterial classification, morphology, reproduction, growth, pathogenicity, and virulence factors. It provides details on bacterial cell structures, various classification methods, and the mechanisms bacteria use to cause disease and evade the immune system.
This document discusses the growth and nutrition requirements of bacteria. It explains that bacteria require major elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur to support growth. Trace elements and vitamins are also needed. The document outlines different types of bacteria based on their carbon and energy sources, including photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs. It also discusses various types of culture media used to grow bacteria, such as simple, complex, synthetic, enriched, selective, indicator, differential, sugar, transport, and anaerobic media.
General features of Proteobacteria, alpha Proteobacteria
subscribe youtube channel: Dharmesh Sherathia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxOIqxYmerk&t=348s
join me on insta @dharmesh.biology
The document categorizes bacteria based on various parameters such as domain, temperature tolerance, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, and salt tolerance. It discusses the three main domains of bacteria - Archaea, Eubacteria, which include most bacteria, and provides examples of extremophilic archaea that thrive in harsh environments. The document also describes different types of bacteria based on their nutritional requirements, including autotrophs that produce their own food and heterotrophs that consume organic matter.
This document discusses various ways that bacteria can be classified, including phenotypic and genotypic classification. Phenotypically, bacteria are classified based on their morphology, anatomy, staining characteristics, culture growth, nutritional requirements, and environmental tolerances. Morphologically, bacteria are classified as cocci, bacilli, actinomycetes, spirochetes, mycoplasmas, or rickettsiae/chlamydiae depending on their shape and arrangement. Anatomical features used in classification include whether they have capsules, flagella, spores, and their gram stain reaction.
Archaea are a domain of single-celled microorganisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. They can live in extreme environments and have unique cell structures and metabolic pathways. There are two main phyla of Archaea - Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Crenarchaeota includes thermophilic and acidophilic species, while Euryarchaeota is more diverse and includes methanogens, halophiles, and other extremophiles. Archaea play important ecological roles and their unique features make them useful for biotechnology applications.
Classification of bacteria based on temperature, ph and oxygen reqiurement.do...Drx Sharma
Bacteria can be classified in several ways, including by their morphology, genetics, staining properties, and metabolism. Morphological classification looks at shape, arrangement, structures like spores, flagella, and cell wall properties. Genotypic classification examines DNA content and DNA-DNA hybridization. Bacteria also differ in their nutritional modes, like being photoautotrophic, chemoheterotrophic, or parasitic. Growth requires suitable temperature, pH, oxygen levels, nutrients, and water activity. Isolating specific bacteria uses selective methods like culturing under different physical, chemical, or biological conditions to separate types.
This document provides an overview of bacterial classification, structure, and functions. It discusses the taxonomy and classification of bacteria according to their phylogeny and phenotypes. It describes the typical structures of bacteria including their cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, pili, and endospores. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in their cell wall structure. Bacteria serve important functions such as decomposing organic waste, producing industrial chemicals and foods, recycling nutrients, and producing antibiotics.
The document summarizes several bacterial phyla:
- Korarcheota are found in hydrothermal environments and have unique 16S rRNA sequences.
- Euryarchaeota include methanogens and extremophiles and are identified by their rRNA.
- Crenarchaeota are hyperthermophilic and use sulfur reduction in acidic environments.
- Nanoarchaeota are the smallest organisms and live in high temperatures.
- Cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation and are diverse.
- Spirochetes have helical shapes and internal flagella and reproduce through binary fission.
- Proteobacteria include both anaerobic and aerobic organisms and some are pathogenic.
Cultivation, growth and nutrition of bacteriaAshfaq Ahmad
This document discusses the cultivation, growth and nutrition of bacteria. It covers various topics such as:
- The purpose and methods of culturing bacteria, including isolation, identification and maintaining stock cultures.
- The components and uses of culture media, including providing nutrients for bacterial growth and selecting for certain bacteria.
- Obtaining pure cultures through aseptic techniques and separating individual bacterial cells on solid media to form colonies.
- Classification of culture media based on consistency (liquid, solid, semi-solid), nutritional components (simple, complex, synthetic) and functional use (enriched, selective, differential, transport, indicator, anaerobic).
The word Archae came from the Greek word Arkhaion, which means “Ancient”.
Archae is also the Latin name for Prokaryotic Cells. Archaea that growing the hot water of the Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright yellow color.
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and are classified as bacteria because they resemble bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. However, they share slightly common characteristics with the eukaryotes.
Classification of microorganisms lecture note by rm patelrajmit_120
The document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It covers terminology used in taxonomy, provides a brief history of taxonomy, and describes various methods used for microbial classification including morphological, biochemical, genetic, and numerical methods. The intuitive method relies on expert opinion while genetic methods include analyzing the G+C content of DNA and performing nucleic acid hybridization and sequencing to determine genetic relatedness.
This document discusses carbon and energy sources for bacterial growth. It explains that autotrophs use CO2 as a carbon source while heterotrophs use organic carbon sources. Phototrophs use light as an energy source and chemotrophs use redox reactions. The document also discusses bacterial spores, describing them as dormant, resistant structures that help bacteria survive harsh conditions until nutrients return. It covers the structure, types, formation, and germination of bacterial spores.
This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in a bacteriology course. The course will last 5 weeks and cover cell structure and functions, gram reaction, spore formation, nutrition and respiration, growth curves and factors affecting growth, bacterial relationships, bacterial division, and classification. Students will be evaluated through exams, labs, activities, and a final exam. Learning resources include medical microbiology textbooks and online sources. The document then provides background information on bacteria and their classification, including an overview of prokaryotic life, the universal tree of life consisting of three domains, and methods for identifying bacteria.
Growth, nutrition and metabolism of bacteria by Dr. Rakesh Prasad SahDr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
Microbial growth involves an increase in cell size and number through binary fission. The generation time for common bacteria ranges from 20 minutes to 20 hours depending on the species. Bacterial growth in liquid culture follows distinct phases - lag, exponential, stationary, and decline - as shown by a growth curve. Key factors influencing growth include temperature, atmosphere, pH, moisture, osmotic pressure, radiation, and nutrients. Bacteria require carbon, nitrogen, water, and inorganic salts for growth and are classified based on their nutritional requirements and energy sources. Some bacteria also require growth factors like B vitamins.
Physiology of Bacteria. Type & Mechanism of Bacteria Nutrition Eneutron
This document discusses the physiology of bacteria and the process of isolating a pure culture of aerobic bacteria. It covers bacteria metabolism and nutrition, including catabolism, anabolism, nutrient requirements, and mechanisms of nutrient transport. It also describes different types of bacteria based on their nutrient sources and how phototrophs and chemotrophs obtain energy. The document concludes by outlining the multi-stage process used to isolate a pure culture of aerobic bacteria, including seeding a sample and investigating cultural properties to obtain an isolated colony.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. It discusses the binominal nomenclature system developed by Carolus Linnaeus to classify organisms. It also describes Woese's three domain system that divides organisms into the domains of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Finally, it provides details on the classification and characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses, and bacteria.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the three domain system proposed by Carl Woese which divides organisms into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It then provides details on the characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and bacteria; and discusses methods used to identify bacteria including biochemical tests and serological tests.
Eubacteria are prokaryotic organisms that lack a cell nucleus and other organelles. They possess cell walls made of peptidoglycan that provide strength. Eubacteria live in many environments, including the human body, and reproduce through binary fission or budding. They are classified by shape and include rod-shaped bacilli and spiral-shaped spirilla or spirochetes. Eubacteria are divided into five main phylums: Spirochetes, Chlamydias, Gram-positive bacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Eubacteria play important ecological roles such as breaking down food, producing vitamins, recycling nutrients, and helping to digest oil spills.
Microbiology is the study of a variety of living things, such as bacteria, fungus, and other tiny creatures, that are not visible to the naked eye. However, these little creatures are the foundation of all life on earth.. all types of living things that are invisible to the unaided eye.
Important categories have been divided based on certain traits in the study of bacteria in food. These classifications have no taxonomic relevance.
Food technology, food safety and hygiene, food poisoning, food genomics, and, more generally,
The document discusses viruses and bacteria. It defines viruses as non-cellular particles made of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells. It contrasts viruses with bacteria, noting that bacteria are cellular while viruses are non-cellular. It describes the structure of viruses including their nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat. It also discusses the structure and types of bacteria including their cell walls, shapes, motility, energy sources, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships with other organisms.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. There are several branches of microbiology including bacteriology, mycology, virology and parasitology.
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria and their characteristics such as their cell structure, genetics and role in causing disease. Bacteria can be classified based on their shape, cell wall composition, mode of nutrition and respiration. They reproduce through binary fission.
Mycology is the study of fungi which have cell walls made of chitin. Fungi are classified based on their sexual reproduction and morphology. They can reproduce sexually through spores or asexually through budding or hyphal growth.
Viro
This powerpoint presentation covers viruses, bacteria, and other microbes. It begins by defining viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. Examples discussed include bacteriophages like T4 and viruses like herpes. Bacteria like E. coli are introduced as single-celled organisms distinct from viruses. The structures of viruses and bacteria are described, along with how bacteria reproduce through binary fission, conjugation, and forming spores. Different types of bacteria are classified by their energy production, respiration, and symbiotic relationships. The powerpoint concludes by discussing nitrogen fixation by bacteria.
1. The document discusses the biodiversity of plants, classifying them into four kingdoms: Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
2. It explains the characteristics of each kingdom, including their reproductive structures and cycles. Bryophytes reproduce via spores while vascular plants like ferns, conifers, and flowering plants reproduce via spores or seeds.
3. Angiosperms have evolved the closest relationship with other organisms through flower pollination and fruit/seed dispersal. Their seeds are protected within an ovary and later fruit structure.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and bacterial cell structure. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. It then describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, focusing on their cell structures. The majority of the document discusses bacterial cell anatomy in detail, including the cell wall, cytoplasm, flagella, pili, and other structures. It also covers bacterial staining, morphology, growth phases, and environmental requirements for bacterial growth.
This document provides information on the ultrastructure of bacteria. It discusses the main components found in bacterial cells such as the capsule, cell wall, flagella, fimbriae, cell membrane, ribosomes, nucleoid, and mesosome. It also compares the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on their cell wall structure and composition. Additionally, it covers bacterial classification based on morphology and describes various culture media used to grow bacteria in the laboratory.
Bacterial cells have distinct structures that differ from eukaryotic cells. They have a cell wall providing structural support and protection from stress. Inside is a plasma membrane closely joined to the cell wall. Bacteria are classified based on their nutrition into autotrophic and heterotrophic types. Autotrophic bacteria can synthesize food from inorganic substances, including photoautotrophs that use sunlight and chemoautotrophs that oxidize inorganic substances. Heterotrophic bacteria obtain food from organic matter and are divided into photoheterotrophs, saprophytic, parasitic, and symbiotic types. Bacteria are also involved in the decomposition of proteins through putrefaction and cellular respiration.
The document discusses microorganisms, specifically bacteria. It notes that bacteria are microscopic organisms found almost everywhere. It then describes the Kingdom of Monera, where bacteria belong. Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they lack nuclei and organelles. The structures of bacterial cells are also outlined, including the cell wall, ribosomes, flagella, and cytoplasm. The document discusses both harmful bacteria that can cause disease and helpful bacteria that decompose waste, produce antibiotics, and aid digestion.
This document summarizes key aspects of viruses, bacteria, and their interactions. It defines viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. It then describes the structures of some specific viruses and bacteria, including their nucleic acids, protein coats, and cellular structures. It also outlines several bacterial processes like respiration, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships between bacteria and how they obtain energy.
This document summarizes key aspects of viruses, bacteria, and their interactions. It describes viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. It then discusses the structures of specific viruses like bacteriophages and herpes viruses. The document also outlines the structures and life cycles of bacteria, including their shapes, cell walls, movement, energy sources, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships with other organisms like nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as well as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are also summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.