In this course we look at techniques for weed control in the garden using integrated pest management. This includes tools, cultural techniques, mulching, tarps, and other methods.
Technology has played a big role in developing the agricultural industry. Today it is possible to grow crops in a desert by use of agricultural biotechnology. With this technology, plants have been engineered to survive in drought conditions.
Thinking about the distant future allows us to go out of the box and to create room for social creativity and empathy. The technology survey, the social developments, the archetypal scenarios and the visions of the future in this study aim to boost the debate on the Dutch agro & food sector, especially in the domains where technological developments may have an impact. Taken together, these instruments form an important inspiration for further study, policy studies, innovation and a public debate.
Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture (Introduction)pramodrai30
- Protected cultivation involves growing crops in a controlled environment for optimal growth conditions. It protects crops from adverse weather.
- Key objectives of protected cultivation include controlling the temperature, light, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, excess moisture/runoff, water loss, weed growth, and leaching of fertilizers to protect from pests and diseases.
- Common technologies for protected cultivation are greenhouses, shade nets, low tunnels, mulching, soil solarization, drip/sprinkler irrigation, and fertigation. This allows for higher productivity, better quality produce, and year-round cultivation.
The document discusses several modern agricultural technologies used in the 21st century including combine harvesters, agricultural robot suits, cultivators, pivot irrigation systems, tillage systems, and LED lighting technologies. It provides details on how each technology functions and the benefits they provide farmers for tasks like harvesting, weeding, irrigation, and plant growth. A variety of other technologies are also listed at the end related to soil cultivation, planting, fertilizing, pest control, and harvesting.
This document discusses upscaling agricultural technology to increase productivity in a sustainable way. It defines upscaling as intensifying and catalyzing existing good practices and innovations to multiply their impact through better extension services to farmers. This helps increase food production, processing and marketing while making agriculture more productive and efficient. The document introduces concepts of agriculture, sustainable agriculture, technology and issues in agriculture. It emphasizes designing policies that accelerate sustainable agriculture production and income through research and development of agro-technologies.
Aeroponic Based Controlled Environment Based Farming Systemiosrjce
Controlled Environment Farming is one of the emerging technologies in the farming and agriculture
industries nowadays. Aeroponics is an optimized process developed for growing crops and plants in an air
medium without the use of soil or an aggregate medium by spraying the plant’s roots with an atomized or
sprayed, nutrient-rich water solution. Various automated farming system has been developed using sensor
networks and control systems to improve agricultural produc-tivity. Traditional farming techniques are complex
and strictly influenced by soil conditions, climate, weather, crop types, and so on. Authors have proposed a
system in which an environment monitoring, quality evaluation and crop growth, data recording, and online
data submitting and multiplatform compatibility were integrated. The control system based on agricultural
information measured by field monitoring sensors is a proved effective method to improve quality of
agricultural product in a greenhouse.
In this study, we proposed an intelligent control system for an aeroponics-based greenhouse, which
consists of data collec-tion/monitoring system, control system, centralized sever, and multiplatform web-based
controlling/monitoring application for agricultural facilities. The prototype system for establishing a low-cost
aeroponics-based greenhouse control system can be designed based on an open-source development board
called Raspberry Pi. The system can be used both locally and over the Internet, which has a large set of
controlling and monitoring function for the greenhouse. The system is proposed to achieve maximum
optimization, control, quality, automation, etc. in an aeroponics-based greenhouse.
In this course we look at techniques for weed control in the garden using integrated pest management. This includes tools, cultural techniques, mulching, tarps, and other methods.
Technology has played a big role in developing the agricultural industry. Today it is possible to grow crops in a desert by use of agricultural biotechnology. With this technology, plants have been engineered to survive in drought conditions.
Thinking about the distant future allows us to go out of the box and to create room for social creativity and empathy. The technology survey, the social developments, the archetypal scenarios and the visions of the future in this study aim to boost the debate on the Dutch agro & food sector, especially in the domains where technological developments may have an impact. Taken together, these instruments form an important inspiration for further study, policy studies, innovation and a public debate.
Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture (Introduction)pramodrai30
- Protected cultivation involves growing crops in a controlled environment for optimal growth conditions. It protects crops from adverse weather.
- Key objectives of protected cultivation include controlling the temperature, light, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, excess moisture/runoff, water loss, weed growth, and leaching of fertilizers to protect from pests and diseases.
- Common technologies for protected cultivation are greenhouses, shade nets, low tunnels, mulching, soil solarization, drip/sprinkler irrigation, and fertigation. This allows for higher productivity, better quality produce, and year-round cultivation.
The document discusses several modern agricultural technologies used in the 21st century including combine harvesters, agricultural robot suits, cultivators, pivot irrigation systems, tillage systems, and LED lighting technologies. It provides details on how each technology functions and the benefits they provide farmers for tasks like harvesting, weeding, irrigation, and plant growth. A variety of other technologies are also listed at the end related to soil cultivation, planting, fertilizing, pest control, and harvesting.
This document discusses upscaling agricultural technology to increase productivity in a sustainable way. It defines upscaling as intensifying and catalyzing existing good practices and innovations to multiply their impact through better extension services to farmers. This helps increase food production, processing and marketing while making agriculture more productive and efficient. The document introduces concepts of agriculture, sustainable agriculture, technology and issues in agriculture. It emphasizes designing policies that accelerate sustainable agriculture production and income through research and development of agro-technologies.
Aeroponic Based Controlled Environment Based Farming Systemiosrjce
Controlled Environment Farming is one of the emerging technologies in the farming and agriculture
industries nowadays. Aeroponics is an optimized process developed for growing crops and plants in an air
medium without the use of soil or an aggregate medium by spraying the plant’s roots with an atomized or
sprayed, nutrient-rich water solution. Various automated farming system has been developed using sensor
networks and control systems to improve agricultural produc-tivity. Traditional farming techniques are complex
and strictly influenced by soil conditions, climate, weather, crop types, and so on. Authors have proposed a
system in which an environment monitoring, quality evaluation and crop growth, data recording, and online
data submitting and multiplatform compatibility were integrated. The control system based on agricultural
information measured by field monitoring sensors is a proved effective method to improve quality of
agricultural product in a greenhouse.
In this study, we proposed an intelligent control system for an aeroponics-based greenhouse, which
consists of data collec-tion/monitoring system, control system, centralized sever, and multiplatform web-based
controlling/monitoring application for agricultural facilities. The prototype system for establishing a low-cost
aeroponics-based greenhouse control system can be designed based on an open-source development board
called Raspberry Pi. The system can be used both locally and over the Internet, which has a large set of
controlling and monitoring function for the greenhouse. The system is proposed to achieve maximum
optimization, control, quality, automation, etc. in an aeroponics-based greenhouse.
IRJET - Development of Fruit and Vegetable Slicing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a fruit and vegetable slicing machine. It begins by providing background on the importance of fruit and vegetable processing in India. It then discusses how slicing is a key unit operation that helps enable other processing steps like drying or cooking.
The researchers measured various physical properties of potatoes and bananas, like size, density, and angle of repose, in order to inform the design of the slicing machine. They conceptually designed a machine with four main units: feeding, slicing, collection, and power transmission. The slicing machine was then tested on potatoes and bananas, evaluating metrics like slicing capacity, broken slices, and uniformity of slices. The machine was able to slice potatoes at 91.8 kg
The document discusses hydroponics and soilless cultivation techniques for more efficient agriculture. It notes that only 1.5% of the world's water is usable, and agriculture withdraws 83% of India's water resources. Hydroponics uses 600 liters of water per $100 of output, compared to 470,000 liters for rice. The document outlines various hydroponic techniques and emphasizes the importance of nutrient and environmental factors like water quality, lighting, temperature, and humidity for optimal plant growth. It provides examples of small-scale hydroponic systems for families and commercial-scale NFT systems. Overall, the document promotes hydroponics as a sustainable solution for more crop production using fewer water resources.
Soilless Agriculture (Hydroponics/ Water/ Nutrient Culture)Jupite Mark Banayag
Agriculture out of the soil is to use any means that will cultivate and plant development without entering the soil as a mediator for agriculture, where cultivated plants in isolation from the soil as long as the system used allows to strengthen the plants and provide water needed for growth and nutrients as it is the system followed for growing plants in the natural soil environment with irrigated nutrients intravenously instead of plain water and may be used a solid material such as gravel, sand, peatmoss, perlite and vermiculite in some cases as supporting mediators. Agriculture outside of soil is including hydro agriculture (Hydroponics), aqua agriculture (Aquaponics), aerobic agriculture (Aeroponics) as well as agriculture using supportive mediators. Benefits of soilless cultures include the reservation of cultivated lands for main crops; save not less than 90% of irrigated water; use nearly recycled fixed amount of water; most vegetable crops succeed and give the highest productivity in soilless agriculture than the ordinary agriculture; It can be run in various places such as balconies, roofs of buildings, various greenhouses and lands unsuitable for cultivation; the provision of fertilizer materials, where it’s used rationed amounts calculated accurately nutrients according to the plant requirements; Ease of dealing with plants and ease of conducting the required protection operations against various pests.
IRJET- Use of Triple Bagging System and Lippia Multiflora Leaves for the Mine...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effectiveness of triple bagging systems with or without Lippia multiflora leaves for preserving the mineral quality of stored cowpea seeds. Cowpea seeds were stored in polypropylene bags alone or triple bagging systems with 0%, 0.7%, 2.5%, 4.3%, or 5% Lippia multiflora leaves over 8 months. Mineral contents were analyzed monthly and multivariate analysis was used to classify samples. Results showed minerals decreased significantly in polypropylene bags over 4.5 months but remained stable in triple bagging systems, especially with ≥0.7% leaves, over 8 months. Estimated mineral intakes were higher when seeds were stored in triple bag
Peter Doyle is a leading consultant on hydroponic systems design in Australia and worldwide. He advocates for hydroponics as it uses the same nutrients as soil but without soil, is climate independent, and recycles nutrients and water. He developed a patented hydroponic fodder system and now consults on custom hydroponic solutions globally through his consultancy. The consultancy provides practical information and designs commercial hydroponic systems to meet customer needs and expectations.
This document discusses aeroponics and its potential applications in Indian agriculture. It begins by providing background on aeroponics as a soilless agricultural technique. It then discusses different types of aeroponic systems and how aeroponics can be used for commercial crop production. The document also covers advantages of aeroponics such as water and nutrient efficiency. Examples of existing aeroponic facilities in India are provided. In conclusion, the document argues that aeroponics could help address issues in Indian agriculture by providing disease-free planting material and increasing water and land productivity.
In the culminating course for Sustainability Studies minors at Muhlenberg College in the Spring of 2014, I worked on a semester long research proposal that was used to help install a hydroponic herb garden in the Wood Dining Commons. The attached proposal includes the research process, discussion about how the system will be disseminated and implemented, marketing and educational components of the garden, and explanation of how a hydroponics system benefits Muhlenberg within the context of sustainability.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the design of a hydroponic rack system for use in apartment housing with limited space. It discussed how most housing in Malaysia is apartments, creating a need for compact urban farming. The researchers designed a modular hydroponic rack using a deep water culture system that is easy to assemble and suitable for small indoor spaces. They conducted experiments growing various crops in prototypes to test growth rates. A questionnaire validated that the compact rack design met user needs for hydroponic farming in apartments and condominiums.
Drying characteristics of a hygroscopic material in a fabricated naturalIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on drying characteristics of banana in a solar cabinet drier. The study involved fabricating a natural convective solar cabinet drier consisting of a flat plate collector and drying cabinet. Experiments were conducted drying banana in thin layers over 3 consecutive days. Temperature, humidity, and moisture content were recorded. Results showed the maximum drying air temperature was 69.5°C, drying banana from 93.5% to 7.13% moisture content over 2 days. The solar cabinet drier was found to be 60% more efficient than traditional sun drying and effectively dried banana for local farmers with a low-cost design.
B4FA 2012 Ghana: Plant Genetic Resources in Ghana - Lawrence Aboagyeb4fa
Presentation by Lawrence Aboagye, Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso, Ghana
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Accra, Ghana - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
Rbc farm Using Hydroponics to Improve food Securitypaulotush
A model Farm carrying out intensive and high turnover production, off a small area using Hydroponics Technology.
The fodder is grown in a containerized system that controls the light, temperature and water that the seed has exposure to.
A system of growing sprouted grain to provide green high quality livestock feeds in 6 Days.
This technology provides fodder solution to farmers all year round without depending on climatic condition and can be fed to all types of livestock.
This document provides an overview of hydroponics, which involves growing plants without soil by instead providing nutrients through water. Some key points covered include:
- Hydroponics uses an inert medium like coco peat and provides nutrients to plants through water rather than soil.
- It has benefits like efficient water and nutrient use, reduced labor costs, and higher yields.
- Various methods exist like deep water culture, nutrient film technique, and ebb and flow systems.
- Common crops grown include lettuce, tomatoes, berries and herbs.
- Setting up hydroponics requires substrates, nutrient solutions, irrigation systems, and has initial infrastructure costs but long term savings.
Polyhouse farming is an alternative to traditional farming in India that provides better income through reduced dependency on rainfall and optimized use of land and water. It allows farmers to grow high-value crops off-season and in conditions not normally suitable, commanding higher prices. However, polyhouse farming requires expertise in construction, cultivation techniques, and marketing to realize its full potential, such as generating an estimated annual income of Rs. 45,000-50,000 from a 500 square meter polyhouse compared to Rs. 10,000-20,000 from traditional farming.
Performance Evaluation of Root Crop HarvestersIJERD Editor
This document discusses the development and testing of a tractor-mounted harvester for cocoyam (Xanthosoma spp.), a tropical tuber crop. The harvester was designed and fabricated in Nigeria using locally available materials. It consists of a blade, ridge roller, variable angle bevel gear, and a cleaning web powered by the tractor's PTO shaft. The harvester was tested and found to reduce the labor requirements for cocoyam harvesting compared to manual methods. More research is still needed to improve root crop harvesters given challenges around soil conditions, tuber geometry, and high draft requirements of machines.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
This document discusses various ways to improve food resources in India. It covers topics like increasing crop yields through improved varieties, fertilizers, irrigation, and pest management. It also discusses improving livestock through better breeding and care of cattle, poultry, fish, and bees. The overall goal is to sustainably increase food production to meet the needs of India's growing population through practices like the green and white revolutions.
Advances in Vertical Farming by Dr. Brahma SinghDr. Brahma Singh
Traditional farming is threatened by resulting climate change, soil degradation and the loss of natural ecosystems. Another way of farming is needed not to replace it but supplement it to enforce sustainability. The answer is Vertical Farming which is consistently growing across geographies.
This document provides an overview and introduction to mushroom cultivation and marketing. It discusses how mushroom production can utilize agricultural and food wastes as substrates. Mushroom cultivation requires understanding fungal life cycles and choosing appropriate species based on available substrates and market potential. Oyster mushrooms are recommended for beginners due to their ability to grow on many materials. The document outlines the process of mushroom production and issues to consider, such as pest and environmental management, and financial analysis. It provides resources for further researching mushroom species and production methods.
A Review on Juice and Pedigree Making MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes a juice and pedigree making machine that aims to reduce food waste from fruit and vegetable processing. The machine works by:
1. Extracting juice from fruits, while the remaining pulp is fed into a heating furnace.
2. The furnace contains a heating coil and fan to induce hot air and dry the pulp, reducing its moisture content.
3. The dried pulp is then ground into a fine powder called "pedigree" which can be used as nutritious animal feed, helping farmers and preventing food waste.
The machine was created to address issues like rising feed costs, lack of nutritious animal food options, and large amounts of fruit/vegetable waste produced
IRJET - Development of Fruit and Vegetable Slicing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a fruit and vegetable slicing machine. It begins by providing background on the importance of fruit and vegetable processing in India. It then discusses how slicing is a key unit operation that helps enable other processing steps like drying or cooking.
The researchers measured various physical properties of potatoes and bananas, like size, density, and angle of repose, in order to inform the design of the slicing machine. They conceptually designed a machine with four main units: feeding, slicing, collection, and power transmission. The slicing machine was then tested on potatoes and bananas, evaluating metrics like slicing capacity, broken slices, and uniformity of slices. The machine was able to slice potatoes at 91.8 kg
The document discusses hydroponics and soilless cultivation techniques for more efficient agriculture. It notes that only 1.5% of the world's water is usable, and agriculture withdraws 83% of India's water resources. Hydroponics uses 600 liters of water per $100 of output, compared to 470,000 liters for rice. The document outlines various hydroponic techniques and emphasizes the importance of nutrient and environmental factors like water quality, lighting, temperature, and humidity for optimal plant growth. It provides examples of small-scale hydroponic systems for families and commercial-scale NFT systems. Overall, the document promotes hydroponics as a sustainable solution for more crop production using fewer water resources.
Soilless Agriculture (Hydroponics/ Water/ Nutrient Culture)Jupite Mark Banayag
Agriculture out of the soil is to use any means that will cultivate and plant development without entering the soil as a mediator for agriculture, where cultivated plants in isolation from the soil as long as the system used allows to strengthen the plants and provide water needed for growth and nutrients as it is the system followed for growing plants in the natural soil environment with irrigated nutrients intravenously instead of plain water and may be used a solid material such as gravel, sand, peatmoss, perlite and vermiculite in some cases as supporting mediators. Agriculture outside of soil is including hydro agriculture (Hydroponics), aqua agriculture (Aquaponics), aerobic agriculture (Aeroponics) as well as agriculture using supportive mediators. Benefits of soilless cultures include the reservation of cultivated lands for main crops; save not less than 90% of irrigated water; use nearly recycled fixed amount of water; most vegetable crops succeed and give the highest productivity in soilless agriculture than the ordinary agriculture; It can be run in various places such as balconies, roofs of buildings, various greenhouses and lands unsuitable for cultivation; the provision of fertilizer materials, where it’s used rationed amounts calculated accurately nutrients according to the plant requirements; Ease of dealing with plants and ease of conducting the required protection operations against various pests.
IRJET- Use of Triple Bagging System and Lippia Multiflora Leaves for the Mine...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the effectiveness of triple bagging systems with or without Lippia multiflora leaves for preserving the mineral quality of stored cowpea seeds. Cowpea seeds were stored in polypropylene bags alone or triple bagging systems with 0%, 0.7%, 2.5%, 4.3%, or 5% Lippia multiflora leaves over 8 months. Mineral contents were analyzed monthly and multivariate analysis was used to classify samples. Results showed minerals decreased significantly in polypropylene bags over 4.5 months but remained stable in triple bagging systems, especially with ≥0.7% leaves, over 8 months. Estimated mineral intakes were higher when seeds were stored in triple bag
Peter Doyle is a leading consultant on hydroponic systems design in Australia and worldwide. He advocates for hydroponics as it uses the same nutrients as soil but without soil, is climate independent, and recycles nutrients and water. He developed a patented hydroponic fodder system and now consults on custom hydroponic solutions globally through his consultancy. The consultancy provides practical information and designs commercial hydroponic systems to meet customer needs and expectations.
This document discusses aeroponics and its potential applications in Indian agriculture. It begins by providing background on aeroponics as a soilless agricultural technique. It then discusses different types of aeroponic systems and how aeroponics can be used for commercial crop production. The document also covers advantages of aeroponics such as water and nutrient efficiency. Examples of existing aeroponic facilities in India are provided. In conclusion, the document argues that aeroponics could help address issues in Indian agriculture by providing disease-free planting material and increasing water and land productivity.
In the culminating course for Sustainability Studies minors at Muhlenberg College in the Spring of 2014, I worked on a semester long research proposal that was used to help install a hydroponic herb garden in the Wood Dining Commons. The attached proposal includes the research process, discussion about how the system will be disseminated and implemented, marketing and educational components of the garden, and explanation of how a hydroponics system benefits Muhlenberg within the context of sustainability.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the design of a hydroponic rack system for use in apartment housing with limited space. It discussed how most housing in Malaysia is apartments, creating a need for compact urban farming. The researchers designed a modular hydroponic rack using a deep water culture system that is easy to assemble and suitable for small indoor spaces. They conducted experiments growing various crops in prototypes to test growth rates. A questionnaire validated that the compact rack design met user needs for hydroponic farming in apartments and condominiums.
Drying characteristics of a hygroscopic material in a fabricated naturalIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on drying characteristics of banana in a solar cabinet drier. The study involved fabricating a natural convective solar cabinet drier consisting of a flat plate collector and drying cabinet. Experiments were conducted drying banana in thin layers over 3 consecutive days. Temperature, humidity, and moisture content were recorded. Results showed the maximum drying air temperature was 69.5°C, drying banana from 93.5% to 7.13% moisture content over 2 days. The solar cabinet drier was found to be 60% more efficient than traditional sun drying and effectively dried banana for local farmers with a low-cost design.
B4FA 2012 Ghana: Plant Genetic Resources in Ghana - Lawrence Aboagyeb4fa
Presentation by Lawrence Aboagye, Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso, Ghana
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Accra, Ghana - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
Rbc farm Using Hydroponics to Improve food Securitypaulotush
A model Farm carrying out intensive and high turnover production, off a small area using Hydroponics Technology.
The fodder is grown in a containerized system that controls the light, temperature and water that the seed has exposure to.
A system of growing sprouted grain to provide green high quality livestock feeds in 6 Days.
This technology provides fodder solution to farmers all year round without depending on climatic condition and can be fed to all types of livestock.
This document provides an overview of hydroponics, which involves growing plants without soil by instead providing nutrients through water. Some key points covered include:
- Hydroponics uses an inert medium like coco peat and provides nutrients to plants through water rather than soil.
- It has benefits like efficient water and nutrient use, reduced labor costs, and higher yields.
- Various methods exist like deep water culture, nutrient film technique, and ebb and flow systems.
- Common crops grown include lettuce, tomatoes, berries and herbs.
- Setting up hydroponics requires substrates, nutrient solutions, irrigation systems, and has initial infrastructure costs but long term savings.
Polyhouse farming is an alternative to traditional farming in India that provides better income through reduced dependency on rainfall and optimized use of land and water. It allows farmers to grow high-value crops off-season and in conditions not normally suitable, commanding higher prices. However, polyhouse farming requires expertise in construction, cultivation techniques, and marketing to realize its full potential, such as generating an estimated annual income of Rs. 45,000-50,000 from a 500 square meter polyhouse compared to Rs. 10,000-20,000 from traditional farming.
Performance Evaluation of Root Crop HarvestersIJERD Editor
This document discusses the development and testing of a tractor-mounted harvester for cocoyam (Xanthosoma spp.), a tropical tuber crop. The harvester was designed and fabricated in Nigeria using locally available materials. It consists of a blade, ridge roller, variable angle bevel gear, and a cleaning web powered by the tractor's PTO shaft. The harvester was tested and found to reduce the labor requirements for cocoyam harvesting compared to manual methods. More research is still needed to improve root crop harvesters given challenges around soil conditions, tuber geometry, and high draft requirements of machines.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
This document discusses various ways to improve food resources in India. It covers topics like increasing crop yields through improved varieties, fertilizers, irrigation, and pest management. It also discusses improving livestock through better breeding and care of cattle, poultry, fish, and bees. The overall goal is to sustainably increase food production to meet the needs of India's growing population through practices like the green and white revolutions.
Advances in Vertical Farming by Dr. Brahma SinghDr. Brahma Singh
Traditional farming is threatened by resulting climate change, soil degradation and the loss of natural ecosystems. Another way of farming is needed not to replace it but supplement it to enforce sustainability. The answer is Vertical Farming which is consistently growing across geographies.
This document provides an overview and introduction to mushroom cultivation and marketing. It discusses how mushroom production can utilize agricultural and food wastes as substrates. Mushroom cultivation requires understanding fungal life cycles and choosing appropriate species based on available substrates and market potential. Oyster mushrooms are recommended for beginners due to their ability to grow on many materials. The document outlines the process of mushroom production and issues to consider, such as pest and environmental management, and financial analysis. It provides resources for further researching mushroom species and production methods.
A Review on Juice and Pedigree Making MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes a juice and pedigree making machine that aims to reduce food waste from fruit and vegetable processing. The machine works by:
1. Extracting juice from fruits, while the remaining pulp is fed into a heating furnace.
2. The furnace contains a heating coil and fan to induce hot air and dry the pulp, reducing its moisture content.
3. The dried pulp is then ground into a fine powder called "pedigree" which can be used as nutritious animal feed, helping farmers and preventing food waste.
The machine was created to address issues like rising feed costs, lack of nutritious animal food options, and large amounts of fruit/vegetable waste produced
16. project report of mushroom cultivationNitishDubey31
This document provides a summary of a proposed mushroom cultivation project. Key details include:
- The project will cultivate oyster mushrooms with a medium-scale unit size on a 5-year timeline.
- Total project cost is estimated at 1.4 million rupees, with most being financed through bank loans.
- Oyster mushrooms will be grown using agricultural waste as substrate in shaded beds and harvested for sale as fresh mushrooms.
- The project estimates annual sales of over 1 million rupees from harvesting 220 quintals of mushrooms each year.
This document provides information on mushroom growing in Zimbabwe. It discusses how mushrooms are traditionally collected and consumed in Africa but this knowledge is being lost. Mushroom cultivation is presented as a viable small business option. Key steps in the process are described, including obtaining spawn, preparing suitable substrates from agricultural wastes, filling bags or trays, and maintaining proper growing conditions. Challenges like pests and diseases are also addressed. The document aims to give a general understanding of mushroom cultivation methods suitable for small-scale production in Zimbabwe and other tropical regions.
An Approach to Improve Yield Parameters of Pleurotus florida Strain P1Dr. siddhant
Aim: The efficient mushroom production involves many factors of which spawn production, culture methods and substrate selection are of prime importance. The research has, therefore, been carried out to standardize these aspects in present communication, for production of Pleurotus florida Strain P1.
Materials and Methods: Various cereals (maize, oat, barley) and millets (Italian millets, Little millet, Pearl millet) were assessed against wheat grain spawn for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of mushroom. Most suitable wheat straw component among fine pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.2
cm), coarse pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.4 cm), small (1.0 cm) and large pieces of the stem (1.7 cm) were also evaluated for the manifestations above. Various culture methods viz., bag, column, wall and tray culture and few substrate mixtures (corncob + wheat straw, mango sawdust + wheat straw and rice husk + wheat straw) have also been taken to increase yield performance of mushroom.
Results: The result showed that barley and oat grains produced good quality spawn in terms of quick mycelial running on the grain surface (14 days each). These spawn produced acceleration of spawn running and increased yield, as compared to other types of spawn. When different components of wheat straw were evaluated for the yield performance of mushroom, the course pieces of the stem (1.0 cm) proved the most appropriate component in relation to very low/zero contamination along highest yield (819 gm) and biological efficiency (163.8%). In contrast, wheat straw and corn cob were
recognized as the best substrate combination with highest yield (707 gm) and biological efficiency (141.4%) of mushrooms. Among different culture techniques used, only the column method gave significant yield (930 gm) and biological efficiency (186%) with appropriate mushrooms sizes from
packaging point of view.
Conclusion: The results obtained during the study revealed that by adopting the composite approach, the growers enhance mushroom production in manyfolds. The mushroom is cultivated by following column method. The wheat straw devoid from pieces of leaf & leaf sheath should be utilized
as a substrate with corncob combination. It should be inoculated with oat/barley spawn to higher yield.
Using techniques of modern biotechnology such as gene transfer, crop yields can potentially be increased by imparting traits that enhance growth. However, increasing yields is difficult as it involves many genes, each with a small effect. Biotechnology also aims to develop crops with increased stress resistance, nutritional quality, taste/appearance, and reduced dependence on fertilizers and pesticides. However, increased herbicide use from herbicide-resistant crops is a concern.
This document provides details about a student's experiential learning programme involving organic production technology, specifically vermicomposting and mushroom cultivation. It describes the objectives, materials, procedures, economics, and conclusions of setting up and maintaining vermicompost beds and cultivating oyster mushrooms. Key steps included preparing and inoculating substrates, monitoring environmental conditions, harvesting vermicompost and mushrooms, and calculating costs and profits. The student concluded that the hands-on experience improved their understanding of organic farming as a business and way to improve soil, human, and environmental health.
Production of sugarcane by tissues cultureROHINI YADAV
This document outlines a plan for a sugarcane tissue culture project. It begins with an introduction on sugarcane production and importance of quality seed. The objectives are then stated as producing more cane and sugar through tissue culture with disease-free varieties in less time and at lower cost compared to conventional methods. The methodology involves shoot tip culture, meristem culture, and callus culture. A 4-year plan is provided with the first year focusing on setup and small-scale production, expanding to large-scale in years 3-4. Required facilities, estimated quarterly budget, and anticipated outcome of more profitable sugarcane plantation establishment through higher propagation rates are described.
Management and Operation Practices of Philmech's Fluidized Bed Dryer: Examini...IJAEMSJORNAL
This descriptive research explores the management and operation practices of PHilMech’s Fluidized Bed Dryer as to challenges, efficiency and impact on its beneficiaries. The findings of the study reveal that the respondents adhere to prescribed guidelines for the administration and operation of the PHilMech Fluidized Bed Dryer, employing explicit, written, easily understood, and enforceable operational policies and procedures. Most of them have assimilated the knowledge acquired through several training programs, as new competencies need to be developed among farmers, particularly those who are introducing machinery. This will enable them to optimize the economic benefits derived from their equipment. There are ongoing challenges in the operation and management of the system that must be resolved to prevent future issues and ensure the system's continued functionality. Furthermore, it is imperative to implement mechanized drying technologies to mitigate postharvest losses and alleviate the labor-intensive and monotonous nature of the drying process. Extensive research has demonstrated the effectiveness and beneficial outcomes of utilizing the fluidized bed drying system, including a reduced drying period for a harvested rice paddy, decreased operating and labor expenses, and a diminished reliance on the laborious and labor-intensive sun drying method.
This document provides an overview of mushroom farming. It discusses the history and global production of mushroom farming. It describes different types of mushrooms and methods of cultivation, including the materials, processes, and environmental conditions needed. The cultivation process involves selecting and storing raw materials, preparing the substrate, heating treatment, spawning, inoculation, and fruiting. Proper hygiene, harvesting, and storage are also outlined. Mushroom farming can be a profitable small business with low costs and investment.
Evaluation of agricultural wastes for growth and yield of oyster mushroom (Pl...suraj soni
Suraj Soni conducted research on using different agricultural wastes to grow oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus florida). He found that wheat straw supported the fastest growth and highest yields of the mushrooms. Rice straw also performed well as a substrate. While other materials like wheat straw/rice straw mixtures, mustard straw, and maize straw can grow oyster mushrooms, wheat straw was determined to be the most suitable and productive agricultural waste for cultivating P. florida mushrooms commercially.
IRJET- An Overview on Fungi as Self Healing Agent in Biomineralization of...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of fungi as self-healing agents in biomineralization of calcite in cement concrete. While bacteria have been used for their ability to precipitate calcite via urea hydrolysis, fungi are also efficient in this process. The document reviews studies demonstrating fungal calcite precipitation and describes the methodology for culturing fungi, producing bioconcrete incorporating fungi, and testing the physicochemical and bioengineering properties of the resulting bioconcretes. Key properties examined include compressive strength, crack healing ability, and calcite precipitation as observed using SEM and EDX analysis.
Determination of the Paper Quality as a Substrate for Oyster Mushroom Cultiva...Dr. siddhant
Magazine paper and cardboard produced the highest yields (450g and 495g respectively) and biological efficiencies (90% and 99% respectively) of Pleurotus florida mushroom compared to other paper substrates. They also produced a significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 for magazine paper and 64 for cardboard). Corrugated cardboard produced mushrooms with a significantly higher average weight per fruit body of 10.29g. Overall, oyster mushrooms grew well on paper and cardboard substrates, utilizing their cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin components for growth and reproduction.
1. The document discusses artificial seed production using encapsulated plant propagules like somatic embryos or shoot buds.
2. Artificial seeds mimic natural seeds and consist of explant material encapsulated in a gel matrix like alginate along with nutrients.
3. Successful artificial seed production requires selecting the right explant material and gelling agents to encapsulate and store the propagules. Various studies have optimized artificial seed production and storage in different plant species.
Agriculture being a foundation stone for most budding economies, it would be benefiting to know about agro processing and waste management of agriculture produce. The book will act as an encyclopaedia for enriched information on the processing of a variety of products manufactured from agro crops and the waste management of agriculture products. Agro processing can be defined as set of techno economic activities carried out for preservation and treatment of agricultural produce and to make it useful as food, feed, fibre, fuel or manufacturing objects . Therefore, the span of the agro-processing industry covers all operations from the phase of harvest to the phase where the material reaches the end users in the desired form, packaging, quantity, quality and price.
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Biotechnology improvement tools in sugarcane crop improvement vishwas chaudhari
Sugarcane is one of the most important cash crops grown in tropical and subtropical regions. It is cultivated widely in India and other parts of the world. The document discusses the importance of sugarcane as a cash crop and its production in India. It also summarizes the use of biotechnological tools like tissue culture and genetic transformation that can help address challenges in sugarcane production like abiotic and biotic stresses and develop improved varieties.
The project aims to develop a germplasm collection of Jatropha curcas plants and mycorrhizal fungi with high oil yields for biodiesel production. It will characterize genetic diversity, develop micropropagated plants using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and select high-yielding Jatropha genotypes. The project also seeks to eliminate toxicity in Jatropha waste to enable use as animal feed through composting and evaluating microorganisms for detoxification.
IRJET - Vermicomposting with Cow Dung Banana Plant and Vegetable WastesIRJET Journal
This document discusses vermicomposting of organic wastes like cow dung, banana plant stems, and vegetable wastes using the earthworm Eisenia Fetida. It examines mixing these wastes in different ratios and finding that a ratio of cow dung, banana plant stem, and vegetable waste of 3:1:1 produced high-quality vermicompost rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium within 55-60 days. The document also outlines the materials and methods used, including collecting and partially decomposing the wastes for 40 days before mixing and feeding to the earthworms. Maintaining moisture levels between 30-40% and a temperature of 18-25°C was important for effective
A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster...Dr. siddhant
Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few
decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low
productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products,
Ayodhya during 2017.
Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing
properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of the
drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water
was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped in the
chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h. For the
Short Communication
Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
2
control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped directly in the
chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for
spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia.
Results: Beds with modified approach showed a complete absence of contaminants during entire
crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control
showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the modified method should be considered to contamination
free mushroom production.
This document reviews object detection techniques for mobile robot navigation in dynamic indoor environments. It begins with an abstract that outlines the purpose of object detection for mobile robots and provides an overview of different techniques. It then reviews object detection approaches in two main categories: local feature-based techniques that use features like color, shape and templates, and deep learning-based techniques that use neural networks for object proposals or one-shot detection. Key algorithms discussed include SIFT, SURF, R-CNN, Fast R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, YOLO and SSD. The challenges of object detection and applications for mobile robot navigation are also mentioned.
This document summarizes the functions of various growth regulators (hormones and other substances) in horticultural crops. It discusses the five major natural plant hormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid) and describes their roles in processes like cell division/elongation, flowering, fruit ripening, dormancy, and response to stress. It also mentions several other identified plant growth regulators including brassinosteroids, morphactins, salicylic acid, jasmonates, and more. The document provides details on the molecular structures, sites of production, and mechanisms of action of the major hormones.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
1. International Advance Journal of Engineering Research (IAJER)
Volume 2, Issue 6 (June- 2019), PP 06-18
ISSN: 2360-819X
www.iajer.com
Engineering Journal www.iajer.com Page | 6
Research Paper Open Access
Design and Development of A Rice Straw-Based Mushroom
Growing Substrate Pasteurizing and Cooling System
Dr. Michael A. Aloria, Engr. Mark Bryan Z. Aclan, Engr.
Chenelle D. Agito, And Engr. Christian Nouel D. Almares
Batangas State University College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts Mechanical and
Petroleum Engineering Department 0998-985-1296,
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Michael A. Aloria
ABSTRACT: This study employed an engineering design, planning and analysis to achieve the objectives of
the study. The established operating time for the chemical pasteurization, cooling, and substrate discharging
processes were 30 minutes, 90 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively. The temperature range for the chemical
pasteurization process was 55°C - 60°C. The draining time after the cooling process was 30 minutes. The
established acceptable proportion of rice straw to volume of water was 5 kg of rice straw to 200 liters of water.
The pasteurization rate of 0.5 kg/min, cooling rate of 0.167 kg/min and discharging rate of 0.5 kg/min were
recorded during the performance testing. The over-all production rate was 0.1 kg/min. The time needed for
spawn to colonize the substrate depends on the spawning rate and its distribution, the substrate moisture and
temperature, and the nature and quality of the substrate.
Keywords: chemical pasteurization, rice straw-based mushroom substrate, incubation time, inoculation time
I. INTRODUCTION
Mushroom production is one of the promising and viable agri-businesses in the Philippines. Today, the
cultivation incessantly gaining more attention as a possibility to use agricultural wastes, thus, help to alleviate
poverty and food security. It generates livelihood and income to people both in rural and urban areas.
Currently, there are several methods of mushroom cultivation utilizing various technologies to improve the
process. Mushroom can be grown on commercial or small scale using either highly urbane equipment or low
cost materials and agricultural wastes. The demand of straw mushrooms is growing because of people’s
preference of eating food which is pesticide-free. The potential of straw mushroom culture is high not only
because of health benefits and nutritional values but as well as the availability of indigenous raw materials,
small area requirement for growing, less capital needed for investment and potential profits.
Usually, mushroom mycelia can be grown on the nutritious media, taking from it the nutrients
necessary for their growth. Mycelium is a thread-like collection of cells that represent the vegetative growth of a
fungus. There are commonly used substrate materials to facilitate the mushroom cultivation such as sawdust,
cottonseed hull, rice straw, corncob, sugarcane bagasse, and other plant fibers with high cellulose contents.
These agri-waste materials used as substrates are very inexpensive and sometimes free from agricultural sites,
one of the merits of mushroom growing. Moreover, oyster mushrooms can be grown on a wider variety of
agricultural wastes than any other cultivated mushrooms.
Pasteurization is a process by which amounts of microscopic competitors in a substrate are reduced,
which gives the mycelium an advantage over harmful organisms, allowing it to take over the substrate and
eventually produce mushrooms. It is basically the reduction of the amount of harmful competing organisms,
when the process is over, there is still some micro-activity going on in the substrate, usually in the form of
beneficial bacteria. Mycelium will colonize smaller pieces of straw much faster and easier.
Mushrooms are fungi characterized by the presence of gills under the umbrella-shaped cap called
pileus. Some grows in mass or in clusters; others develop in singles or in pairs. Like plants, mushrooms have
seeds responsible for propagating the species. Some varieties thrive well on cool weather, others in warm
places. Mushroom growing requires little space and time and farmers can make use of their rice straws
2. Design and Development of A Rice Straw-Based Mushroom Growing Substrate Pasteurizing…
Engineering Journal www.iajer.com Page | 7
following harvesting. Mushroom can be grown the whole year round provided a good storage of rice straw is
prepared.
Mushroom cultivation is a promising way to recycle organic waste into a valuable product. The
abundant amount of organic waste produced each year has been a problem all over the world, especially in
developing countries. Rice straw, as the one of the largest amounts of agricultural residues, can be converted
into mushroom with technologies ranging from very simple to a highly developed one. Mushroom cultivation
gives some benefits to farmers as well. Mushroom can be used as an alternative source of protein, which is more
affordable than other sour
ces such as meat and milk. The spent mushroom can be used as soil consolidation, animal fodder and
components of mushroom substrate (Afrizal, Rahmad, 2009).
The mushroom industry is a potential market in Batangas City since there is no mushroom-growing farm in the
locality. Mushroom production can be a profitable business, as proven by establishments and organizations such
as the San Pedro Multi-Purpose Cooperative located at San Pedro, Batangas City. The cooperative has started its
mushroom production using the conventional method. But due to financial instability, the cooperative is
currently not engaged in mushroom production, but has gained experience in backyard cultivation of
mushrooms and is willing to start for a small – scale production. Their products reach the market through public
markets within the vicinity of Batangas City.
The cooperative, during their backyard operation, used composting as a means of growing mushroom.
The preparation of substrate materials were done manually. The quantity of mushroom they harvested ranged
from 20 to 30 flushes per 2 m2
of compost pile. The means of preparing the compost substrate were labor-
intensive and time consuming, and the substrate was prone to contamination that hindered viable growth of
mushrooms. To solve the problem, advanced methods of producing substrate was introduced. This involves
chemical pasteurization and cooling process for substrate treatment, and then stuffing the processed substrate to
substrate bags ready for spawning and incubation. This ensures the quality of the substrate and the edibility of
the mushroom produced, requiring less labor and time. With this idea in mind, the researchers thought of
utilizing all year round available agro industrial wastes such as rice straw to be used as substrate material.
It is therefore in this context that this study seriously considered the design and development of a rice straw-
based mushroom growing substrate pasteurizing and cooling system which can be utilized by small mushroom
growers in San Pedro, Batangas City.
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main thrust of this study was to design and develop a rice straw-based mushroom growing
substrate pasteurizing and cooling mixer. Specifically, this aimed to:
1. Design and fabricate the proposed machine taking into account the following requirements:
1.1 system components;
1.2 dimensions; and
1.3 material specifications.
2. Conduct performance testing of the developed machine to establish the following parameters:
2.1 operating time for chemical pasteurization, cooling and substrate discharging processes;
2.2 hot water bath temperature; and
2.3 acceptable proportion of the mass of rice straw to the volume of water.
3. Evaluate the actual performance of the machine in terms of:
3.1 pasteurization rate;
3.2 cooling rate;
3.3 discharging rate; and
3.4 over-all production rate.
4. Determine the properties of the processed substrate in terms of:
4.1 pH level;
4.2 moisture content; and
4.3 substrate temperature.
5. Utilize the processed substrate in oyster mushroom production and monitor the spawn run of
inoculation.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Design
This study employed the process of engineering design, thorough planning and comprehensive analysis
to attain the objectives of the study. It also considered the performance and experimental testing to evaluate the
performance of the fabricated machine. This covered the following stages:
3. Design and Development of A Rice Straw-Based Mushroom Growing Substrate Pasteurizing…
Engineering Journal www.iajer.com Page | 8
Design Stage
This stage was focused on engineering calculations to determine the sizes and dimensions of materials that
were used for fabrication, as well as the target capacity of the machine. Schematic layout of the proposed
machine was presented specifying the different system components and dimensions.
Development Stage
This stage covered the fabrication of the machine taking into consideration the design specifications. Proper
selection of materials was considered in terms of availability and cost.
Preliminary Testing Stage
Preliminary testing of the machine was conducted to establish the operating parameters of the fabricated
machine. These included the operating time for chemical pasteurization, cooling and substrate discharging
processes; hot water bath temperature; and acceptable proportion of the mass of rice straw to the volume of
water. During this stage, some modifications were incorporated to rectify the problems encountered during
initial operation. It also included several trial runs to come up with the desired operating conditions of the
machine.
Final Performance Testing Stage
In the final testing stage, the performance of the machine was tested in terms of pasteurization rate, cooling
rate, and discharging rate. Over-all production rate was also determined using the initially obtained parameters.
Experimental Testing Stage
The samples of the final product collected during the performance evaluation were tested to determine the
properties of the treated substrate. This experimental method considered the following parameters such as pH
level, moisture content and substrate temperature.
After rice straws were already processed, the preparation of fruiting bags followed. Other growing materials
were mixed with the processes rice straw. Spawn was scattered evenly on one end. Tissue culture of oyster
mushroom was used. After planting, these substrate bags were incubated in a housing in which temperature and
humidity were controlled. Temperature and humidity were monitored through measuring devices such as
mercury thermometer equipped with humidity measuring function. The time of harvesting the mature mushroom
varied, depending on the condition of the space. After full inoculation, mushrooms started to grow after three (3)
to four (4) days, but still varied depending on the room condition. Daily monitoring, which included keeping the
housing damped and attaining the desired temperature and humidity level was done. Proper hygiene was
practiced every time monitoring was done through the use of safety personal clothing.
Preparation of Raw Materials
Rice straw was collected from various agricultural farms in the province of Batangas. This served as a
raw material in the production of mushroom substrate. Approximately, 120 kilograms of sun-dried rice straw
were utilized in order to successfully meet the number of trials needed for the testing.
The rice straw was cut into small pieces with a length of 1 to 3 inches before introducing it to the
system. This was done in order to loosen the material so that the water would be evenly absorbed by the fibers
of the rice straw. In this case, the rice straw would not entangle into the mixing shafts of the mixer and would be
easily discharged by the machine. The rice straw was also soaked in water for 8 hours and then air dried. The
solution composed of carbendazium, formaldehyde and water was prepared. For 100 liters of water, 7.5 grams
of carbendazium and 50 milliliters of formaldehyde were added and supplied initially to the chamber. The said
solution was premixed and preheated approximately for 5 minutes at 55°C - 60°C through the mixer, until
carbendazium was evenly dissolved and was followed by the rice straw input.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
System Components of the Machine
The final set up of the fabricated rice straw-based mushroom growing substrate pasteurizing and
cooling mixer is presented in Figures 1 and 2.
4. Design and Development of A Rice Straw-Based Mushroom Growing Substrate Pasteurizing…
Engineering Journal www.iajer.com Page | 9
Figure 1. Front Isometric View of the Fabricated Machine
The machine is composed mainly of the mixing chamber, mixing shafts and mixing paddles, heating
element, induced draft fan, screw conveyor, substrate discharge, flexible transmitting elements and prime
mover. The mixing chamber is a U-shaped cylindrical vessel which can handle up to 200 liters of water. It is
made up of stainless steel plate with a thickness of 3mm. The rice straw contains a certain amount of moisture
when processed inside the mixing chamber, thus, the mixing shafts help loosen the rice straw fibers and prevent
them from clumping. The mixing shafts both measure 915mm in length and 32mm in diameter. Moreover, the
mixing paddles are welded along the length of the mixing shaft and are arranged in an alternate manner in such
a way that no mixing paddles would clash each other. The mixing paddle is in the form of a spool having a
length of 152mm, in which the mixing plate is welded at its tip measuring 50mm x 25.4mm. This ensures that
the rice straw is well-blended inside the mixing chamber.
Figure 2. Rear Isometric View of the Fabricated Machine
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The heating element is used for the pasteurization process of the rice straw substrate. The machine is
composed of two pairs of heating coil, one pair on each side, enclosed in a rectangular casing. It is located at
the lower left and right sides of the mixing chamber. It has a rated capacity of 920W per coil and is made of
copper tubing. The coil is able to heat the chemical mixture up to 60o
C. The induced draft fan with a power
rating of 550W is used to cool down the rice straw substrate after pasteurization process. Basically, it is a
blower in which the flow of air is reversed. It has a 102mm intake having three blades which rotate at 3600
rpm.
The screw conveyor helps the processed rice straw to be extruded out the substrate discharge. It has a
diameter of 203mm and rotating at 40 rpm. It is enabled by engaging the clutch on the sprocket coupled on the
mixing shaft. The substrate discharge is a frustum-shaped opening with a diameter at the end of 150mm, where
the processed substrate is released from the machine.
The electric gearbox motor serves as the prime mover of the machine, which drives the mixing shafts
and the screw conveyor. It is a 3-phase, 60 Hz motor that operated up to 1800 rpm. The roller chain and
sprocket assembly serves as the main flexible transmitting element that guides the motion through the machine.
The driving sprocket, which has 16 teeth, is directly coupled to the gearbox motor. This is driven by a 50-tooth
sprocket aligned with 68-tooth gear in one mixing shaft. The other shaft also is a 68-tooth gear aligned with a
sprocket containing 38 teeth.
Results of Preliminary Testing
Various operating conditions were established during the preliminary testing of the fabricated machine.
These parameters included the operating time for chemical pasteurization, cooling and substrate discharging
processes; the hot water bath temperature; and the acceptable proportion of the mass of rice straw to the volume
of water.
1. Operating time for Chemical pasteurization
Chemical pasteurization is simply the process by which amounts of microscopic competitors in a
substrate are reduced. This gives the mycelium an advantage over harmful organisms, allowing it to take over
the substrate and eventually produce mushrooms (mushroom-appreciation .com). When the process is over,
there is still some micro-activity going on in the substrate, usually in the form of beneficial bacteria.
Pasteurization occurred between 55°C and 60°C. Anything more than that would kill good bacteria, Along with
the acceptable pasteurization temperature, the operating time of 30 minutes was established.
2. Operating time for Cooling Process
The 25°C to 30°C was the appropriate temperature range for the cooling process. The cooling time was
monitored against the temperature of substrate which enabled to determine the appropriate time of cooling.
Table 1 Temperature of Substrate and the Observed Cooling Time
Substrate Temperature (o
C) Cooling Time (min)
52 0
48 5
46 10
44 15
43 20
41 25
40 30
38 35
37 40
35 45
33 50
32 55
32 60
30 65
30 70
29 75
27 80
26 85
25 90
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To attain the temperature of substrate at 30 o
C, it required 65 minutes cooling time. At a
minimum acceptable temperature of 25 o
C, 90 minutes was required. Thus, the cooling time was set to 90
minutes to allow the possible temperature increase of substrate after discharging.
3. Water Bath Temperature
The water bath temperature during the chemical pasteurization of 30 minutes was monitored and the variation is
presented on Table 2.
Table 2 Pasteurization Time and Hot Water Bath Temperature
Pasteurization Time
(minutes)
Hot Water Bath Temperature
(°C)
5 57
10 59
15 58
20 60
25 60
30 60
35 61
40 62
45 64
50 64
55 65
60 67
It can be gleaned from Table 2 that at 30-min pasteurization time, the hot water bath temperature was
recorded to be 60 o
C. Thus, the hot water bath temperature was set to 60 o
C.
4. Acceptable Proportion of Mass of Rice Straw to Volume of Water
In establishing the acceptable proportion of mass of rice straw to volume of water, the standard
properties of substrate to be produced were considered. These include the pH level ranging from neutral to
slightly basic, i.e., 7.0 to 8.0; the moisture content from 60 to 65% and substrate temperature from 25 to 30 o
C.
Various tests were conducted considering varying amounts of the mass of rice straw at constant volume of
water.
Table 3 Result of Preliminary Test using Varying Amounts of Rice Straw at Constant Volume of water
Trial Feed
Mass of rice straw
(in kilograms)
pH Level Moisture Content
(%)
Substrate Temperature (°C)
1 5 7.94 62.15 27
2 6 8.47 62.77 28
3 7 8.99 63.39 28
Table 3 shows the results of the chemical pasteurization process and cooling system using varying
amounts of rice straw such as 5, 6 and 7 kg feed with a constant volume of water of 200 L. The data that were
recorded in terms of their respective pH levels, moisture content and substrate temperature are presented in
Table 3. It can be noted that the values of pH, moisture content and substrate temperature using the 5 kg feed
conform to the standard ranges set for the substrate properties. Hence, the acceptable proportion of rice straw to
volume of water was 5 kg of rice straw and 200 L of water.
Results of Final Performance Testing
After the establishment of the operating conditions of the fabricated machine, final performance testing
was conducted to evaluate the following parameters, which include pasteurization rate, cooling rate,
discharging rate, and over-all production rate.
Using the maximum capacity of the machine which is 15 kg of rice straw with a total volume of water
of 600 L, 45 grams of carbendazium and 300 milliliters of formaldehyde were used to pasteurize, cool and
discharge producing the desired mushroom substrate.
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The following data were recorded to determine the final testing parameters.
Table 4 Results of Final Performance Testing of the Machine based on Established Parameters
Table 4 depicts the results of the final performance testing enumerating the processes involved, processing time,
and processing rate. The pasteurization rate of 0.5 kg/min, cooling rate of 0.167 kg/min and discharging rate of
0.5 kg/min were recorded during the final performance testing. Using the total processing time of 150 minutes,
the over-all production rate was found to be 0.1 kg/min.
Properties of Processed Substrate
The properties of processed substrates were tested in terms of their pH level, moisture content and
temperature. The standard ranges for the substrate were considered as follows: the pH level from 7.0 to 8.0; the
moisture content, from 60 to 65%; and the substrate temperature, from 25 to 30°C. After the processed
substrates were discharged, five (5) random samples were tested as presented in Table 5.
Table 5 Properties of Processed Substrate
Sample pH level Moisture
Content (%)
Temperature
(o
C)
1 8 56.5 28
2 7.7 73.7 31
3 7.5 59.5 27
4 7.8 65.2 29
5 7.8 67.9 28
Average 7.76 64.56 28.6
The obtained average values of the three (3) desired properties of the processed substrate conformed to
the standard ranges as shown in Table 5. This means that the processed substrates using the developed machine
can be used for mushroom production.
Results of Mushroom Cultivation using Processed Substrate
The processed substrate was then utilized in the actual mushroom cultivation at San Pedro Multi-
purpose Cooperative. The fruiting bags of substrate were prepared and incubated at the designated site where
the condition space was monitored in terms of temperature and humidity. These conditions are vital in the
successful growth of the mushroom. Twelve (12) fruiting bags using oyster mushroom spawn were tested for
this purpose.
The growth of oyster mushroom requires high humidity (80-90%) and high temperature (25-30 o
C) for
the vegetative growth called spawn running and lower temperature (18- 25 o
C) for fruit body formation (Buah et
al. 2010). The correct temperature enables them to grow well in the growing house.
Table 6 Space Temperature and Humidity Data
Day Temperature (°C) Humidity (%)
AM Noon PM AM Noon PM
1 24 28 25 86 80 84
2 25 29 26 84 80 84
3 24 28 24 84 80 86
4 24 29 26 86 82 84
5 25 28 26 82 80 84
6 25 28 25 84 80 82
Process Mass of
Mushroom
Substrate
Produced (kg)
Processing Time
(min)
Processing
Rate
(kg/min)
Pasteurization 15 30 0.500
Cooling 15 90 0.167
Discharging 15 30 0.500
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7 24 29 25 84 82 84
8 25 29 26 84 82 84
9 24 29 26 82 80 84
10 25 28 26 82 80 84
11 25 28 25 82 80 82
12 24 28 25 84 82 84
13 24 29 26 84 80 82
14 24 29 26 84 82 84
15 25 29 25 84 82 86
16 24 28 25 84 80 84
17 25 29 26 84 80 84
18 24 28 26 82 82 84
19 24 28 26 84 80 84
20 25 29 26 82 80 82
21 25 28 26 82 80 84
22 24 29 26 84 82 84
23 25 29 26 84 80 84
24 25 28 26 84 84 82
25 24 29 25 84 82 82
Table 6 shows the data obtained during the monitoring of the condition space during the first twenty
five (25) days incubation at San Pedro, Batangas City. The required temperature and humidity were achieved
yielding a temperature range from 25 to 30°C and a humidity of 80 to 90%. These conditions are therefore
suitable for the cultivation process.
The pasteurized rice straw or the processed substrate was inoculated with mycelium
The mushroom started from thin, thread-like cells called mycelium. Fungus mycelium is the white, thread-like
plant often seen on rotting wood or moldy bread. Mycelium was propagated vegetatively, known as spawn.
The time needed for spawn to colonize the substrate depends on the spawning rate and its distribution, the
substrate moisture and temperature, and the nature and quality of the substrate.
Table 7 shows the results of the spawn run monitoring in order to determine the inoculation process of
the twelve (12) fruiting bags.
Table 7 Spawn Run Length Monitoring
Day Bag Number and Spawn Run Length (mm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
5 30 32 40 35 25 30 25 20 25 30 30 35
10 60 60 75 65 60 55 65 50 60 70 55 55
15 85 90 100 80 105 85 95 95 75 95 80 70
20 125 110 120 100 115 105 110 115 125 115 120 95
25 150 135 145 110 135 150 135 140 145 140 145 105
Table 7 shows the monitoring of spawn run of inoculation. The spawn run length as measured every
five (5) days were recorded. After four (4) days, the first flashes were occurred in the fruiting bags. It can be
noted that out of 12 fruiting bags, there were ten (10) bags that were started to bear pin heads on the 20th
day.
The mushroom grew in these fruiting bags (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11) regardless of the full mycelium
spawn run length of 180 mm.
Figure 3 shows the fruiting bags with flashes and pin heads.
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Figure 3. Fruiting Bags with Flashes and Pinheads
Table 8 shows the respective masses of the first flashes of ten (10) fruitng bags. The total mass of the
mushroom flashes harvested was 355 grams. Continuous flashing were observed on the following days.
Table 8 First Flash of Ten Fruiting Bags
Bag Number Flashes (grams)
1 80
2 20
3 30
5 20
6 75
7 20
8 25
9 30
10 25
11 30
Total 355
Figure 3. Mycelium Pin Heads
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Figure 4. First Mushroom Flashes
Table 9 Mass of Mushroom Flashes for Each Harvest for a total of 25 days
Bag No. Mass of Mushroom Flashes (grams)
1st Harvest 2nd Harvest 3rd Harvest 4th Harvest 5th Harvest
1 80 30 50 40 20
2 20 30 30 70 10
3 30 30 50 40 15
5 20 30 50 20 10
6 75 20 30 60 20
7 20 40 35 60 15
8 25 30 30 50 20
9 30 25 45 45 35
10 25 35 40 60 15
11 30 20 35 80 20
Total 355 290 395 525 180
Table 9 presents the data regarding the mass in grams of the flashes of mushroom that grew in each bag. For the
first harvest, the bags produced a total of 355 grams of mushroom. For the second harvest, 290 grams of
mushroom were collected. The third flashing had a total harvest of 395 grams of mushroom. For the fourth
flashing, the bags produced a total harvest of 525 grams of mushroom. Lastly, for the fifth harvest, a total of 180
grams of mushroom were harvested. A total mass of 1745 g was produced for this testing. Figures 4, 5, 6, 7 and
8 show the flashings of the mushroom for five harvesting periods.
Figure 4. First Mushroom Flashing
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Figure 5. Second Mushroom Flashing
Figure 6. Third Mushroom Flashing
Figure 7. Fourth Mushroom Flashing
Figure 8. Fifth Mushroom Flashing
It was observed that the fully grown mushrooms were harvested from 20 to 25 days after incubation. Variation
in the number of fully inoculated bags occurred in various trials. The fruiting bags that were not fully inoculated
were contaminated.
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Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
The established operating time for the chemical pasteurization, cooling, and substrate discharging
processes were 30 minutes, 90 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively. The maintaining temperature range for the
chemical pasteurization process was 55°C - 60°C. The draining time after the cooling process was 30 minutes.
The established acceptable proportion of rice straw to volume of water was 5 kg of rice straw and 200 L of
water. This required 15 grams of carbendazium and 100 mL of formaldehyde to facilitate chemical
pasteurization. The pasteurization rate of 0.5 kg/min, cooling rate of 0.167 kg/min and discharging rate of 0.5
kg/min were recorded during the final performance testing. Using the total processing time of 150 minutes, the
over-all production rate was 0.1 kg/min. Fully grown mushrooms were harvested starting at 20th
day of
incubation up to 25th
day. A total mass of mushroom flashes of 1745 grams was produced for five harvesting
periods.
It can be concluded that rice straw can be a viable resource for mushroom substrate production using
the fabricated machine. The availability and huge sources of rice straw make it sustainable for the purpose. The
success of mushroom production depends on the space temperature and relative humidity that can be maintained
in a particular location. The time needed for spawn to colonize the substrate depends on the spawning rate and
its distribution, the substrate moisture and temperature, and the nature and quality of the substrate.
Other types of agri-waste materials can be tested using the developed machine to produce substrate and
determine its effectiveness in mushroom cultivation. Likewise, other variety of mushroom can be tested using
the rice straw substrate. Training of end-users of the fabricated machine can be done for them to gain
knowledge and understanding on the operation and machine of the machine. An in-depth economic analysis can
be done to determine the economic viability of the project. Continuous consultation to experts can be done to
improve further the design of the machine. Further studies on mushroom cultivation can be pursued in the
future.
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