Determination of the Paper Quality as a Substrate for Oyster Mushroom Cultivation

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
Department of Botany, Durgesh Nandini Degree College, Faizabad (U.P.), India.
2
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Envirnmental/Analytical Units, Abia State University, Nigeria.
3
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhana, Matara, Sri Lanka.
4
Independent Researchers, Ayodhya, India.
*Corresponding author: E-mail: siddhant.ani@gmail.com;
Chapter 10
Print ISBN: 978-93-89246-10-0, eBook ISBN: 978-93-89246-31-5
Determination of the Paper Quality as a Substrate
for Oyster Mushroom Cultivation
Siddhant1*
, O. P. Ukaogo2
, S. S. Walakulu Gamage3
, Ruchira Singh4
and Mahesh Kumar4
DOI: 10.9734/bpi/mrb/v1
ABSTRACT
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart
paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper, and two types of cardboard viz.,
corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster
mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The
mushroom was utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority of
substrates were taken almost equal time for spawn run, primordial development and fruiting bodies
maturation. The measured parameters were net yield (Weight of fresh mushrooms), biological
efficiency, number of fruiting bodies produced and average weight of sporophores varied among
themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological
efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and
card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control.
They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively).
Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp.
The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board
contributed 14% of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper
(12%).
Keywords: Pleurotus florida; Strain-P1; yield; biological efficiency; papers; cardboard.
1. INTRODUCTION
Pleurotus sp. is well known commercially cultivated white rot fungus. It is capable of utilizing a wide
range of agro-wastes such as Artichoke waste, Banana leaves and pseudostem, Barley straw,
Brassica-haulms, Cinnamon leaves, Coffee sawdust, Corncobs, Cotton wastes, Groundnut shells, Oat
straw, Rice straw, Soybean stems, Sugarcane bagasse, Wheat straw, wood waste etc. [1]. These
substrates are rich in cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin content. To utilize these substrates
mycelium of Pleurotus sp. has to secrete extracellular enzymes complex that could depolymerised
these polymers. This complex includes the oxidative enzymes laccase [2,3] and manganese
peroxidase [4], which is involved in lignin degradation, and the hydrolytic enzymes xylanase and
cellulase [5], which are involved in hemicellulose and cellulose degradation, respectively. According to
our previous findings, beside plant wastes, Pleurotus sp. is capable of utilizing the substrate from
animal and fungal origin [6,7]. Apart from this, few industrial wastes viz., pulp and paper mill effluent
[8,9], baby diapers [10], oxo-biodegradable plastic waste [11] etc. have also been utilized by this
mushroom. A number of these waste have been employed as feedstock in solid state fermentation
(SSF) processes using higher Basidiomycetus fungi for the production of mushroom food [12] which
offers an alternative for developing unconventional source of proteins. Among the aforesaid

Modern Research in Botany Vol. 1
Determination of the Paper Quality as a Substrate for Oyster Mushroom Cultivation
118
substrates, agro-wastes are the most extensively used substrate for small scale/commercial
cultivation of edible mushrooms. The availability of these agro-wastes are limited in the big cities,
therefore, people are unable to grow their own mushrooms. They depend on malls, vegetable stores
etc for their mushroom requirements. Waste paper, on other hand, is an accessible cellulosic waste
that provides carbon source to mushroom and promotes their cultivation in such areas. However, it is
necessary to analyse the safety aspects of using these waste papers for mushroom cultivation before
recommending it for consumption especially when printed paper waste is used as substrate because
mushrooms are well known for their ability to bioaccumulate the toxic substances in their carpophores
[13,14]. A lot of work has been done on news papers either as a master substrate [15] or as a
supplement [16,17,9] for oyster mushroom production. Work on other paper type is less documented.
In present communication, Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news
paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and
two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different
manifestations of white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Mushroom Culture
The pure culture of Pleurotus florida Strain– P1 was obtained from the Mushroom Section of Plant
Pathology Department, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
(U.P.) India. It was maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato,
200 g; dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L
-1
) by using serial subculture method [18].
2.2 Spawn Strategy
a) Spawn substrate
Wheat grain (Triticum aestivum) was used as a spawn substrate which was purchased from the
seed market of Faizabad. The spawn was prepared by the conventional method [18].
b) Spawn dose
Inoculation of substrate was made with spawn of P. florida at15% w/w on dry weight basis under
aseptic conditions.
2.3 Paper Types and Pasteurization
Various papers viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper,
rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard
and card board were used as a growing medium for Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them
newspaper was later treated as control. It was due to the fact that this paper has been used
extensively for Pleurotus cultivation. These were purchased from Modern Book Depo, Ayodhya. To
remove impurity and the interference material, it was also rinsed several times in deionised water. All
the substrates were then pasteurized in the solution of Formaldehyde (500ppm) and Bavistin (75ppm)
for 18 hours as suggested by Vijay and Sohi [19].
2.4 Method of Cultivation
Plastic bag technology (40 X 25 cm) was employed in this experiment. The beds were prepared from
pasteurized substrate by multilayered spawning following the procedure adopted by [6]. Several (6–8)
holes were punched on the sides of the plastic bags to facilitate cross-sectional ventilation. Finally, a
total of three polythene bags from each substrate type were incubated in cultivation room at 22-30°C
temperature for spawn run. Once the substrates were colonized by mushroom mycelium, the bags
were irrigated using tap water as per requirement until all flushes of mushroom fruit bodies were

119
harvested. The room was moistened to maintain the relative humidity 85-95 per cent. The fruit bodies
of appropriate size were picked-up by gentle handling.
2.5 Concerning Data
a) Data regarding mushroom development and yield parameters
The growth and development of mushroom were monitored daily. The time lapsed in spawn run, fruit
body initiation and maturation were recorded. Yield parameters, such as number of fruiting bodies,
average weight of sporocarp, total fresh weight (g) of mushroom and biological efficiency were also
recorded at harvest time. Three rounds of mushroom harvests were made across all substrate types
in the course of the experiment. The biological efficiency was calculated as the percentage ratio of the
fresh weight of harvested mushrooms over the weight of dry substrate at inoculation. It was expressed
by the formula proposed by Chang et al. [20].
BE % = FWM / DWS x100
Where, BE is Biological Efficiency (%); FWM is total fresh weight (g) of mushroom yield across all
flushes, and DWS is substrate dry weight (g).
b) Statistical analysis
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was followed for the experiment. The data was statistically
analysed by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The critical difference (CD) was worked out at
five per cent probability level.
3. RESULTS
The results regarding various parameters of mushroom production are summarized in Tables 1-3 and
Figs. 1-2.
Vegetative and fruit development phase: The mushroom was utilized all the substrates for their
growth and sporophore formation. The compact mass of whitish and cottony growth was formed in all
the substrates due to complete impregnation of mycelium. Mycelial ramification was comparatively
more condensed and vigorous in case of Magazine paper, brown paper and in both kind of cardboard
over control. The glaze paper and kite paper showed poor mycelia run. Especially, in case of kite
paper, not all of the waste paper area was covered by the hyphae. On the contrary, some areas were
entirely devoid of the mycelium. Majority of substrates took almost equal time for spawn run primordial
development and fruit bodies’ maturation. According to the Table 1, the fastest mycelia development
(21 days), primordial development (25 days) and fruit body formation (31 days) were realized with
brown paper while kite paper took maximum time for aforesaid manifestations (28, 34 and 40 days).
Yield and biological efficiency of mushroom: The yield parameters such as yield and biological
efficiency varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where
yield and biological efficiency ranged between 190-495 gm, 38-99% with significant difference
(P=0.05) among substrates. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced
significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control (Table 1). They also showed highest
percentage yield increase over others (Table 2). Rest of the substrates showed significant reduction in
yield. The percentage contribution in yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the
substrates, card board contributed 14 % of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper
(13%) and news paper (12%) (Fig. 1). Overall, in our investigation, oyster mushroom showed healthy
biological efficiency on paper and cardboard substrates.
Number and average weight of sporocarp: The average number of fruit bodies harvested varied
among the substrates ranged between 23-64 sporocarps/bag. Majority of substrates showed
significant reduction over control in terms of number of sporocarp produced. Only Magazine paper

and cardboard produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies of
were at par to each other (Table. 3).
Table 1. Effect of papers and cardboards on various parameters of mushroom production
Substrate Spawn
run
(Days)
Rough Paper 23
Magazine paper 23
Brown Paper 21
Glaze Paper 24
A-4 size Printing paper 24
Chart Paper 24
Kite paper 28
Corrugated cardboard 23
Cardboard 22
News Paper (control) 24
SE -
CD (P=0.05) -
Table 2. Percentage yield increase (+) or decrease (
Name of paper type Percentage yield increase (+) or decrease (
Rough Paper
Magazine paper
-38.98
+9.75
Brown Paper -34.42
Glaze Paper -43.85
-41.37A-4 size Printing paper
Chart Paper -115.78
Kite paper -13.88
Corrugated cardboard -17.14
Cardboard +20.73
Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of the yield contribution (%) for different substrates
Chart paper
6%
Corrugated
cardboard
10%
Cardboard
14%
News Paper
Yield Contribution (%) for different
Modern Research in Botany
120
and cardboard produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies of 56 and 64, resp
were at par to each other (Table. 3).
and cardboards on various parameters of mushroom production
Fruit body
initiation
(Days)
First
harvest
(Days)
Total yield from three
flushes (gm/500 gm
dry substrate)
26 32 295
26 32 450
25 31 305
26 31 285
29 35 290
29 36 190
34 40 360
27 32 350
26 32 495
26 32 410
- - 13.03
- - 27.23
Average of three replications
Percentage yield increase (+) or decrease (-) from control
Percentage yield increase (+) or decrease (-) from control
38.98
+9.75
34.42
43.85
41.37
115.78
13.88
17.14
+20.73
Rough Paper
9%
Magazine paper
13%
Brown Paper
9%
Glaze
paper
8%
A-4 size
Printing
paper
8%
Chart paper
6%
kite paper
11%
News Paper
12%
Yield Contribution (%) for different
substrate
56 and 64, respectively which
and cardboards on various parameters of mushroom production
Total yield from three Biological
efficiency
(%)
59
90
61
57
58
38
72
70
99
82
2.61
5.45
) from control
) from control
Brown Paper

121
Fig. 2. Fruit bodies of Pleurotus florida on (A) Rough copy paper, (B) Magazine paper, (C)
Corrugated cardboard, (D) Brown paper and (E) Cardboard
The average weight per sporocarp ranged 7.73-10.29 gm for different treatments. A significant
reduction in mushroom weight was observed in magazine paper (8.04 gm), brown paper (8.24 gm)
and chart paper (8.26) over control. The Rough copy paper (8.94 gm), glaze paper (9.83 gm), A-4
size printing paper (9.67 gm) and kite paper (9.00 gm) were statistically similar with control. Only
corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp
(Table 3).
Table 3. Effect of papers and cardboards on number and average weight per sporocarp
Substrate Total number of sporocarp/bag Average weight per sporocarp (gm)
Rough Paper 33 8.94
Magazine paper 56 8.04
Brown Paper 37 8.24
Glaze Paper 29 9.83
A-4 size Printing paper 30 9.67
Chart paper 23 8.26
Kite paper 40 9.00
Corrugated cardboard 34 10.29
Cardboard 64 7.73
News Paper (Control) 44 9.32
SE 4.37 0.42
CD (P=0.05) 9.13 0.88
Average of three replications
4. DISCUSSION
Pleurotus sp. synthesizes extracellular enzymes during their growth on lignocellulosic materials. This
enzyme complex depolymerised these polymers in to small water soluble sugars which can be
processed by mushrooms. Because of papers and cardboards are biosynthetically composed of
cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin components [21], the Pleurotus utilized these substrates for their
mycelial growth and fruit bodies formation. This finding is supported by Florian [22] who reported
growth and development of fungal species on the objects of cultural heritage made of or supported on
paper which is supported by their enzymatic action that cause biodegradation of paper. Apart from
A B
C
D E

122
enzymes, organic acids are excreted by fungi [23], which cause a gradual loss of mechanical strength
in paper. In addition, physical and chemical forms of cellulose, present in a paper sheet, influence the
bioreceptivity of paper. The native cellulose is mainly crystalline with some amorphous sites, whereas
the cellulose present in a paper sheet, by having already undergone physical and chemical
processing, contains a larger number of amorphous sites along the polymer. These sites are more
susceptible to biodeterioration [24] and therefore have a higher bioreceptivity for cellulolytic
microorganism. Comparatively more condensed and vigorous growth of mycelia in case of magazine
paper, brown paper, and both kind of cardboards was probably due to this reason. The poor mycelia
growth in glaze paper is probably due to coating of the paper which might be toxic to mushroom
mycelium and therefore, inhibit the colonization and growth of the oyster mushroom mycelium while
poor absorption kinetic in kite paper might be due to its light weight.
The mushrooms gave satisfactory yield and biological efficiency on every paper and cardboard
substrates which also attributed to the wide range of cellulose and hemicellulose in this substrate.
These values are higher than reported from many unconventional lignocellulosic plant wastes [25]. It
is in conformity of Mandeel et al., [26] who reported Oyster cultivation on shredded office paper and
cardboard yielded more edible sporophore biomass than other lignocellulosic residues. Earlier, Yildiz
et al., [27] found the mixture of wheat straw and waste paper (1:1 w/w) as best substrate combination
for mushroom production, respectively. They also stated that the mixtures which involve waste paper
generally produced higher yield values when compared to the other combinations. Girmay et al., [28]
recommended paper waste as suitable substrates for the cultivation of oyster mushroom. Amongst
the paper and cardboard wastes, cardboard produced most significant yield and biological efficiency
and ranked top in this investigation. This was due to the fact that cardboard is rich in celluloses and
lignocelluloses and includes minor portions of starch. Earlier, Owaid et al., [29] found best significant
(P<0.05) yield of Pleurotus ostreatus on cardboard substrate. Philippoussis [12] summarized earlier
work on the biological efficiency of Pleurotus ostreatus and P. pulmonarius on various substrates. The
value reported from cardboard was quite higher than those of other substrates.
5. CONCLUSION
The overall results in present study concluded that use of paper and cardboard is much efficient in
oyster mushroom cultivation. These results are not only useful for mews houses, semi-houses and
flatlet houses dwellers but also waste management faculties who wish to cultivate mushrooms and
riddance of the paper and card board waste at the same time.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to Dr. R.S. Kanaujia, former Associate Professor, K.S.S. Saket P.G. College,
Ayodhya for his financial support.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Biography of author(s)
Dr. Siddhant [M.Sc., Ph.D., FAELS, MIAER, FIARA]
Department of Botany, Durgesh Nandini Degree College, Faizabad (U.P.), India.
He is presently working as Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Durgesh Nandini Degree College, Faizabad. He did his
M.Sc. (Botany) with the gold medal in 2003 and Ph.D. (Botany: Mycology) in 2009 from Dr. RML Awadh University, Faizabad
(India). He has worked earlier as JRA in U.P. Council of Sugarcane Research, Shahjahanpur. He is associated with several
professional scientific societies of national and international repute (World Society for Mushroom Biology and Mushroom
Products, Mushroom Society of India, Association of Microbiologist of India, Society for Basic and Applied Mycology, Scientific
and Technical Research Association, International Association of Educators and Researchers, The Asia Society of
Researchers etc). He is also the fellow of Indian Academic Researchers Association and Academy for Environment and Life
Sciences. He has attended several national and international conferences. Apart from teaching and research, he has acted as
an editorial board member of Research in Agriculture (USA) and International Journal of Applied Science (USA). He has served
as a reviewer for various scientific journals of national and international repute (Journal of Experimental Agriculture
International, Biotechnology Journal International, International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, Journal of Biosciences and
Biotechnology Discovery, Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Research Journal of Food Science and Nutrition).
He has been involved in research on mushrooms for the last 10 years. In addition, he is currently working on the domestication
of wild edible mushrooms of Tikri Reserved Forest. He has published 25 research papers in national and international journals.
He has also written 03 book chapters to his credit.
Dr. O. P. Ukaogo
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Envirnmental/Analytical Units, Abia State University, Nigeria.
He is a Lecturer at the department of pure and industrial chemistry, Abia State University and holds a BSc in Industrial
Chemistry (Abia State University), an MSc in Analytical Chemistry and PhD in Analytical/Environmental Chemistry (ABSU).
Presently he has twenty five (25) journal publications in highly reputed international journals, one (1) book chapters in
‘Environmental pollution: Causes, effects, and the remedies’ of Elsevier Publishers and he has published two (2) books. He
has attended several conferences and workshops and presently has about 10 conference and workshop papers. He is a
member of Chemical Society of Nigeria (CSN), member mycological society of Nigeria and a fellow of institute of chartered
chemist of Nigeria. He has supervised research student in undergraduate and post graduate levels. His research interests
include Analytical Chemistry, Environmental Science, Environmental Chemistry, Green Chemistry, plastics and Ceramics,
Paper Industry, Pollution, Wastewater Treatment, Water quality, Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, Polychlorinated
biphenyls, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Adsorption, Heavy metal contamination of foodstuff, mushrooms, etc and
evaluation of heavy metals intake from food stuff, Ecology and Natural Resources, Biodiversity, Mycoremediation, Sustainable
Development, Waste Management, Environmental Management, Design for the Environment, Eco-efficiency, Chromatography,
HPLC, GC, MS, AAS, Spectroscopy.

125
S. S. Walakulu Gamage [BSC, MPhil (Reading)]
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhana, Matara, Sri Lanka.
She is currently working as a research assistant in Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri
Lanka holds a B.Sc. (special) degree in Botany University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka and M.Phil. (Reading) in
Environmental biotechnology. Her subject specializations are Environmental Science, Microbiology, Bioremediation and
Phytoremediation. She has given her contribution for researches regarding the fields Environmental Science and Microbiology.
Presently, she has total 16 publications in International Journals and conference proceedings. She has attended several
conference and workshops. She has authored for 8 gene bank submissions. She is a member of National Science Foundation,
Sri Lanka, Scientific and Technical Research Association, Teaching and Education Research Association etc. Presently she is
working on research regarding bioremediation and product development.
Dr. Ruchira Singh [M.Sc., Ph.D.]
She has complted M.Sc., Ph.D., and presently working as freelance researcher. She did her M.Sc. (Botany) with the gold medal
in 2001 and Ph.D. (Botany) in 2007 from Dr. RML Awadh University, Faizabad (India). She has worked earlier as JRF in
Botanical Survey of India, Central circle, Allahabad. She has attended several national and International conferences. She has
published 02 research papers and one book chapter with reputed Publications.
Mr. Mahesh Kumar [M.Sc., B.Ed. FIARA]
He is an independent researcher. Presently, he is working as PGT lecturer in SRKMK Inter College, Faizabad. He did his M.Sc.
(Zoology) with specialization in Entomology in 2007 from Dr. RML Awadh University, Faizabad (India). He has been involved in
research on mushroom since 2016. He has published 02 research papers and one book chapter with reputed Publications. He
has attended several national and international conferences. He has been a life member of Indian Academic Researchers
Association. He is currently working on the diversity of macrofungi of Tikri Reserved Forest. His research interest includes
Entomology, Mushroom taxonomy and cultivation prospects.
________________________________________________________________________________
© Copyright (2020): Authors. The licensee is the publisher (Book Publisher International).

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