IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Human Rights, Gender Equality, and the Question of Justice: A Re-Examination ...IJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional cultural practices reflect the values and beliefs held by members of a community for periods of time. Every social grouping in the world has specific traditional cultural practices and beliefs, some of which are beneficial to all members, while others have become harmful to a specific group, such as women. These harmful and, sometimes, discriminatory traditional practices include early and forced marriages, virginity testing, widow’s ritual, female genital mutilation, the primogeniture rule, and witch-hunting. Despite their harmful nature and their violation of national and international human rights laws, such practices persist because they are not questioned or challenged and therefore take on an aura of morality in the eyes of those practicing them. The purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of culture, tradition, customs, and law on gender equality in Africa. Applying the critical and analytic methods in philosophy, the study observes that law reform and development have traditionally focused on state legal institutions to the exclusion of customary legal system, and that where the courts had an opportunity to develop the customary legal system they either reinforced archaic customary laws or imposed Western ideology. This study further investigates, by means of interview in Nsukka part of Igbo-Africa, how ordinary men and women in Africa understand women’s right, and how their attitudes are tied to local conception of masculinity. The investigation reveals that a new configuration of gender relations is evident in Africa – one that accommodates some aspects of women’s rights while retaining previous notions of innate male authority. It concludes by showing that harmful traditional practices are unjust as they violate women’s human rights (guaranteed in the Constitution), perpetuate the inequalities between women and men, and contribute to extreme poverty that government should fight to eradicate. Man and woman have the same dignity and are of equal value ontologically, and as such, we recommend that different African societies should uphold this ontological equality and dignity while socially constructing gender.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to social inequality, including social capital, social exclusion, poverty, and social welfare. It introduces theoretical perspectives on social inequality from Marxism, functionalism, and interpretivism. Marx viewed inequality as inherent to capitalism and necessary for the system to function, while functionalists see some inequality as necessary for meritocracy. The document discusses theorists related to each concept and poses questions for further discussion around the effects and experiences of social inequality.
The document summarizes the work of UN Women's Fund for Gender Equality in providing grants from 2009-2011 to empower women economically and politically. Some key results include over 7,000 Dalit women in India gaining employment, the passage of a gender equality law in El Salvador, and the mainstreaming of gender in agricultural policies in Uganda and Zimbabwe. The Fund supports initiatives to increase women's political participation, representation, and leadership through training. It also aims to increase women's access to economic resources and assets. By 2014, over 13.6 million women were expected to strengthen their leadership skills and influence policies through grantee programs.
This document discusses gender inequality and the role of capitalism and religion in perpetuating it. It argues that macroeconomic theories of development often overlook gender and that capitalism and religious doctrines used by patriarchal groups reinforce gender hierarchies. Specifically, it examines how some interpretations of Islam are used to rationalize limiting women's rights and liberation, though universalist perspectives argue oppression is socially constructed and can be dismantled. The document explores tensions between cultural relativism and moral universalism in debates around feminism and religious reform.
This document discusses key concepts related to gender and sexuality, including definitions of sex and gender. It describes how gender is a social construct based on biological sex differences. Several theories on the origins of gender inequality are provided, including historical, religious, biological, and sociological perspectives. Functionalism, conflict theory, and various feminist theories are outlined as explanations for the persistence of gender stratification. Examples of gender inequality in areas like the workplace and socialization are also presented.
This document discusses gender and migration. It begins with defining gender and sex, and explaining how gender studies have evolved from initially only examining male migrants to also considering female migrants' experiences. It then explores concepts like intersectionality, geographical scales, social locations, and power geometries as frameworks for examining gender in migration. Specific topics covered include the feminization of migration in Asia, common female-dominated and male-dominated labor markets, issues like "de-skilling" and transnational parenting, and how gender relations shape immigration patterns and settlement experiences for both women and men. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of rights and examining policies in both sending and receiving countries to address gender inequality in migration.
Gender sensitivity issues are arising in India that create inequality between men and women. Some key issues include inequality in healthcare, education, employment, nutrition, religion, politics, travel rights, and increased violence against women. Women face discrimination and barriers in many areas of life. Addressing gender sensitivity and reducing sexism is important for generating respect for all individuals regardless of gender.
Human Rights, Gender Equality, and the Question of Justice: A Re-Examination ...IJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional cultural practices reflect the values and beliefs held by members of a community for periods of time. Every social grouping in the world has specific traditional cultural practices and beliefs, some of which are beneficial to all members, while others have become harmful to a specific group, such as women. These harmful and, sometimes, discriminatory traditional practices include early and forced marriages, virginity testing, widow’s ritual, female genital mutilation, the primogeniture rule, and witch-hunting. Despite their harmful nature and their violation of national and international human rights laws, such practices persist because they are not questioned or challenged and therefore take on an aura of morality in the eyes of those practicing them. The purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of culture, tradition, customs, and law on gender equality in Africa. Applying the critical and analytic methods in philosophy, the study observes that law reform and development have traditionally focused on state legal institutions to the exclusion of customary legal system, and that where the courts had an opportunity to develop the customary legal system they either reinforced archaic customary laws or imposed Western ideology. This study further investigates, by means of interview in Nsukka part of Igbo-Africa, how ordinary men and women in Africa understand women’s right, and how their attitudes are tied to local conception of masculinity. The investigation reveals that a new configuration of gender relations is evident in Africa – one that accommodates some aspects of women’s rights while retaining previous notions of innate male authority. It concludes by showing that harmful traditional practices are unjust as they violate women’s human rights (guaranteed in the Constitution), perpetuate the inequalities between women and men, and contribute to extreme poverty that government should fight to eradicate. Man and woman have the same dignity and are of equal value ontologically, and as such, we recommend that different African societies should uphold this ontological equality and dignity while socially constructing gender.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to social inequality, including social capital, social exclusion, poverty, and social welfare. It introduces theoretical perspectives on social inequality from Marxism, functionalism, and interpretivism. Marx viewed inequality as inherent to capitalism and necessary for the system to function, while functionalists see some inequality as necessary for meritocracy. The document discusses theorists related to each concept and poses questions for further discussion around the effects and experiences of social inequality.
The document summarizes the work of UN Women's Fund for Gender Equality in providing grants from 2009-2011 to empower women economically and politically. Some key results include over 7,000 Dalit women in India gaining employment, the passage of a gender equality law in El Salvador, and the mainstreaming of gender in agricultural policies in Uganda and Zimbabwe. The Fund supports initiatives to increase women's political participation, representation, and leadership through training. It also aims to increase women's access to economic resources and assets. By 2014, over 13.6 million women were expected to strengthen their leadership skills and influence policies through grantee programs.
This document discusses gender inequality and the role of capitalism and religion in perpetuating it. It argues that macroeconomic theories of development often overlook gender and that capitalism and religious doctrines used by patriarchal groups reinforce gender hierarchies. Specifically, it examines how some interpretations of Islam are used to rationalize limiting women's rights and liberation, though universalist perspectives argue oppression is socially constructed and can be dismantled. The document explores tensions between cultural relativism and moral universalism in debates around feminism and religious reform.
This document discusses key concepts related to gender and sexuality, including definitions of sex and gender. It describes how gender is a social construct based on biological sex differences. Several theories on the origins of gender inequality are provided, including historical, religious, biological, and sociological perspectives. Functionalism, conflict theory, and various feminist theories are outlined as explanations for the persistence of gender stratification. Examples of gender inequality in areas like the workplace and socialization are also presented.
This document discusses gender and migration. It begins with defining gender and sex, and explaining how gender studies have evolved from initially only examining male migrants to also considering female migrants' experiences. It then explores concepts like intersectionality, geographical scales, social locations, and power geometries as frameworks for examining gender in migration. Specific topics covered include the feminization of migration in Asia, common female-dominated and male-dominated labor markets, issues like "de-skilling" and transnational parenting, and how gender relations shape immigration patterns and settlement experiences for both women and men. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of rights and examining policies in both sending and receiving countries to address gender inequality in migration.
Gender sensitivity issues are arising in India that create inequality between men and women. Some key issues include inequality in healthcare, education, employment, nutrition, religion, politics, travel rights, and increased violence against women. Women face discrimination and barriers in many areas of life. Addressing gender sensitivity and reducing sexism is important for generating respect for all individuals regardless of gender.
Gender sensitive issue and woman empowermentNiketa Joseph
The document discusses gender sensitivity issues and women empowerment in India. It covers topics like the definition of gender and gender sensitivity, gender disparities in different fields, and issues like sexual harassment. It notes that 54% of sexual harassment cases in India occurred in workplaces from 2014-2017. It discusses the historical roles of men and women in society and theories around differences in male and female communication styles. It outlines objectives to address gender sensitivity issues through approaches like skill-building for communication and patient-centered care. The document also discusses women empowerment, related policies and schemes in India, and the steady changes over time in women's status and position in society.
The document discusses key concepts in medical sociology including social epidemiology, social medicine, the social determinants of health, and the influence of cultural and social factors on illness. It also examines issues like the types of medical services available in different countries, urban and rural communities, factors affecting health, and the roles and responsibilities of individuals, communities, and governments in promoting public health.
Gender stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women in society. Gender is defined by the cultural meanings attached to being male or female. Because society gives more power and resources to men, gender is an important dimension of social stratification. People learn their gender identities and roles through socialization by families, peers, schools and media, which reinforce cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.
There’s the pandemic you know about, and all too well. It’s rightfully crowding the headlines of your newspaper and occupying the minds of government leaders. It’s taking loved ones, imperiling heroes in scrubs, threatening neighbors at the cash register, and suddenly.........
For more read visit https://bit.ly/2EgMNRp
This presentation discusses gender as a development issue. It aims to understand gender and development, gender discriminations and inequalities, and the importance of addressing gender issues and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It provides data on global educational, health, economic, and political inequalities faced by women. While Bangladesh has made progress in some development indicators, it still faces challenges like lower female education rates, labor participation, and political representation. Existing policy gaps and recommendations to promote gender equality and women's empowerment are discussed to foster more inclusive development.
The document discusses theories of gender, sexuality, and feminism. It defines sex as biological traits, gender as social roles and behaviors, and sexuality as sexual preference. It then covers gender theories including queer theory, the history of feminism through waves such as first wave focusing on rights and suffrage, second wave examining gender as social construction, and third wave addressing failures of the second wave. It also discusses concepts like voyeurism, scopophilia, objectification, and the male gaze in relation to sexuality and creation. Post-feminism and other forms like black feminism and Marxist feminism are also summarized.
Gender socialization is the process through which people learn the rules and expectations of their culture. Culture establishes shared concepts of reality and standards of behavior. Androcentrism values masculine traits over feminine ones and judges women by male standards, while heteronormativity asserts heterosexuality as the social norm and believes gender roles naturally determine sexuality.
Women's empowerment refers to women gaining power and control over their own lives through education and gaining knowledge. It involves women developing self-worth, controlling their own decisions, and influencing social change. Education is seen as a key way to empower women by improving economic opportunities and social status, as well as lowering population growth and improving children's education. However, barriers like poverty, lack of access to education, and cultural biases have prevented women in India from gaining empowerment through education despite government commitments.
The document discusses three dimensions of the social that shape understandings of gender, sexuality, and heterosexuality. The structural dimension refers to patterned social relations that shape the social order through institutionalizing gender hierarchy and heterosexuality via mechanisms like law and the state. It legitimizes specific relationship forms. Everyday social practices also reproduce heteronormativity. While change is possible, heteronormativity continues to privilege monogamous coupledom and marginalize non-heterosexual relationships.
1) The document discusses four major theoretical perspectives on gender inequality: functionalist, conflict, interactionist, and feminist.
2) The functionalist perspective views gender inequality as contributing to social stability by creating distinct gender roles. The conflict perspective sees inequality resulting from male efforts to maintain power over females. 3) The interactionist perspective examines how gender roles and symbols reproduced daily interactions reinforce inequality. Feminist theories analyze how sexism creates oppression through societal forces like patriarchy and the intersection of gender with other identities.
Kwesi Wilkerson discusses how the white privilege experiment revealed that white people have an overall advantage in achieving success due to greater access to resources from schooling. The essay argues that white supremacy is maintained through economic, military, legal, educational, and cultural structures that allow white people to control society. To solve the problems caused by white supremacy and racism, the essay calls for individuals to work towards change by challenging stereotypes and assumptions.
The document discusses the gendered dimensions of Filipina migration for work. It notes that migration has become feminized in recent decades as more jobs have opened for women in domestic and care work. However, Filipina migrant workers still face risks like abuse and lack of legal protections. The document also examines how civil society and the Philippine government have constructed representations of Filipina migrants that focus on their roles as caregivers and as upholding family obligations through their financial contributions.
The document discusses theories of gender development including social learning theory, cognitive-developmental theory, and gender schema theory. It also discusses gender stereotyping, inequality, and the importance of promoting equality. Gender refers to different roles played by men and women in society, while power is possessed unequally and can become abusive if it compromises others' freedom. Promoting gender equality benefits economic and social development.
Gender inequality persists in the workplace. While women now make up around half the workforce, they remain underrepresented in leadership positions and continue to earn less than men for similar work. This pay gap can be partially explained by women more often taking on lower-paying jobs and prioritizing family responsibilities over career advancement. However, gender biases and stereotypes also contribute significantly to inequality. Studies show women are judged more harshly than men and face barriers when breaking from traditional gender norms. Overcoming inequality will require addressing its deep-seated structural and societal causes, not just individual factors.
2015Jun12 - A presentation was made to the Faculty of the Aurora Degree and PG College, Hyderabad, on this topic of Gender Sensitization. A live audio recording of the session, in English and Telugu, is also available: Please visit: www.archive.org and access the same:
https://archive.org/details/150612000GenderSensitizationAurora
You are most welcome to give your valuable feedback.
The document discusses several topics related to population, health, and communities. It begins by outlining Thomas Malthus's theory of population growth and Karl Marx's response. It then discusses elements of demography such as death rates, life expectancy, and growth rates. The document also examines world population patterns, fertility trends in the United States, sociological perspectives on health, and the relationship between social factors and health outcomes.
The islamic view of women and the family by by muhammad abdul raufdocsforu
About the Author
Dr. Muhammad Abdul-Rauf was born in Egypt in 1917. By the age of
eight, he had committed the entire Qur'an to memory. After graduating
from al-Azhar in Cairo, he traveled to England, where he received
a B.A. and an M.A. from Cambridge and a Ph.D. in philosophy from
the University of London.
His vast experience includes founding the Muslim College in Malaysia
in 1955 and the Department of Islamic Studies at the University of
Malaysia. He has been the rector of the International Islamic
University of Malaysia, the director of Islamic Missions at al-Azhar,
the Islamic Cultural Center in New York, the Islamic Center of
Washington, DC, and is presently the chairman of the Council of
Imams of North America.
His writings include several books and articles on Islamic history, culture,
and civilization.
INTRODUCTION, Definitions, Origin, Causes, Characteristics, IMPACTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, FORMS OF STRATIFICATION, Health Sector, Education, Bounds Individual Actions, Specification of Social Roles, Societal laws, Whom Will Live Or Die, The Slavery System, The Estate System, The Caste System, The Class System, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Social-Conflict Perspectives, Multidimensional Perspectives, SOCIAL MOBILITY, Horizontal mobility, VERTICAL MOBILITY, Intragenerational mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Structural mobility, Positional mobility
VEBEK is an energy-efficient framework for secure communication in wireless sensor networks. It uses dynamic encryption keys based on the residual virtual energy of sensor nodes, eliminating the need for rekeying messages. Each packet is encrypted with a different one-time key, improving security. VEBEK provides authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation without enlarging packets through modular design. It can efficiently detect and filter malicious data through two operational modes: VEBEK-1 watches all neighbors, VEBEK-2 watches some nodes statistically. Evaluation shows VEBEK eliminates malicious data without transmission overhead.
The document discusses a research project analyzing the effects of the 2009 economic recession on Emirates Airlines. The research aims to identify the major impacts on high-cost airlines during the recession and how it affected customer demand. A survey was conducted collecting data on travel patterns before, during, and after the recession. The analysis found that while profits declined, most customers' travel plans were not significantly impacted as Emirates cut prices. Recommendations include better analyzing financial changes and conducting market research during economic downturns.
1. The document presents a hybrid algorithm that combines Kernelized Fuzzy C-Means (KFCM), Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization (HACO), and Fuzzy Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (FAPSO) to improve clustering of electrocardiogram (ECG) beat data.
2. The algorithm maps data into a higher dimensional space using kernel functions to make clusters more linearly separable, addresses issues with KFCM being sensitive to initialization and prone to local minima.
3. It uses HACO to optimize cluster centers and membership degrees, and FAPSO to evaluate fitness values and optimize weight vectors, forming usable clusters for applications like ECG classification.
Gender sensitive issue and woman empowermentNiketa Joseph
The document discusses gender sensitivity issues and women empowerment in India. It covers topics like the definition of gender and gender sensitivity, gender disparities in different fields, and issues like sexual harassment. It notes that 54% of sexual harassment cases in India occurred in workplaces from 2014-2017. It discusses the historical roles of men and women in society and theories around differences in male and female communication styles. It outlines objectives to address gender sensitivity issues through approaches like skill-building for communication and patient-centered care. The document also discusses women empowerment, related policies and schemes in India, and the steady changes over time in women's status and position in society.
The document discusses key concepts in medical sociology including social epidemiology, social medicine, the social determinants of health, and the influence of cultural and social factors on illness. It also examines issues like the types of medical services available in different countries, urban and rural communities, factors affecting health, and the roles and responsibilities of individuals, communities, and governments in promoting public health.
Gender stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women in society. Gender is defined by the cultural meanings attached to being male or female. Because society gives more power and resources to men, gender is an important dimension of social stratification. People learn their gender identities and roles through socialization by families, peers, schools and media, which reinforce cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.
There’s the pandemic you know about, and all too well. It’s rightfully crowding the headlines of your newspaper and occupying the minds of government leaders. It’s taking loved ones, imperiling heroes in scrubs, threatening neighbors at the cash register, and suddenly.........
For more read visit https://bit.ly/2EgMNRp
This presentation discusses gender as a development issue. It aims to understand gender and development, gender discriminations and inequalities, and the importance of addressing gender issues and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It provides data on global educational, health, economic, and political inequalities faced by women. While Bangladesh has made progress in some development indicators, it still faces challenges like lower female education rates, labor participation, and political representation. Existing policy gaps and recommendations to promote gender equality and women's empowerment are discussed to foster more inclusive development.
The document discusses theories of gender, sexuality, and feminism. It defines sex as biological traits, gender as social roles and behaviors, and sexuality as sexual preference. It then covers gender theories including queer theory, the history of feminism through waves such as first wave focusing on rights and suffrage, second wave examining gender as social construction, and third wave addressing failures of the second wave. It also discusses concepts like voyeurism, scopophilia, objectification, and the male gaze in relation to sexuality and creation. Post-feminism and other forms like black feminism and Marxist feminism are also summarized.
Gender socialization is the process through which people learn the rules and expectations of their culture. Culture establishes shared concepts of reality and standards of behavior. Androcentrism values masculine traits over feminine ones and judges women by male standards, while heteronormativity asserts heterosexuality as the social norm and believes gender roles naturally determine sexuality.
Women's empowerment refers to women gaining power and control over their own lives through education and gaining knowledge. It involves women developing self-worth, controlling their own decisions, and influencing social change. Education is seen as a key way to empower women by improving economic opportunities and social status, as well as lowering population growth and improving children's education. However, barriers like poverty, lack of access to education, and cultural biases have prevented women in India from gaining empowerment through education despite government commitments.
The document discusses three dimensions of the social that shape understandings of gender, sexuality, and heterosexuality. The structural dimension refers to patterned social relations that shape the social order through institutionalizing gender hierarchy and heterosexuality via mechanisms like law and the state. It legitimizes specific relationship forms. Everyday social practices also reproduce heteronormativity. While change is possible, heteronormativity continues to privilege monogamous coupledom and marginalize non-heterosexual relationships.
1) The document discusses four major theoretical perspectives on gender inequality: functionalist, conflict, interactionist, and feminist.
2) The functionalist perspective views gender inequality as contributing to social stability by creating distinct gender roles. The conflict perspective sees inequality resulting from male efforts to maintain power over females. 3) The interactionist perspective examines how gender roles and symbols reproduced daily interactions reinforce inequality. Feminist theories analyze how sexism creates oppression through societal forces like patriarchy and the intersection of gender with other identities.
Kwesi Wilkerson discusses how the white privilege experiment revealed that white people have an overall advantage in achieving success due to greater access to resources from schooling. The essay argues that white supremacy is maintained through economic, military, legal, educational, and cultural structures that allow white people to control society. To solve the problems caused by white supremacy and racism, the essay calls for individuals to work towards change by challenging stereotypes and assumptions.
The document discusses the gendered dimensions of Filipina migration for work. It notes that migration has become feminized in recent decades as more jobs have opened for women in domestic and care work. However, Filipina migrant workers still face risks like abuse and lack of legal protections. The document also examines how civil society and the Philippine government have constructed representations of Filipina migrants that focus on their roles as caregivers and as upholding family obligations through their financial contributions.
The document discusses theories of gender development including social learning theory, cognitive-developmental theory, and gender schema theory. It also discusses gender stereotyping, inequality, and the importance of promoting equality. Gender refers to different roles played by men and women in society, while power is possessed unequally and can become abusive if it compromises others' freedom. Promoting gender equality benefits economic and social development.
Gender inequality persists in the workplace. While women now make up around half the workforce, they remain underrepresented in leadership positions and continue to earn less than men for similar work. This pay gap can be partially explained by women more often taking on lower-paying jobs and prioritizing family responsibilities over career advancement. However, gender biases and stereotypes also contribute significantly to inequality. Studies show women are judged more harshly than men and face barriers when breaking from traditional gender norms. Overcoming inequality will require addressing its deep-seated structural and societal causes, not just individual factors.
2015Jun12 - A presentation was made to the Faculty of the Aurora Degree and PG College, Hyderabad, on this topic of Gender Sensitization. A live audio recording of the session, in English and Telugu, is also available: Please visit: www.archive.org and access the same:
https://archive.org/details/150612000GenderSensitizationAurora
You are most welcome to give your valuable feedback.
The document discusses several topics related to population, health, and communities. It begins by outlining Thomas Malthus's theory of population growth and Karl Marx's response. It then discusses elements of demography such as death rates, life expectancy, and growth rates. The document also examines world population patterns, fertility trends in the United States, sociological perspectives on health, and the relationship between social factors and health outcomes.
The islamic view of women and the family by by muhammad abdul raufdocsforu
About the Author
Dr. Muhammad Abdul-Rauf was born in Egypt in 1917. By the age of
eight, he had committed the entire Qur'an to memory. After graduating
from al-Azhar in Cairo, he traveled to England, where he received
a B.A. and an M.A. from Cambridge and a Ph.D. in philosophy from
the University of London.
His vast experience includes founding the Muslim College in Malaysia
in 1955 and the Department of Islamic Studies at the University of
Malaysia. He has been the rector of the International Islamic
University of Malaysia, the director of Islamic Missions at al-Azhar,
the Islamic Cultural Center in New York, the Islamic Center of
Washington, DC, and is presently the chairman of the Council of
Imams of North America.
His writings include several books and articles on Islamic history, culture,
and civilization.
INTRODUCTION, Definitions, Origin, Causes, Characteristics, IMPACTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, FORMS OF STRATIFICATION, Health Sector, Education, Bounds Individual Actions, Specification of Social Roles, Societal laws, Whom Will Live Or Die, The Slavery System, The Estate System, The Caste System, The Class System, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Social-Conflict Perspectives, Multidimensional Perspectives, SOCIAL MOBILITY, Horizontal mobility, VERTICAL MOBILITY, Intragenerational mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Structural mobility, Positional mobility
VEBEK is an energy-efficient framework for secure communication in wireless sensor networks. It uses dynamic encryption keys based on the residual virtual energy of sensor nodes, eliminating the need for rekeying messages. Each packet is encrypted with a different one-time key, improving security. VEBEK provides authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation without enlarging packets through modular design. It can efficiently detect and filter malicious data through two operational modes: VEBEK-1 watches all neighbors, VEBEK-2 watches some nodes statistically. Evaluation shows VEBEK eliminates malicious data without transmission overhead.
The document discusses a research project analyzing the effects of the 2009 economic recession on Emirates Airlines. The research aims to identify the major impacts on high-cost airlines during the recession and how it affected customer demand. A survey was conducted collecting data on travel patterns before, during, and after the recession. The analysis found that while profits declined, most customers' travel plans were not significantly impacted as Emirates cut prices. Recommendations include better analyzing financial changes and conducting market research during economic downturns.
1. The document presents a hybrid algorithm that combines Kernelized Fuzzy C-Means (KFCM), Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization (HACO), and Fuzzy Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (FAPSO) to improve clustering of electrocardiogram (ECG) beat data.
2. The algorithm maps data into a higher dimensional space using kernel functions to make clusters more linearly separable, addresses issues with KFCM being sensitive to initialization and prone to local minima.
3. It uses HACO to optimize cluster centers and membership degrees, and FAPSO to evaluate fitness values and optimize weight vectors, forming usable clusters for applications like ECG classification.
This very short document contains 4 names: Charlie, Harry, Charlie, and Thabo. It lists these 4 names but does not provide any other context or information about the individuals named.
This document provides information about transportation in Lübeck, Germany. It discusses how students travel to school, including data showing most use bicycles. It also addresses air and noise pollution levels in Lübeck. Specifically, it notes that particulate limits were exceeded on some days in 2011-2012. The document outlines plans to expand transportation infrastructure and makes comparisons between sustainable and unsustainable transportation modes in the region.
The NEW New West Economic Forum: Dr. Scott McAlpine, Panel Speakerinvestnewwest
The document discusses the need for increased post-secondary education in British Columbia to remain economically competitive internationally. It notes that BC's population is aging and its growth rate is low, increasing demands on the workforce. Douglas College is pursuing vigorous growth to help address BC's skills shortage and labor force demands by offering more programs and increasing enrollment. The college aims to be the largest baccalaureate degree-granting institution in the province by 2015.
Shakira fundó la fundación Pies Descalzos para ayudar a construir escuelas en Chocó y Medellín. Algunas de sus canciones más reconocidas que la llevaron al éxito incluyen "Loba", "Waka Waka", "Soy Gitana", "Sale el Sol" y la canción que da nombre a su fundación, "Pies Descalzos".
This document provides a literature survey and comparison of different techniques for web mining, including web structure mining, web usage mining, and web content mining. It summarizes various page ranking algorithms and models like PageRank, Weighted PageRank, HITS, General Utility Mining, and Topological Frequency Utility Mining. The document compares these algorithms and models based on the type of web mining activity, whether they consider website topology, their processing approach, and limitations. It aims to help compare techniques for analyzing the structure, usage, and content of websites.
The document contains announcements for monthly luncheon programs hosted by the NDTA (The Association for Global Logistics and Transportation). Each announcement provides details such as the date, time, location, speaker, and points of contact for reservations for the upcoming program. Topics of programs include scholarship recognition, thoughts for the new year, NAFTA at 20 years, chapter business and supply chain management, a Toys for Tots party, emergency preparedness, wounded warrior programs, and Hartsfield Jackson airport.
This paper proposes a novel Adaptive Rood Pattern Search (ARPS) algorithm for block matching in video shot boundary detection. ARPS uses motion activity, which is measured by the magnitude of motion vectors between frames, to help predict the motion vector for each block. The algorithm works by first assuming blocks near a current block will move in a similar direction, then searching in a pattern around the predicted motion vector. Experimental results on test videos show ARPS can accurately detect shot boundaries with fewer false detections than other block matching algorithms.
Santa Fe Relocation Services is an international relocation company that provides global immigration services. They have over 126 offices in 46 countries and can assist with all aspects of relocation, from moving services to helping clients obtain the necessary visas and work permits. The presentation provides an overview of the immigration services Santa Fe offers, including consulting, applications, and managing immigration programs. It also presents a case study of the immigration process for a South African obtaining an employment pass to work in Singapore as a cardiologist along with dependent passes for his family. The presentation concludes with some quick global immigration facts and contact information.
This document introduces the concept of fuzzy bitopological ideals in a fuzzy bitopological space (X, τ1,τ2). It defines fuzzy pairwise quasi-coincident sets and fuzzy pairwise quasi-neighborhoods. The fuzzy pairwise local function Pμ*(L,τ1,τ2) of a fuzzy set μ with respect to fuzzy ideals L and fuzzy topologies τ1 and τ2 is introduced as the union of fuzzy points that satisfy certain conditions involving fuzzy pairwise quasi-neighborhoods. Several properties of fuzzy pairwise local functions are proved, including that Pμ*(L,τ2) is contained in Pμ*(L,τ1) if τ2 is contained in τ1. The document lays groundwork for
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Medical Careers Forum Oct 15 2016 Sharing My Own Trip Dr Ameed ...Odyssey Recruitment
Dr Ameed Hamid, International Dentist of the Year 2011 and Director of the Saudi British Medical Forum, shares his trip from Iraq to UK to Saudi Arabia and the brilliant career he has built between these countries. He shares tips for making your career a success in the Gulf states, the advantages the Gulf has to offer and how to make the best of the opportunities which are available.
IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP) is an open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Signal Processing. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & Signal Processing concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Modeling of generation and propagation of cardiac action potential using frac...IOSR Journals
This document presents a model for simulating cardiac action potentials using fractional differential equations. The model builds off the existing Hund-Rudy dynamic model by replacing ordinary differential equations with fractional differential equations to more accurately model ion exchange mechanisms. The fractional model is shown to capture cardiac action potential generation and propagation with higher accuracy than ordinary differential equation models. An electrical circuit representation of the fractional model is also proposed to abstract the transmembrane ion exchange process.
Health is defined as the state in which the body normally performs all its functions in a state of equilibrium or welfare. It is viewed both subjectively as a target level and objectively in the absence of disease. The document provides links to a YouTube video about health and the music of physical education.
Multi-Cluster Based Approach for skewed Data in Data MiningIOSR Journals
This document proposes a multi-cluster based majority under-sampling approach for handling skewed data in data mining. It begins with an introduction to the class imbalance problem, where one class has significantly more samples than the other class. Common techniques for addressing this include under-sampling the majority class and over-sampling the minority class. However, under-sampling can lose important majority class information. The proposed approach first clusters the majority class into multiple clusters. It then under-samples each cluster based on its size to select representative samples, avoiding information loss. It also oversamples the minority class. Experimental results on several datasets show the approach improves prediction of the minority class compared to standard under-sampling.
Reproductive Health, Population Control and Women’s Sexuality: the Indian Experience
www.researchtrend.net
ABSTRACT: Women’s sexuality has always been viewed in a narrow sense, reducing it into mere reproductive health of future mothers who are expected to give birth to healthy children for the nation’s growth and development. This paper traces the relationship of women’s sexuality and their health and tries to see how it shapes their lives and perspective of well-being. Women’s reproductive health has never been an independent concern except in relation to their reproductive capacities. It focuses on the linkages between women’s choice, autonomy, voices, rights and state health policies imposed on them. This paper also explores the shaping of the ‘motherhood’ imagery used by leaders of so called nation building. It is argued here that women are viewed as mother goddesses and expected to fulfill their motherly roles for nation building rather than acknowledge their existence as an individual having independent choice and rights. The article locates the discourse of sexuality, fertility and population control in pre- and post-independence India and its impact over women’s control of their body, fertility and access to basic health services through larger political debates and policy frameworks.
Gender is a social construct that varies across cultures. In Tanzania, gender roles and expectations are significantly shaped by cultural and social norms. Through socialization processes like family, education, religion and media, boys and girls learn to conform to distinct gender roles that often perpetuate male dominance and female subordination. Some cultural practices that contribute to gender inequalities include son preference, restrictions on women's access to resources, and traditional practices like female genital mutilation that can endanger women's health and limit their opportunities. While certain cultural traditions have been oppressive towards women, positive elements can also be retained by reforming harmful aspects.
The document discusses several topics related to gender issues and homosexuality, including:
- Definitions of homosexuality and how it has been viewed historically in different cultures and religions.
- Key people and events in the study and understanding of homosexuality in the late 19th/early 20th centuries.
- Issues still contested today around legal and social acceptance of homosexuality.
- Transgender topics like prominent transgender figures Chris Crocker and Alexis Arquette.
- Gender issues around the world like barriers facing women and efforts of organizations like the World Bank and UNIFEM to promote gender equality.
1. Develop basic understanding and familiarity with key concepts- gender, gender bias, gender stereotype, empowerment, gender parity, equity, and equality, patriarchy and feminism;
2. Understand the gradual paradigm shift from women’ studies to gender studies and some important landmarks in connection with gender and education in the historical and contemporary period;
3. Learn about gender issues in school, curriculum, textual materials across disciplines, pedagogical processes and its intersection with class, caste, religion and region; and
4. Understand how gender, power and sexuality relate to education (in terms of access, curriculum and pedagogy).
Gender refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women that are created in our families, our societies and our cultures. The concept of gender also includes the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both women and men (femininity and masculinity). Gender roles and expectations are learned. They can change over time and they vary within and between cultures. Systems of social differentiation such as political status, class, ethnicity, physical and mental disability, age and more, modify gender roles. The concept of gender is vital because, applied to social analysis, it reveals how women’s subordination (or men’s domination) is socially constructed. As such, the subordination can be changed or ended. It is not biologically predetermined nor is it fixed forever.
This document provides an overview of key topics in gender studies, including definitions of sex, gender, and sexual orientation. It discusses both biological and social constructionist perspectives on gender, as well as different feminist theories regarding gender inequality, including liberal, socialist/Marxist, and radical feminism. The core ideas of these feminist theories are outlined, such as their views on patriarchy, capitalism, and the role of the family in perpetuating women's subordination.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses the concepts of gender, gender roles, and development. It defines key terms like gender, sex, and gender roles. The main points are:
1. Gender refers to the social and cultural construction of differences between men and women, including norms, behaviors and expectations. Sex refers to biological differences.
2. Gender roles and expectations are learned through socialization and can vary across cultures and over time. Gender is socially constructed while sex is biological.
3. Gender dynamics refer to relationships and interactions between men and women that are informed by socio-cultural ideas about gender and power relationships. Gender is constructed through these dynamics in society, schools, and other institutions.
Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, responsibilities, identities, and expectations assigned to men and women by society, as opposed to sex which refers to biological and physiological differences. Gender is influenced by social and cultural factors rather than biology alone. Sociological perspectives on gender include functionalism, which views traditional gender roles as serving important social functions, and feminism, which argues that patriarchal societies promote gender inequality that benefits men over women. Evidence from different cultures demonstrates that gender roles vary significantly across societies and over time, supporting the view that gender is socially constructed rather than innate.
1. The document discusses theories of gender development including social learning theory, developmental theory, and gender schema theory.
2. It describes gender stereotyping as simplistic generalizations about gender attributes and roles, and some problems that can arise from stereotyping.
3. The document advocates for gender equality and empowering women as central to human development and economic growth. It discusses how unequal power dynamics between men and women have historically disadvantaged women.
This document summarizes a research paper on gender equality and development. The paper examines the concept of gender and how gender inequality formed due to changes brought by industrialization. It discusses Marxist and materialist theories that view gender inequality as an outcome of women's roles in domestic labor and men's control over resources in the public sphere under capitalism. The paper argues that the logic and nature of capitalism, with its need to extract wealth and reinvest profits, encouraged the release of women into the labor market to boost consumption and provide cheaper labor, contributing to gender discrimination.
How Culture Constructs Gender DifferenceBiological models PazSilviapm
How Culture Constructs Gender Difference
Biological models assume that biological sex determines gender,
That biological differences lead to behavior differences, which lead to social arrangements.
By this account, social inequalities are encoded into our physiological composition.
That biological anomalies alone account for variation.
Biological researchers always assumed that gender difference implied gender inequality because western notions of difference do usually lead to and justify inequality.
However, some anthropologists argue that biological models projected their western values onto other cultures.
That these models ignore the role of colonialism and the roles of women in establishing gender differences in traditional cultures.
Anthropological evidence offers a world of amazing diversity of the cultural constructions of gender.
Yet some themes remain constant:
Virtually all societies manifest some amount of difference between men and women.
Virtually all cultures exhibit some form of male domination, despite variations in gender definitions.
Variations in Gender Definitions
Anthropologists have found far more variability in the definitions of masculinity and femininity than any biologist would have predicted.
Men possessed of similar levels of testosterone, with similar brain structure and lateralization, seem to exhibit dramatically different levels of aggression, violence, and, especially, violence toward women.
Women with similar brains, hormones, and evolutionary imperatives have widely different experiences of passivity, PMS, and spatial coordination.
Margaret Meade’s Work
Meade examined three very different cultures in New Guinea.
In the Arapesh culture, all members were passive, gentle, and emotionally warm.
Males and females were equally happy, trustful, and confident.
Men and women shared child rearing, both were “maternal” and both discouraged aggression in boys and girls.
Both men and women were thought to be relatively equally sexual.
In the Mundugamor culture (a tribe of head hunters and cannibals), citizens viewed men and women as similar but expected persons of both sexes to be violent and aggressive.
Women showed little “maternal instinct,” detested pregnancy and nursing and could hardly wait to return to the serious business of work.
There was violent rivalry between fathers and sons.
All people feared that they were being wronged by others.
In the Tchambuli culture (as in the US) men and women were seen as very different.
It was a patrilineal culture and polygyny was accepted.
One sex was comprised primarily of nurturing and gossipy consumers who spent their days dressing up and going shopping.
These were the men
The women were dominant, energetic, economic providers.
They fished (activity on which the entire culture depended).
They had real positions of power in the society.
Completely unadorned, they were business- like, controlled all commerce and diplomacy of the culture, and were the initiators of ...
This document provides an overview of a presentation titled "Gender Studies in Cultural Studies" presented by Upasna Goswami. It includes definitions of key terms like gender studies and discusses topics like the history of gender studies, how gender is constructed and represented in different cultures, differences between sex and gender, gender equality, gender-based violence, gender stereotypes, and current issues related to gender. The document concludes that gender studies within cultural studies has significantly improved understanding of the complex relationship between gender, power dynamics, and cultural practices.
Cultural Beliefs of Female Circumcision (nkim) and Personality Development in...ijtsrd
The objective of this study is to investigate how the cultural beliefs of female circumcision Nkim in the Ejagham ethnic group of Cameroon influence the personality of Ejagham women who have undergone female circumcision. Results from the studies on the practice of female circumcision through the use of questionnaires and interviews point to the fact that cultural beliefs promote female circumcision. Tarh Martha Ako Mfortem | Emmanuel Yenshu Vubo | Dr. Nsagha Sarah Mboshi "Cultural Beliefs of Female Circumcision (nkim) and Personality Development in the Ejagham Ethnic Group of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29537.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29537/cultural-beliefs-of-female-circumcision-nkim-and-personality-development-in-the-ejagham-ethnic-group-of-cameroon/tarh-martha-ako-mfortem
Gender and Development
Research from around the world has shown that gender inequalities tends to slow down economic growth and make the rise from poverty more difficult.
Violent traditional gender practices and implications for nation building pro...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper about violent traditional gender practices in Nigeria and their implications for nation building. Some key practices discussed include purdah (locking women in the home), almajiri (street begging by boys), poor girls' education, early/forced marriage, and pushing boys into business at a young age. The paper argues that these practices promote gender-based violence and negatively impact national development. It calls for increased education for both genders and government policies to promote gender re-orientation through community programs, laws, and discussions to achieve sustainable development.
The document provides an overview of course content for a class on gender and youth in value chains. The course covers topics such as gender analysis frameworks, gender mainstreaming in value chain management, and related policy issues. Assessment will be based on continuous assessments (50%) and a final exam (50%). Key concepts discussed in Chapter 1 include the differences between gender and sex, gender roles and identities, and approaches to promoting women's development including Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD), and Gender and Development (GAD).
This document discusses research methods used to study gender and society. It describes quantitative methods like descriptive statistics, surveys, and experiments that gather measurable data. It also discusses qualitative methods like textual analysis and ethnography that aim to understand experiences. Critical research methods identify inequalities to motivate change, and mixed methods combine approaches. Gender studies draw from various disciplines like sociology, anthropology, history, and more. Studying gender enhances appreciation of diversity, awareness of cultural expectations, and ability to engage with others in society.
Pathways to Equality: The Role of Men and Women in Gender EquityAtharv Kurhade
Gender sensitivity is a multifaceted concept that encompasses understanding, acknowledging, and addressing the impact of gender inequality on individuals and society. It involves recognizing the complex interplay between biological sex and socially constructed gender roles, as well as the ways in which these dynamics shape power dynamics, access to resources, and experiences of discrimination. In this comprehensive exploration of gender sensitivity, we will delve into various aspects, including the implications of gender inequality, the role of patriarchy, the importance of breaking stereotypes, and the necessity of promoting gender equality for the liberation of all genders.
Gender inequality manifests in numerous ways, affecting both men and women. Historically, women have faced systemic discrimination and oppression, resulting in limited opportunities for education, employment, and political participation. This inequality not only violates women's rights as citizens and individuals but also perpetuates harmful stereotypes and restricts the full realization of their potential. However, it is essential to recognize that gender inequality also impacts men, albeit differently. Traditional notions of masculinity can create pressure to conform to rigid gender roles, leading to mental health issues, and inhibiting emotional expression.
Understanding the notion of citizenship is crucial for contextualizing gender inequality within broader social and political frameworks. Citizenship entails not only legal rights and responsibilities but also social and cultural recognition within a community or nation. However, gender-based discrimination often undermines women's citizenship rights, denying them equal access to resources, opportunities, and decision-making processes. This violation of women's rights as citizens reflects the pervasive nature of gender inequalities and highlights the urgent need for systemic change.
Central to the perpetuation of gender inequality is the patriarchal system, which privileges men's power and dominance over women. Patriarchy operates through social structures and institutions, reinforcing traditional gender norms and perpetuating inequalities in access to resources and positions of power. By understanding patriarchy as a root cause of gender inequality, we can begin to challenge and dismantle its harmful effects, paving the way for more equitable societies.
Biological sex and socially constructed gender are distinct yet interconnected aspects of identity that shape individuals' experiences and opportunities. While biological sex refers to physical characteristics such as anatomy and genetics, gender encompasses the roles, behaviors, and identities that society attributes to individuals based on their perceived sex. It is essential to recognize that gender is not inherently tied to biology but is instead shaped by cultural norms and expectations.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
B01041018
1. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 10, Issue 4 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 10-18
e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
www.Iosrjournals.Org
www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
Socio-Cultural Factors Militating Against the Work Performance
and Advancement of Female Executives in Nigerian Public Health
Institutions.
Stephen Omokojie
IRUNE PhD, (JP) FCMI.*
Abstract: This study was undertaken to empirically examine the extent to which socio-cultural factors militate
against the work performance and advancement of female executives in Nigerian Public Health Institutions. To
this effect, a survey was carried out and the sampled population for the study consisted of male and female
executives of health and health related Institutions in Benin City, Nigeria. Likert-type questionnaires were
administered to 270 respondents, who were systematically and randomly selected and of which 185 were
retrieved. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive inferential statistics. Research findings show that
the work performance of female executives in the institutions surveyed are significantly affected negatively by a
number of socio-cultural factors such as biological nature of women, women’s role in children’s upbringing,
extension of cultural practices to workplace, and so forth. Further findings regarding the perception of the work
performance of female executives across gender was however found to be insignificant. Given the foregoing
findings, the researcher recommends the need for concerted efforts by all stakeholders dealing with gender
issues to adopt deliberate and systematic gender mainstreaming involving multi-sectoral approach, while the
government should demonstrate political will and financial commitment which will ensure the minimization of
negative cultural factors militating against the work performance, advancement and upward mobility of female
executives in the public health Institutions.
I. Introduction
Societies worldwide at different times and at different geographical locations have never been
egalitarian. An egalitarian society where all men are equal and no one will experience the indignity of being
relegated to a lowly position, which command little respect is non-existent and clearly, the egalitarian society
remains a dream. All human societies from the simplest to the most complex have some forms of social
inequalities because, power, prestige, social status, wealth and other resources are unequally distributed between
individuals, groups, societies and countries worldwide.
Social inequalities refer to the existence of socially created inequalities (Haralambos et al, 1995).
Social inequalities are accomplished by beliefs of dominance of certain groups in the society based on a number
of factors that range from biology to spiritual. According to Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia, Social inequalities
is a situation in which individual groups in a society do not have equal social status, social class and social
circle. Areas of social inequality, it goes further, include voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, the
extent of property rights and access to education, healthcare, quality housing, travelling, transportation,
vacationing and other social goods. Inequality is also manifested in the quality of the family and neighbourhood
life, occupation, job satisfaction, access to credit, wealth, race and gender. Social inequalities further involve the
belief that some individuals are socially defined as disadvantaged, underpriviledged, underachieved, non-
important and inferior due to their life circumstances. One of the major social inequalities that has been
sustained from time immemorial is gender inequality, which is the male domination of women in society. The
practice of gender (male-female differentiation) results in structural deprivation of the female life and it is
perpetuated by patriarchy, culture and glass ceiling effects and their impact as the sources of female domination
are briefly examined as follows.
II. Patriarchy
Patriarchy is one of the major factors of female oppression worldwide. It is a social system in which the
father or eldest male is the head of the household, having authority over women and children. Patriarchy also
refers to a system of government by males and to the dominance of men in social and cultural systems and may
also include title being traced through the male line (Webster‘s New World College Dictionary). Patriarchy
manifests itself in the social, legal, political and economic organizations of a range of different cultures and has
strong influence on modern civilization. Patriarchy is not just an issue of domination over women but also
2. www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
crucially means power exerted complexly by age as well as gender and by older men over women and children
(Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia).
In Nigeria, it is generally recognized that the country is a patriarchal society and gender stereotypes
pervade all social systems. Onyinye (2007) opined that in Nigeria as elsewhere religion and culture are
instruments of women oppression. The patriarchal society sets the parameters for women structural unequal
positions in families and markets by condoning gender-differential terms in inheritance rights and legal
adulthood, by tacitly condoning domestic and sexual violence and sanctioning differential wages for equal or
comparable work. Similarly the Nigerian Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW) NGO Coalition Shadow Report (2008) noted that gender stereotypes continue to be
reinforced in Nigeria as series of agents of socialization such as families, schools, churches, mosques and media
have become the custodians as well as the disseminators of gender roles, stereotypes, prejudices and
discriminatory culture. Girls and boys grow up in Nigerian society to accept males superiority over females and
patriarchal structure have become unquestionable phenomenon.
III. Christianity and Islam
Christian and Islamic religions have been implicated in entrenching patriarchal attitude. Within the
feminist theory, the Christians normally use the commands of God in Exodus 20:12 to justify the duties
subordinates owe to superiors, ‗Honour thy father‘ became an accepted norm for the duty to obey the king. This
is further emphasized in Ephesians 5: 22, which gives injunction that wives should be submissive to their
husbands. In this respect, Onyinye (2007) expresses the view that the Christian religion relegates women to the
background, it preaches that women‘s role should be reproduction and domestic calls. It preaches women‘s
subordination and gives women little role in the church. As for Islamic religion, Onyinye (2007) also states that
Islamic religion laws give central place to paternalistic interpretation to women‘s appropriate roles and social-
political arrangement of the society and continues to place a lot of restriction on the rights of women. She
asserts that in the traditional African religion, the woman exists as the pleasure of the man and that the Christian
and Islamic religions are used by men as instrument to defend patriarchy. It is this religion; she noted is the
basis of African culture and the basis of gender construction.
IV. Culture
Culture is another instrument of male domination over female. The word culture is a concept which has
many different inter-related meanings. To some people, the concept refers to excellence of taste or appreciation
of fine arts, music, and humanities. Over the years, it has been the central focus of anthropological, sociological,
socio-cultural studies and research and has been defined in various ways by different authors and writers on the
subject. Hofstede (1994) for example defines culture as the collective programming of the mind that
distinguishes the members of one human group from those of another. Culture in this sense is a system of
collectively held values. In another dimension, a Nigerian Sociologist, Onwuejeogwu (1994), states that culture
is all material objects made by man ranging from stone implement to atomic energy and all non-material things,
thought out and institutionalized by man ranging from values, norms, to ideas like marriage, economy, politics,
religion, music, drama, dance and language. The material and non-material forms according to him interact and
interweave to form new complete forms.
Most sociologists believe that culture consist of learned behaviours of a given human society while
some authors hold the view that men and women figure equally in cultural systems, however the power to
participate in the process of negotiation has historically been divided along gender lines (Jekayinfa 1999, Jones
1969, Afonja 1996 and Onyinye 2007). Cultures vary widely with regards to the roles they assigned to different
sexes. While one job may be regarded as a man‘s job in one society, it may be regarded as a woman‘s job in
another. Child bearing is however, one constant factor that determines the division of labour in pre-industrial
society. Culture is learned and shared, culture is transmitted from one generation to another and in this process,
culture is modified, renewed or dropped and it is both static and dynamic (Jekayinfa 1999). Common trend
discernable from the foregoing definitions show that cultures and traditions can be regarded as mechanisms for
regulation, adjustment and control of our social actions manifested in religion, customs, habits, politics, legal,
socio-economic organizations and other complex everyday social behaviours.
The Nigerian Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
NGO Coalition Shadow Report (2008) observed that section 21(a) of Nigerian Constitution requires the State to
protect, preserve and promote only Nigerian cultures that enhance human dignity and consistent with the
fundamental objectives as provided in the chapter. The report however, noted that harmful traditional and
cultural practices which discriminate against women still abound, and Nigeria still fall short of the desired result
of giving males and females equal opportunities and equal access to opportunities to advance socially,
economically and politically. Various discriminations exist in gender based division of labour, disparities
between males and females, access to power and resources and gender bias in rights and entitlements.
3. www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
With regard to the cultural effects on male domination over female, Okome (2005), observes that the male
dominant elements of Nigerian society remain strong. Many of these elements she argues, are located within the
family where a woman is required to take care of her husband at home. Since most women also work outside
their homes, this creates double burden and may limit the ability of women to devote an equal amount of
attention and concentration on their careers or trade. In Nigeria law and administrative practice, the predominant
attitude is that men are the household heads and have primary authority (Okome 2005). Alele – Williams,
(1987) also attributed the discrimination against women in science and technology careers to cultural standards,
values and practices, structural beliefs about gender roles and the production of knowledge. Onyinye (2007)
asserts observed that women self advancement has been curtailed by the burden of reproduction particularly in
Nigeria with a very high birth rate as well as the cultural roles associated with women as women take more time
off work because of the burden of childcare and domestic affairs. CEDAW (2008) in their report observed also
that gender stereotypes pervade the school system and curricular. Socialization in patriarchal cultures like
Nigeria makes domestic chores and domestic affairs to be seen as the concern for women whilst men are
associated with occupying public positions.
V. Glass Ceiling
Glass ceiling is another factor of female domination by male in both developed and developing
countries. Glass ceiling is often used to describe invisible barriers (glass) through which women can see elite
positions but cannot reach them (Davies-Netzley, 1998). The practice of glass ceiling worldwide prevent large
numbers of women and ethnic minorities from obtaining and securing the most powerful positions in higher
grossing jobs in workforce (Hesse-Biber, 2005), regardless of their qualifications and achievements. This
practice lowers the chances of women from excelling in their chosen careers and prevents them from
succeeding, developing and making full use of their potentials. This obviously is at a cost for the women as well
as the society in terms of development.
This glass ceiling in various countries has been extended to household, particularly for women who feel
they are being suppressed from going out to work. This barrier can make many women feel as if they are not
worthy enough to have these high ranking positions, but also they feel as if their bosses do not take them
seriously or actually see them as potential candidates (Nevil& the US Department of Labor). In Nigeria, men
mostly populate management positions of various organizations. Although, professional women in many
organizations have increased tremendously and have made progress in the past three decades, the process has
not been made easy by patriarchal, cultural and glass ceiling practices which have become formidable
impediments to the advancement and work performance.
When we compare the status of men in positions of power, prestige and wealth today in Nigeria,
women fall short and highly under-represented despite legislations/legal provisions and encouraging steps taken
to include them in strategic position. This again obviously points to the existence of glass ceiling effects,
interwoven with the problems of patriarchy and cultural practices at the top management levels and these
prevent women and minorities from rising to the position of power and responsibility within Nigerian
organizations. The glass ceiling continues to exist even when there are no explicit obstacles or legal constraints
keeping women and minorities from acquiring advance jobs. The practice of glass ceiling in Nigeria takes
various forms. In some organizations such as the Nigerian Police Force, the law specifically requires that
women are to be unmarried at the time of enlistment in the Force. Similarly, the banks prefer single girls to
married women with regard to employment. Some women and some girls are often exposed to sexual
harassment in the process of recruitment and selection in workplaces in both public and private institutions.
Furthermore, some women and girls in employment are similarly exposed to sexual harassment in the process of
promotion. In the banks, females are often exposed to external sexual harassment as they are given unrealistic
targets to achieve certain amount of bank deposits from clients, failing which they are sanctioned by delaying
their promotion and in some cases result in job losses. In addition, some females encounter double jeopardy in
employment and promotion into executive positions when they are married to men from other states as they are
neither accepted in their husbands‘ states nor their own when competition for high positions are limited.
Other forms of glass ceiling effects include lack of mentors and opportunities to attend conferences,
seminars or training due to arrangements or timing that are often unsuitable for married women. Similarly,
female employees do not have easy access to informal network of communication as their male counterparts do.
Male executives sometimes design requirements for high prestigious positions which females are unable to
meet. In Nigeria, like most developing countries, men hold high ranking professional positions in organizations
while females are over represented in lower paid jobs or professions such as nursing, teaching, social work,
secretarial and catering jobs and even then, men still dominate at the top in these areas. All these glass ceiling
effects reduce the chances of women rising to top decision making positions at their work places and affect the
prospects of their engagement in top professional managerial and executive jobs.
4. www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
VI. Gender Discrimination Against Women in Appointive Positions and Education
With regards to appointive positions in the public sectors in 2007, the percentage of women to men is
18% to 82% in the federal cabinet, Ambassadorial is 11.2% to 88.8%, and Electoral Reform is 13.6% to 86.4%.
In the case of Education, Gender discrimination against women shows that while male adult literacy is 70.1%,
female adult literacy is 54.6% and the girl child continues to be deprived of her rights to quality education
because priority is given to male education. The girl child ends up not been empowered and often exposed to
harassments and intimidation. Inadequate educational preparation for the females results in their under
employment or end up in informal sector with little or no opportunity for advancement. In the Federal Civil
Service according to CEDAW, the women constitute 24% of the total number of persons employed in the
Service. This inequality is even worse to a greater degree at the managerial position in which women constitute
only 14%. Gender stereotypes have also militated against women with 11% for women and 30% for men of
those employed in industrial sectors. Women are seen mostly in the informal sector where they constitute 87%.
(CEDAW 2008)
When we consider that Nigeria population census of 2006 shows that the men were 71,709859 while
women were 68,293,008, it is obvious that the female are highly under represented in top executive and
managerial positions in Nigeria public and private sector organizations. Lack of adequate education and their
development therefore undermines their supply of needed human resources at such levels.
Well over the past thirty years, women have made significant improvement in all social indicators of
development in Sub-Sahara Africa compared with statistics before the above indicated period. Women‘s
participation in work in both public and private sectors has been increasing globally and this is equally true for
Nigeria. There has been significant changes in the number of women entering into workforce and gender based
division of labour. Employment profile has also changed with women now engaged and obtaining jobs in areas
previously considered to be dominated by men. These changes not withstanding, there still remains a large gap
in the gender ratio of males and females in executive and managerial positions, more so in healthcare service
organizations the in Nigeria.
In 1985, Nigerian government ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discriminations against Women. Following the famous world conference on women held in Beijing in the year
1995 the Federal government adopted the National gender policy on women in the 2000 which was a framework
to monitor the implementation of the Beijing platform. The government went further to adopt National gender
Policy in 2006 to replace the national policy on women in 2000 and yet regrettably the Government failed to
implement the requirement in each of the cases. One of the strategies put in place to assist women to attain equal
status with men in fields of economy is the Nigerian National Policy on Women, (NNPW, 2007), a framework
designed to encourage women to attain top positions in any career and one of the cardinal objectives of the
policy is to encourage equal access to education and skill acquisition for women in order to increase the demand
for their labour at all levels but particularly at the managerial and executive levels. However, CEDAW 2008
observed that this policy has remained a paper-tiger as it is not backed up by force of law and yet to be
Implemented. These factors have continued to widen the gap between women and men in Nigeria.
This paper argues that the continuous dominances of the male gender in management positions especially in
health organizations in Nigeria is due to socially created inequality perpetuated by patriarchy, cultures and glass
ceiling attitudes entrenched in the managerial structures and processes in both private and public organizations.
VII. Research Survey
An Empirical Survey Of Socio-Cultural Constraints On Work Performance And Advancement
Of Female Executives In Public Health Institutions In Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
7.1 Purpose and Objectives of Survey
In view of the foregoing, this study was undertaken with the contention that although there has been
considerable development of women in various areas of endeavour in Nigeria over the past thirty years, there
remains however, a large gap in the gender ratio of males and females sustained by negative socio-cultural
factors which have the tendency of lowering female executive work performance and productivity. Health-Care
sector where women are mostly engaged as Nurses and Matrons appears to suffer from gender discrimination in
forms of socio-cultural barriers, particularly at the executive level. The research objectives therefore aim at
determining:
a. The extent to which socio-cultural factors affect the performance of female executives in public healthcare
organizations?
b. The extent to which there is a difference in the perception of the effects of socio-cultural factors on the
performance of female executives across gender of respondents?
5. www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
7.2 Research Settings
The research survey was carried out among managers and executives in the University of Benin
Teaching Hospital, University of Benin Health Center, Central Hospital, Benin City and among Senior Health
and Health Related professional students on In-Service Education Programmes studying for the Diploma in
Management and Administration and Masters Degree in Health Planning and Management in the Institute of
Public Administration and Extension Services (IPAES), University of Benin.
7.3 Research Population
The research population thus consisted of Health and Health related professional employees of the
above named institutions and the students on In-Service Education Programmes indicated above with the desire
to be 95% confidence that the difference between the perception of the sample respondents and the true
perception of the entire population about the subject matter of the research will differ by no more than 6%
(0.06), n was obtained as:
Za/2 (Agbadudu, 2008)
4D2
Where a = level of significance = 5%
D = maximum difference allowable
Thus, n = 1.962
4*(0.06)2
= 266.78
This was rounded up to 270. Thus, a sample size of 270 was used. Proportional allocation was used to determine
the number of respondents from each of the sampling units, owning to the non-uniformity in the population size
from the respective units. Thereafter, simple random sampling (Lottery) method was used to select the desired
sample size from each of the units. Thus, the sampling technique was simple random with lottery method
serving as the basis of randomization. The data collection instruments were questionnaire, interview and
secondary sources. The questionnaire was divided into two major parts. Part one featured items bothering on the
bio-data of respondents while part two features items which sought to ascertain the perception of respondents on
the subject matter of the research-―Socio-cultural factors as constraints to the performance of female executive
in the public service‖. The question – response format to the items in the second part was of the Likert – type,
with options ranging from a region of strong agreement (strongly agree) through a neutral zone (don‘t know) to
a region of strong disagreement (strongly disagree). 270 questionnaires were administered out of which 185
representing 68.2 percent of them were retrieved. Research data were analyzed, using descriptive statistics such
as frequency tables, percentages, mean, standard deviation, mean difference, and error mean, as well as
inferential statistics such a the t-test for equality of means non-parametric tests-Mann-Whitney U. and
Kolmogorv Smirnov Z.
VIII. Presentation of Data and Research Findings
8.1Table 1: Measurement of Variables
Strongly Agree: 2
Agree : 1
Don‘t know: 0
Disagree: -1
Strongly Disagree: -2
Research Question One: To What Extent do you agree that Socio-Cultural Factors affect the Performance of
Female Executives in Public Healthcare Organizations?
1.2 Table 2: Socio-Cultural Factors (Frequencies and Percentages)
1. To what extent do you agree that the following socio-cultural factors affect the performance of female
executives in the public healthcare organizations?
S/N Strongly
Agree
Agree Disagree Strongly
Disagree
Don’t
Know
Total
N
O
% N
O
% NO % NO % N
O
% NO %
a. Biological nature
of women
39 21.08 73 39.4
6
49 26.49 16 8.65 8 4.32 185 100
b. Women‘s role in
children‘s up-
bringing.
47 25.41 77 41.6
2
37 20.00 14 7.57 10 5.4 185 100
6. www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
c. The popular
saying that
women should
only be seen and
not heard
42 22.7 63 34.1 31 16.8 22 14.6 27 14.6 185 100
d. Women‘s feeling
of Inferiority
complex
34 18.4 43 23.2
4
52 28.11 34 18.4 22 11.89 185 100
e. Women‘s belief
that strenuous
activities are for
men.
44 23.78 45 24.3
2
44 23.78 36 19.46 16 8.65 185 100
f. Religious beliefs. 32 17.3 48 25.9 33 17.84 24 12.97 48 25.9 185 100
g. Extension of
cultural practices
to the work place
36 11.35 84 45.4
1
56 30.27 7 3.78 17 9.18 185 100
h. Social norms and
folkways
48 25.9 69 37.3 32 17.3 15 8.1 21 11.35 185 100
i. Popular views,
She is just a
woman
17 9.19 76 41.0
8
58 31.35 16 8.65 17 4.86 185 100
j. Superstitions 14 7.57 51 27.5
7
82 44.32 18 9.73 20 7.81 185 100
1.3 Table 3: Performance of Female Executives Vs. Socio-Cultural Factors (Scores)
Agree 151 171 147 111 133 110 126 165 110 79
Disagree 81 65 75 120 116 81 70 62 90 118
1.4 Results
Table 4 Performance of female executives Versus Socio-Cultural factors
N Mean Std. Dev. Std. error mean
Agree 10 130.300 28.71720 9.08118
Disagree 10 87.800 22.37955 7.07704
Independent Samples Test
Levene‘s Test for equality of Variances
F. Sig.
.589 .453
t-test for Equality of Means
T df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference
Equal Variances assumed 3.691 18 .002 42.5000
Equal Variances not assumed 3.691 16.986 .002 42.5000
95% confidence interval of the difference
Std. error Difference Lower Upper
Equal Variances assumed 11.51313 18.31181 66.68819
Equal Variances not assumed 11.51313 18.20791 66.79209
Findings: Results in table 4 show that the Levene‘s test for equality of variances is not significant since the
computed asymptotic significance probability associated with the F test value .589 for equality of Variances was
found to be 0.453. To this end, it is safe to assume equal variances at the ninety-five percent (95%) confidence
level. The mean difference between the scores of the respondents who agreed with the items suggesting that
socio-cultural factors affect the performance of female executives and those of the respondents who disagreed
was 42.500. A t-test for Equality of means (Equal Variances Assumed) showed that this difference was
significant at the ninety- five percent (95%) confidence level, given the calculated value of 3.691 and the
associated asymptotic significant probability of 0.002. The implication is that socio-cultural factors affect the
performance of female executives. The result of the research findings lends credence to the theoretical
proposition of the researcher which holds that there is a significant negative relationship between female
executives performance in Nigerian healthcare services and socio-cultural factors. Given the foregoing, we can
7. www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
conclude at the 95% confidence level that the performance of female executives in the healthcare institutions
surveyed is really affected by socio-cultural factors and practices.
IX. Discussions:
With regard to factors militating against female executive performance, male respondent‘s listed
cultural factors, illiteracy, child rearing practice, women‘s low esteem and low self-perception, male
domineering tendencies which pervades all over Nigeria but the impact is acknowledged to be worse in the
northern region of the country. Female respondents blame culture, male ego, religion, male restrictions common
to marriages and poor self-perception. Although female respondents believe these problems to be widespread in
Nigeria; they however, noted that they are more pronounced in the northern part of the country.
From the foregoing, one can say that all the socio-cultural factors taken together have influence on the
performance of female executives in the public service. However, while some have much influence such as
women‘s role in children‘s upbringing, which recorded 47 (25.41%) for strongly agree and agree 77 (41.62%),
while extension of cultural practices to the workplace, shows for strongly agree 36 (11.35%) and agree 84
(45.41%) and the biological nature of women accounts for 39 (21.08%) strongly agree and agree 73 (39.46%).
There are others which have moderate to little influence such as women‘s feeling of inferiority complex 34
(18.4%) for strongly agree and 43 (23.34%) for agree while women‘s belief that strenuous activities are for men,
with strongly agree 44 (23.78%) and agree 45 (24.32%).
Research Question Two: To What Extent is there a Difference in the Perception of the effects of socio-
cultural factors on the performance of female Executives across Gender of respondents?
Table 5 Performance of Female Executives Vs Gender
MALE FEMALE
SA A DK D SD TOTAL SA A DK D SD TOTAL
a 17 35 4 17 8 81 A 22 38 4 32 8 104
b 20 38 5 13 5 81 b 27 38 5 24 9 104
C 10 11 4 18 38 81 C 16 37 24 19 9 104
d 18 21 7 21 14 81 d. 16 22 15 31 20 104
e 24 21 8 20 8 81 e. 20 24 8 24 28 104
f 15 22 22 15 7 81 F 17 26 26 18 17 104
g 17 37 11 4 19 81 G 19 47 6 37 3 104
h 23 36 4 12 6 81 H 25 33 17 20 9 104
i 6 32 10 26 7 81 I 11 44 8 32 9 104
J 5 21 5 39 11 81 J 9 40 15 43 7 104
ASSIGNMENT OF VALUES
Question a B C D e F G h I J
MALE 279 298 180 251 282 266 308 301 247 213
FEMALE 328 359 347 295 290 320 354 332 328 343
Average Scores Using Number of Male Respondents = 81 and Female = 104
Question a B C D e F G h I J
Male 3.44 3.68 2.22 3.10 3.48 3.28 3.80 3.72 3.05 2.63
Female 3.15 3.45 3.34 2.84 2.79 3.08 3.40 3.19 3.15 3.30
X. Results
Table 6: Respondents Perception Versus Gender
N Mean Std. Dev Std. error mean
Male 10 3.2400 0.50607 0.16003
Female 10 3.1690 0.22103 0.06990
Independent Samples Test
Levene‘s Test for Equality of Variances
F Sig
4.904 0.040
8. www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
t-test for Equality of Means
T df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean Difference
Equal Variances assumed 0.407 18 0.689 0.071
Equal Variances not assumed 0.407 12.313 0.691 0.071
95% confidence interval of the difference
Std. error Difference Lower Upper
Equal Variances assumed 0.17463 -0.29589 0.43789
Equal Variances not assumed 0.17463 -0.30842 0.45042
Findings:
Findings reveal, in table 6, that there is no significant difference in perception of roles across the
gender of respondents. A comparison of respondents‘ of perception on the basis of gender revealed that the
means of the mean scores obtained by male respondents was 3.2400 with a standard deviation of 0.50607 and a
standard error mean of 0.16003. The corresponding values for female respondents were 3.1690, 0.22103 and
0.06990 for mean of the mean scores, standard deviation, and standard error mean respectively, thus resulting in
a mean difference of 0.071. With a calculated F value of 4.904 and an associated significant probability of
0.040, the Levene‘s test for Equality of Variances was found to be significant at the five percent (5%) level; thus
implying that it is inappropriate to assume Equal Variance. A t-test for Equality of means, Equal Variances not
assumed, showed that the resultant mean difference between the perception of male and female respondents was
not significant at five percent (5%) level since the computed significant probability of 0.689 is not less than
0.05. Consequently, we may conclude at the ninety five percent (95%) confidence level that there is no
significant difference between the mean scores associated with the perception of male respondents and female
respondents.
XI. Summary of Findings
This study sets out to examine the extent to which socio-cultural factors such as biological nature of
women, women‘s roles in children‘s upbringing, extension of cultural practices to workplace, social norms and
folkways etc. militate against the performance of female executives in the public health organization in Benin
City, Nigeria. The computed results in table 2, 3, and 4 show that the performance of female executives is
significantly affected by socio-cultural factors indicated above with the mean value of those who ―Agree‖
standing at 130.300 as against 87.800 for those who ―Disagree‖. The t-test for equality of means and equal
variances assumed also show that female executive performance is negatively affected by socio-cultural factors
and table 4 further shows that this was significant at the 95% confidence level. The findings therefore confirm
the research questions which sought to know whether female executive performance is negatively affected by
socio-cultural factors in Nigeria.
The results in table 6 show that there is no significant difference in the perception of both males and
females across gender in the public healthcare service. The mean value for males is 3.2400 while the mean value
for females is 3.1690 and the standard error for male is 0.16003 and females 0.06990. The t-test showed also
that there was no difference in perception across genders with t-value of 0.407 for both equal variances assumed
and equal variances not assumed. All these help us to conclude at the 95% level of confidence, that there is no
significant difference in the perception of males and females across gender regarding the performance of female
executives in the public healthcare service. The conclusion drawn from the analysis is that males and females
uniformly agree to the fact that female executives‘ performance in the Public Healthcare Institutions surveyed is
significantly affected by socio-cultural factors and there is no difference in perception across gender.
The respondents suggested a number of areas which should be given attention in order to improve the plight
of female executives in workplace. These among others include appropriate legislations to counter negative
cultural practices, encouragement of the females to be more focused, taking advantage of educational and
training opportunities so as to be better equipped to compete effectively with their male counterparts, improving
on perceptual competencies through education and enlightenment, pressing ahead persistently for equal
advancement opportunities and so forth.
XII. Conclusion
As stated earlier in this paper, although there has been general considerable improvement in the
development of women well over 30 years, there is no doubt that there is still a large gap in the gender ratio of
males and females sustained by socio-cultural stereotypes which continue to operate negatively against the
performance of female executives in the public sector, especially in the healthcare organization.
9. www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
To achieve any concrete results on gender stereotypes, and gender equity issues, multi-sectoral approach which
involves all stakeholders – Federal Government, Ministry of women Affairs and Social Development, men,
women, boys, girls, infants, private sector organizations, experts on gender studies, researchers and
implementers of research findings must be adopted. With the Ministry of Women Affairs and Social
Development taking the leadership position, deliberate and systematic gender mainstreaming approach should
be undertaken to ensure that the realities of live experiences, the needs of infants, children, men and women are
built into the relevant legislations, strategies, policies and designs of appropriate plans, programmes, projects,
budgeting, implementation, monitoring and evaluation geared toward reducing gender inequity. Political and
financial commitments of the three tiers of governments, federal, state and local government and other
appropriate institutions, including private sector must be sort, obtained and sustained. The Federal, State and
Local Governments must stop paying lip services to eradicating harmful cultural practices. Global and National
mandates on negative cultural practices must be honoured and implemented and private organizations must be
integrated into the schemes of gender mainstreaming.
Above all, Governments at all levels should endeavour to provide adequate funding for gender research
into all forms of discriminations as well as implementations of such findings. Implementation targets should be
set, monitored and evaluated continuously and the Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development should
be given adequate support by the Government to achieve its mandate in its fight against gender stereotypes and
gender inequity.
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