1. Develop basic understanding and familiarity with key concepts- gender, gender bias, gender stereotype, empowerment, gender parity, equity, and equality, patriarchy and feminism;
2. Understand the gradual paradigm shift from women’ studies to gender studies and some important landmarks in connection with gender and education in the historical and contemporary period;
3. Learn about gender issues in school, curriculum, textual materials across disciplines, pedagogical processes and its intersection with class, caste, religion and region; and
4. Understand how gender, power and sexuality relate to education (in terms of access, curriculum and pedagogy).
Gender refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women that are created in our families, our societies and our cultures. The concept of gender also includes the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both women and men (femininity and masculinity). Gender roles and expectations are learned. They can change over time and they vary within and between cultures. Systems of social differentiation such as political status, class, ethnicity, physical and mental disability, age and more, modify gender roles. The concept of gender is vital because, applied to social analysis, it reveals how women’s subordination (or men’s domination) is socially constructed. As such, the subordination can be changed or ended. It is not biologically predetermined nor is it fixed forever.
Gender refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women that are created in our families, our societies and our cultures. The concept of gender also includes the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both women and men (femininity and masculinity). Gender roles and expectations are learned. They can change over time and they vary within and between cultures. Systems of social differentiation such as political status, class, ethnicity, physical and mental disability, age and more, modify gender roles. The concept of gender is vital because, applied to social analysis, it reveals how women’s subordination (or men’s domination) is socially constructed. As such, the subordination can be changed or ended. It is not biologically predetermined nor is it fixed forever.
Further, the differentiation between gender and sex came in the discourse to
define the secondary status of women. Historically it is widespread that different
traits, roles, responsibilities and characteristics between men and women in society
regulated by different social institutions are determined by their gender which is
acceptable and not changeable in society and it is because of their biological
differences which make women, accountable for their secondary status in society.
And this phenomenology existing naturally which highlight the issues of gender
discrimination, exploitation, inequalities and injustice in the society regulated by
norms and values .Gender roles vary greatly in different societies, cultures and historical periods
as well as they depend also on socio-economic factors, age, education, ethnicity and
religion. Although deeply rooted, gender roles can be changed over time, since social
values and norms are not static.
Providing employment opportunities to transgenderBeulahJayarani
It provides information on the employment opportunities for the transgender community.It also explains about the problems were faced by the transgender.
After the World War II, in the post modernization era, one of the issues which had attracted the attention of the policy makers and social scientists was gender issues and concerns. Gender issues mean the discussion on both men and women, though women who suffer from gender inequality. From all gender issues, gender inequality is the most prevalent in India. Consideration of gender inequality is now common in Government, Non-Government organizations, and in the politics in India. The policy makers are strongly believed that a positive commitment to gender equality and equity will strengthen every area of action to reduce poverty because women can bring new energy and new sights. A lot of debates are going on women and their development since last few decades. Thus, several national and international organizations are trying to promote the advancement of women & their full participation in developmental process & trying to eliminate all forms of inequality against women. The importance of feminism has been steadily growing and gaining intellectual legitimacy.
A process of mutual influence between a person and his fellow being, a process that results in an acceptance of, the adaptation to, the patterns of social behaviour.
Further, the differentiation between gender and sex came in the discourse to
define the secondary status of women. Historically it is widespread that different
traits, roles, responsibilities and characteristics between men and women in society
regulated by different social institutions are determined by their gender which is
acceptable and not changeable in society and it is because of their biological
differences which make women, accountable for their secondary status in society.
And this phenomenology existing naturally which highlight the issues of gender
discrimination, exploitation, inequalities and injustice in the society regulated by
norms and values .Gender roles vary greatly in different societies, cultures and historical periods
as well as they depend also on socio-economic factors, age, education, ethnicity and
religion. Although deeply rooted, gender roles can be changed over time, since social
values and norms are not static.
Providing employment opportunities to transgenderBeulahJayarani
It provides information on the employment opportunities for the transgender community.It also explains about the problems were faced by the transgender.
After the World War II, in the post modernization era, one of the issues which had attracted the attention of the policy makers and social scientists was gender issues and concerns. Gender issues mean the discussion on both men and women, though women who suffer from gender inequality. From all gender issues, gender inequality is the most prevalent in India. Consideration of gender inequality is now common in Government, Non-Government organizations, and in the politics in India. The policy makers are strongly believed that a positive commitment to gender equality and equity will strengthen every area of action to reduce poverty because women can bring new energy and new sights. A lot of debates are going on women and their development since last few decades. Thus, several national and international organizations are trying to promote the advancement of women & their full participation in developmental process & trying to eliminate all forms of inequality against women. The importance of feminism has been steadily growing and gaining intellectual legitimacy.
A process of mutual influence between a person and his fellow being, a process that results in an acceptance of, the adaptation to, the patterns of social behaviour.
The concept of gender was first developed by Iill Matthews in 1984 in her study of the construction of femininity.
According to Mathews, the concept of gender gives recognition to the fact that every known society distinguishes between women and men.
Therefore the term / concept of gender is a systematic way of understanding men and women socially and the patterning of relationships between them.
Gender refers to the attitudes, feelings and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex.
The concept of gender helps to study the differences in behaviour between men and women and to analyse the basis of these differences as basically biological or as social constructions by the society.
It refers to the social attributes, roles and responsibilities, associated with being male & female and the relationships between women & men (girls & boys).
“the gender question is not just about women but about both women and men and how they interact”
(the gender question, Human Development Report 2000)
2015Jun12 - A presentation was made to the Faculty of the Aurora Degree and PG College, Hyderabad, on this topic of Gender Sensitization. A live audio recording of the session, in English and Telugu, is also available: Please visit: www.archive.org and access the same:
https://archive.org/details/150612000GenderSensitizationAurora
You are most welcome to give your valuable feedback.
Pathways to Equality: The Role of Men and Women in Gender EquityAtharv Kurhade
Gender sensitivity is a multifaceted concept that encompasses understanding, acknowledging, and addressing the impact of gender inequality on individuals and society. It involves recognizing the complex interplay between biological sex and socially constructed gender roles, as well as the ways in which these dynamics shape power dynamics, access to resources, and experiences of discrimination. In this comprehensive exploration of gender sensitivity, we will delve into various aspects, including the implications of gender inequality, the role of patriarchy, the importance of breaking stereotypes, and the necessity of promoting gender equality for the liberation of all genders.
Gender inequality manifests in numerous ways, affecting both men and women. Historically, women have faced systemic discrimination and oppression, resulting in limited opportunities for education, employment, and political participation. This inequality not only violates women's rights as citizens and individuals but also perpetuates harmful stereotypes and restricts the full realization of their potential. However, it is essential to recognize that gender inequality also impacts men, albeit differently. Traditional notions of masculinity can create pressure to conform to rigid gender roles, leading to mental health issues, and inhibiting emotional expression.
Understanding the notion of citizenship is crucial for contextualizing gender inequality within broader social and political frameworks. Citizenship entails not only legal rights and responsibilities but also social and cultural recognition within a community or nation. However, gender-based discrimination often undermines women's citizenship rights, denying them equal access to resources, opportunities, and decision-making processes. This violation of women's rights as citizens reflects the pervasive nature of gender inequalities and highlights the urgent need for systemic change.
Central to the perpetuation of gender inequality is the patriarchal system, which privileges men's power and dominance over women. Patriarchy operates through social structures and institutions, reinforcing traditional gender norms and perpetuating inequalities in access to resources and positions of power. By understanding patriarchy as a root cause of gender inequality, we can begin to challenge and dismantle its harmful effects, paving the way for more equitable societies.
Biological sex and socially constructed gender are distinct yet interconnected aspects of identity that shape individuals' experiences and opportunities. While biological sex refers to physical characteristics such as anatomy and genetics, gender encompasses the roles, behaviors, and identities that society attributes to individuals based on their perceived sex. It is essential to recognize that gender is not inherently tied to biology but is instead shaped by cultural norms and expectations.
Gender and Development
Research from around the world has shown that gender inequalities tends to slow down economic growth and make the rise from poverty more difficult.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Understanding how gender relations shape women’s and men’s lives is critical to disaster risk reduction (DRR). This is because women’s and men’s different roles, responsibilities, and access to resources influence how each will be affected by different hazards, and how they will cope with and recover from disaster. This presentation is part of Oxfam GB's Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction training pack available at www.oxfam.org.uk/genderdrrpack.
DEFINITION “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”. -WHO (1948)
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
BIOMEDICAL: - Absence of disease. Person free from disease is considered as healthy
ECOLOGICAL: - Dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment = health. Maladjustment of humans to environment = disease
PSYCHOLOGICAL: - Development of social sciences revealed that health is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors.
HOLISTIC: - Synthesis of all other concepts. Sound mind in a sound body, in a sound family, in sound environment
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
• PHYSICAL
• MENTAL
• SOCIAL
• SPIRITUAL
• EMOTIONAL
• VOCATIONAL
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
The science which deals with the study of living objects is called Biology. Thus the subject involves the studies of all kinds of micro-organisms, plants and animals. Biology is related to mankind ever since the origin of man, therefore this branch of science stands first in order of studies as compared to other branches of science. Ever since the origin of life man is eager to know about various phenomenon of life processes such as health and disease, birth, growth and death. However, man depends on plants and animals for food, shelter and clothing which are immediate needs of life, come from Biology. Perhaps it was the elementary need of man to know about the living beings, so that maximum benefits can be drawn out of them. Though biology involves study of life, but now a days it is mostly centralised with the study of agriculture, animal husbandry, health and microbiology and related branches. Today study of any branch of science is not possible in isolation as it also involves principles of physics, chemistry and various other branches.
Chamber of dictionary answer the question for what is knowledge is (i) as the fact of knowing, (ii) information or what is known; (iii) the whole of what can be learned or found out. Further, it also knowledge as assured belief, that which is known, information, instruction, enlightenment, learning, practical skill and acquaintance. Considering all the above that are worthy of knowing. A term widely used by teachers, educators and policy makers is concept of knowledge and it refers to the body of information that teachers teach and that students are expected to learn in a given subject or content area such as English, Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, or Social Studies. Concept of knowledge generally refers to the facts, concepts, theories and principles that are taught and learned rather than related to skills such as reading, writing, or researching that student also learns in academic courses.
Knowledge is not truth. Truth is inferred on the bases of available knowledge. The truth about the universe around us or the macrocosm to the microcosm is inferred knowledge. The knowledge of galaxy is inferred; so is the whole nuclear science, space, DNA etc,. Much of what we knew is not observed knowledge. They are known through their effects, properties, and characteristics. It is at the stage of inference that employment of methods for drawing inferences that philosophy is at work. Knowledge certified by the philosophy enters the curriculum of education. Methods approved by philosophy for building knowledge from the bases of methods and techniques of teaching. The truth arrived by philosophy sets the goals and objectives of education as well as instruments and uses of evaluation. Like this knowledge helps philosophy to interpret, guide, monitor and validating the educational process at every stages.
Business analytics is a custom of transforming the data into business understandings enabling the end users for better decision-making. By using the modern tools and techniques, business analytics can help assess complex situations, consider all the available options, and predict outcomes and showcase critical risks for the decision makers.
Business Analytics can simply be described as a practice that includes the use of various techniques such as Data warehousing, Data mining, Programming in order to visualize and discover several patterns or trends in data. In simple, Analytics help convert the data into useful information, which can be used for decision-making. As a means of sorting through data to find useful information, the application of analytics has found new purpose
Inclusive education is educating ALL students in age-appropriate general education classes in their neighborhood schools, with high quality instruction, interventions and supports so all students can be successful in the core curriculum. Inclusive schools have a collaborative and respectful school culture where students with disabilities are presumed to be competent, develop positive social relationships with peers, and are fully participating members of the school community. Inclusive education has grown from the belief that education is a basic human right and that it provides the foundation for a more just society. All learners have a right to education, regardless of their individual characteristics or difficulties. Inclusive education initiatives often have a particular focus on those groups, which, in the past, have been excluded from educational opportunities.
Assessments for learning -B.ed Second year notesAbu Bashar
Understand the nature of assessment and evaluation and their role in teaching-learning process.
2. Understand the perspectives of different schools of learning on learning assessment
3. Realise the need for school based and authentic assessment
4. Examine the contextual roles of different forms of assessment in schools
5. Understand the different dimensions of learning and the related assessment procedures, tools and techniques
6. Develop assessment tasks and tools to assess learners performance
7. Analyse, manage, and interpret assessment data
8. Analyse the reporting procedures of learners performance in schools
9. Develop indicators to assess learners performance on different types of tasks
10. Examine the issues and concerns of assessment and evaluation practices in schools
11. Understand the policy perspectives on examinations and evaluation and their implementation practices
12. Traces the technology bases assessment practices and other trends at the international level
E satisfaction e-loyalty of consumers shopping onlineAbu Bashar
With the advent of information technologies and emergence of online stores, the
online shopping has not been the same as it was in the past. Now in order to strive
in this cut throat competition it is of vital importance for the organizations to
understand the factors that matter for consumers when they shop online. As the
competition in e-commerce is intensified, it becomes more important for online
retailers to understand the antecedents of consumer acceptance of online
shopping. Such knowledge is essential to customer relationship management,
which has been recognized as an effective business strategy to achieve success
in the electronic market. The current research study is an effort to understand
the satisfaction and loyalty pattern for the consumers shopping online. The objective
of this research is to study the impact of emotional state and perceived risk of
remote purchase on e-satisfaction during the Internet shopping. As well, it aims
to study the influence of e-satisfaction on e-loyalty. The data gathering was carried
out by a questionnaire. The results show that three dimensions of the emotional
state during Internet shopping (the pleasure, stimulation and dominance) have a
significant positive impact on e-satisfaction. Dimensions of the perceived risk of
remote purchase, (the total risk, the financial risk, the social risk, the
psychological risk, the functional risk, and the physical risk) don't have a significant
impact on e-satisfaction, except the risk of loss of time has a negative impact.
Finally satisfaction influences positively and significantly the e-loyalty of the cyber
consumers.
The main purpose of the paper is to determine the correlation of consumers’ demographic factors on
the impulse buying behavior with respect to a number of single impulsivity indicators and one collective
indicator. The paper consists of theoretical and research aspects. The first part encompasses theoretical
insights into the secondary research regarding impulse buying while the practical part presents the
methodology and primary research results. With respect to the subject matter, research goals as well as
previous findings and primary research results, corresponding hypotheses were set and mainly confirmed.
Inter variable correlation and regression analysis has been performed to test the hypothesis. The results
showed that demographic factors, such as the disposable income and age, are related to most impulse
buying indicators and to the impulsivity collective indicator. However, educational qualification and
gender produced marginal association with impulsive buying behavior. The paper also summarizes
research limitations as well as the work contribution and future research guidelines.
OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING SCIENCE
Education is a process of bringing about changes in an individual in a desired direction. It is a process of helping a child to develop his potentialities to the maximum and to bring out the best from within the child. To bring about these changes we teach them various subjects at different levels of school. Science as subject is included in the school curriculum from the very beginning.
Before taking any decision about teaching science we should pose certain questions to ourselves, such as,
• Why do we teach them science?
• What are the goals and objectives of teaching science?
• What changes does science teaching bring about in the behaviour of the students?
Role and importance of language in the curriculumAbu Bashar
The language is always believed to play a central role in learning. No matter what the subject area, students assimilate new concepts when they listen, talk, read and write about what they are learning. Speaking and writing reflects the thinking process that is taking place. Students learn in language, therefore if their language is weak, so is their learning.
The constitutional provision of educationAbu Bashar
The Constitution of the country was adopted on Nov. 26, 1949 and came into force on Jan 26, 1950. The Preamble of the Constitution outlines the social philosophy which should govern all our institutions including educational. Right to Education is one of the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of India. The Constitution of India gives a few directions and suggestions for the development of education in the countries which are also called constitutional provisions.
In much modern usage, the words ‘teaching’ and ‘teacher’ are wrapped up with schooling and schools. One way of approaching the question ‘What is teaching?’ is to look at what those called ‘teachers’ do – and then to draw out key qualities or activities that set them apart from others. The problem is that all sorts of things are bundled together in job descriptions or roles that may have little to do with what we can sensibly call teaching. Another way is to head for dictionaries and search for both the historical meanings of the term and how it is used in everyday language. This brings us to definitions like: “Impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something; or Cause (someone) to learn or understand something by example or experience”
Women empowerment’ is the process of enabling and developing ability or potential in women so that they can think and act freely, exercises their choice and control their lives and thereby reducing discrimination and exploitation towards them. It brings about upliftment of women in social, economic and political spheres where they are able to play an equal role at par with men in society. But women who constitute half of the population in India yet they have been subjected to the oppression of patriarchal order and suffered from fewer rights and lower social status than men for centuries.
Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.
The work of speech organs necessary for making speech sounds is called articulation. According to
The specific character of articulation, especially according to the presence or absence of the obstruction speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. The most substantial difference between vowels and consonants is that in the articulation of vowels the air passes freely through the mouth cavity, while in making consonants an obstruction is formed in the mouth cavity or in the pharynx and the flow of the air meets a narrowing or complete obstruction. Vowels have no fixed place of articulation, the whole of the speaking apparatus takes part in their formation, while the articulation of consonants can be localized, and an obstruction or a narrowing for each consonant is formed at a definite place of the speaking apparatus. In producing vowels all the organs of speech are tense, while in making consonants, the organs of speech are tense only in the place of obstruction. Voice prevails in vowels while in most consonants noise prevails over voice. Vowels are syllable forming sounds while consonants are not, as a rule.
Reading, in very simple words, is the process of looking at a piece of written work, make out what is written on the page or sheet and understand what is written there.
Here, we have to make a distinction between reading silently and reading aloud. These two ways of reading have different purposes. Primarily, reading aloud is done to make others listen and understand and reading silently is to read "in the mind", so that we can understand, what we are reading, better. The teacher reading out a lesson or a story or a poem in the classroom is a good example for reading aloud. People reading the newspaper or a magazine at home or elsewhere is a good example of reading silently. In other words, reading aloud is aimed at improving our pronunciation while reading silently helps in improving our comprehension.
Drama is a word of Greek origin meaning "action" and referring to a performance on the stage in which actors act out the events and characters of a story. A dramatic work is usually called a play, but if you want to specify what type of drama it is, you can call it a comedy, a. tragedy, a farce or tragicomedy or other names. As wel1 as a play, drama usually involves
o a playwright or dramatist, that is, the author of the play;
o a stage, that is, the area in a playhouse or theatre where the play is performed;
o an audience, that is, the people who go to the theatre to watch the performance.
The Elements of drama
The elements of drama, by which dramatic works can be analyzed and evaluated, can be categorized into three major areas:
Literary elements
Technical elements
Performance elements
Email
Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode over the internet. It offers an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of distributing information among people.
E-Mail Address
Each user of email is assigned a unique name for his email account. This name is known as E-mail address. Different users can send and receive messages according to the e-mail address.
E-mail is generally of the form username@domainname. For example, webmaster@tutorialspoint.com is an e-mail address where webmaster is username and tutorialspoint.com is domain name.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Gender school and society
1. Gender
Gender is a social construct that impacts attitudes, roles, responsibilities and behavior patterns of
boys and girls, men and women in all societies. Increasing attention has been given to the
importance of achieving gender equality in education. To date, however, most efforts have focused
on addressing gender parity - an equal number or proportion of girls and boys accessing
educational opportunities. Although simple gender parity may be easier to measure, gender
equality encompasses a wider concept, of which gender parity is only a part.
Gender refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women that are created in our families,
our societies and our cultures. The concept of gender also includes the expectations held about the
characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both women and men (femininity and
masculinity). Gender roles and expectations are learned. They can change over time and they vary
within and between cultures. Systems of social differentiation such as political status, class,
ethnicity, physical and mental disability, age and more, modify gender roles. The concept of
gender is vital because, applied to social analysis, it reveals how women’s subordination (or men’s
domination) is socially constructed. As such, the subordination can be changed or ended. It is not
biologically predetermined nor is it fixed forever.
Related terminology and concepts include:
Gender roles: The particular economic, political and social roles and responsibilities that are
considered appropriate for men and women in a culture.
Gender equality: The absence of discrimination on the basis of a person's sex in authority,
opportunities, allocation of resources or benefits, and access to services.
Gender equity: The process of being fair to women and men. Sometimes this involves measures
to redress historical disadvantages that have prevented men and women from having equal access
to rights and privileges. Equity leads to equality. Gender equity also implies that health needs,
which are specific to each gender, receive appropriate resources.
Gender awareness: Understanding that there are socially determined differences between men
and women, and that these influence access to and control of resources.
Gender Sensitivity: The ability to perceive existing gender differences and issues, and to
incorporate these into strategies and actions. Contrast with gender blindness.
Gender analysis: Identifies the inequalities that arise from the different roles of men and women,
and analyzes the consequences of these inequalities for their lives, health and well-being.
Gender Mainstreaming: The process used to ensure that women’s and men’s concerns and
experiences are integral to the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all legislation,
policies and programmes.
2. Gender Parity: A numerical concept concerned with the relative equality in terms of numbers
and proportions of women, men, girls and boys. In education, this means that the same number of
boys and girls receive educational services at different levels and in diverse forms.
Sex, Gender and Sexuality
Sex: ‘Sex’ refers to the biological characteristics or natural biological differences between men
and women, for example, the differences in the organs related to reproduction. A person’s sex is
biologically determined as female or male according to certain identifiable physical features which
are fixed. Women’s marginalisation has often been seen as ‘natural’ and a fact of their biology.
Gender: Gender refers to the cultural, socially constructed differences between the two sexes. It
refers to the way society encourages and teaches the two sexes to behave in different through
socialization. ‘Gender’ and the hierarchical power relations between women and men based on
this are socially constructed, and not derived directly from biology.
Sexuality is distinct from gender yet intimately linked to it. It is the social construction of a
biological drive. An individual's sexuality is defined by whom one has sex with, in what ways,
why, under what circumstances, and with what outcomes. It is more than sexual behavior, it is a
multidimensional and dynamic concept."
Patriarchy
Patriarchy is a social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of
political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property. In the domain of the
family, fathers hold authority over the women and children.
A patriarchal system is a social system in which the father is the head of the household. This,
however, is not confined to the household alone. It can be extended to the entire society where
males dominate in all social, political, economic, legal and cultural roles. For instance, in most
patriarchal societies women were very much confined to the domestic sphere, where they were
completely cut off from the realities of the society.
Let us take some examples to clarify the way in which patriarchy is evident in our daily life.
When a man raises his voice in the course of an argument and insects on his point of view,
without letting others especially women get to utter a single word, his actions are likely to
be described as “aggressively patriarchal”.
If a women complains of sexual harassment at her work place, and all the men in her office
deny that this could ever happen. The reasoning of men can be described as being “
typically patriarchal”.
Matriarchy
Matriarchy is a social system in which females hold primary power, predominate in roles of
political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property at the specific
exclusion of men, at least to a large degree.
A matriarchal system is a social system in which the mother is the head of the household. In a
matriarchal society, the governance of the society is also in the hands of women. When examining
the human history, there is very little evidence of matriarchal societies, because most confuse an
egalitarian society or matrilineal society to a matriarchal society.
3. MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY:
Masculinity (also called boyhood, manliness, or manhood) is a set of attributes, behaviors and
roles generally associated with boys and men. Masculinity is made up of both socially-defined and
biologically-created factors, distinct from the definition of the male biological sex. Both males
and females can exhibit masculine traits and behavior. Those exhibiting both masculine
and feminine characteristics are considered androgynous.
Masculinity varies for each man dependent on personality, family and culture. The common thread
is a set of characteristics that allow men to feel masculine.
Femininity (also called girlishness, womanliness or womanhood) is a set of attributes, behaviors,
and roles generally associated with girls and women. Femininity is made up of both socially-
defined and biologically-created factors. This makes it distinct from the definition of
the biological female sex, as both males and females can exhibit feminine traits. Modern
conceptualizations of femininity also rely not just upon social constructions, but upon the
individualized choices made by women
There are differences in “masculine” and “feminine” ways of influencing others: getting others to
do what we want them to do or think the way we want them to think. Masculine uses a style of
influence that is “dominance,” while Feminine style is “persuasion.”
The foundational difference between the “masculine” and “feminine” view of “self in the world”
is this: Masculine sees himself as an individual in a hierarchy, while Feminine sees the world as a
network of relationships. In a hierarchy people at higher levels have more power than those at
lower levels. In a hierarchy those higher in status tell those below them what to do. They may
speak politely, but they express what they want clearly and directly. Masculine “leads from the
front,” choosing and showing the way to the goal.
Gender Empowerment
The subject of empowerment of women has becoming a burning issue all over the world including
India since last few decades. Many agencies of United Nations in their reports have emphasized
that gender issue is to be given utmost priority. It is held that women now cannot be asked to wait
for any more for equality.
Inequalities between men and women and discrimination against women have also been age-old
issues all over the world. Thus, women’s quest for equality with man is a universal phenomenon.
What exists for men is demanded by women?
They have demanded equality with men in matters of education, employment, inheritance,
marriage, and politics and recently in the field of religion also to serve as cleric (in Hinduism and
Islam). Women want to have for themselves the same strategies of change which menfolk have
had over the centuries such as equal pay for equal work. Their quest for equality has given birth to
the formation of many women’s associations and launching of movements.
4. A long struggle going back over a century has brought women the property rights, voting rights,
an equality in civil rights before the law in matters of marriage and employment (in India women
had not to struggle for voting rights as we find in other countries).
In addition to the above rights, in India, the customs of purdha (veil system), female infanticide,
child marriage, sati system (self-immolation by the women with their husbands), dowry system
and the state of permanent widowhood were either totally removed or checked to an appreciable
extent after independence through legislative measures.
GENDER BIAS
Gender bias is a preference or prejudice toward one gender over the other. Bias can be conscious
or unconscious, and may manifest in many ways, both subtle and obvious. It is the unequal
treatment in employment opportunity such as promotion, pay, benefits and privileges and
expectations due to attitudes based on the sex of an employee or group of employees.
Gender bias can be subtle or overt, and can result in small or large consequences. Most countries
have laws eliminating gender bias in work places. Gender bias can be a legitimate basis for a
lawsuit under anti-discrimination statutes. Gender bias is behavior that shows favoritism toward
one gender over another. Most often, gender bias is the act of favoring men and/or boys over
women and/or girls.
Gender Stereotypes
Gender bias occurs when people make assumptions regarding behaviors, abilities or preferences
of others based upon their gender. Because there are strong gender role stereotypes for masculinity
and femininity, students who do not match them can encounter problems with teachers and with
their peers.
Gender stereotypes are simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles
of individuals and/or groups. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, but they rarely communicate
accurate information about others. When people automatically apply gender assumptions to others
regardless of evidence to the contrary, they are continuing gender stereotyping. Many people
recognize the dangers of gender stereotyping, yet continue to make these types of generalizations.
Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her
family's welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic;
and find time to be sexy and feel beautiful. The male stereotypic role is to be the financial
provider. He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career‐focused;
hold his emotions in check; and always initiate sex. These sorts of stereotypes can prove harmful;
they can stifle individual expression and creativity, as well as hinder personal and professional
growth.
Policies, recommendations and initiatives for gender equality
5. The Indian situation, with respect to gender equality, presents a situation of sharp contrast between
what is on paper and what actually obtains on the ground. If one looks at the constitutional
guarantees, a strong affirmation of nondiscrimination is clearly on record.
The Constitution of India (1951) not only grants equality to women and forbids any discrimination
based on religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, but also empowers the state to practice
protective discrimination in favour of women. Under the protective discrimination clause, the State
has passed several social and labour legislations and drawn up special programmes and schemes
for the welfare and development of women and children.
The ground situation however, is quite the reverse of the above proclaimed position. Sex ratio does
not favour women in India and a majority of women go through life in a state of chronic stress,
even facing nutritional discrimination within the family. Fewer girls than boys attend school. Even
when enrolled, fewer girls manage to stay in school and complete schooling. Most girls who drop
out of school are working in homes and fields of their parental or marital families.
The National Policy of Education (NPE) 1986 and its Programme of Action (revised in 1992) gives
education a mandate to work for women’s equality and empowerment.
Welfare Programmes and Policies for Women by Government
Of late, women all over the world have been agitating and struggling for their rights and privileges
and initiating women liberation movements to achieve their rightful place in their respective
societies. The United Nations had declared 1975 as International Women Year and the era 1975-
85 as the International Women Decades.
March 8, is observed as Women's Day in our country every year. The South Asian Association for
Regional Co-operation (SAARC) at its convention at Islamabad in 1989 had agreed upon
observing 1990s as the year of the girl child.
Measures taken by the Government for gender equality/socio-economic
development/empowerment of women
The Ministry of Women and Child Development is administering following schemes for gender
equality/socio-economic development/empowerment of women:
Swadhar and Short Stay Homes to provide relief and rehabilitation to destitute women and
women in distress.
Working Women Hostels for ensuring safe accommodation for working women away from
their place of residence.
Support to Training and Employment Program for Women (STEP) to ensure sustainable
employment and income generation for marginalised and asset-less rural and urban poor
women across the country.
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) to provide micro-finance services to bring about the socio-
economic upliftment of poor women.
National Mission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW) to strengthen the overall
processes that promote all-round Development of Women
6. Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme for Children of Working Mothers (including single
mother) to provide day care facilities for running a crèche of 25 children in the age group
0-6 years from families having monthly income of less than Rs 12,000.
One Stop Centre to provide integrated support and assistance to women affected by
violence.
Scheme for Universalisation of Women Helpline intended to provide 24 hours immediate
and emergency response to women affected by violence.
Sabla Scheme for holistic development of adolescent girls in the age group of 11-18 years.
In order to strengthen the process of gender budgeting the Ministry of Women and Child
Development has been undertaking various capacity building measures for the officials of
the State Governments by organising training programs/workshops regularly.
Policies of the Government
The major policy initiatives undertaken by the government in the recent past for welfare of women
include internal restructuring of Indira Mahila Yojana (IMY), Balika Samridhi Yojana (BSY),
Rural Women's Development and Empowerment Project (RWDEP), setting up of the National
Commission for Women (NCW), National Commission for Children (NCC), National Creche
Fund (NCF), adoption of National Nutrition Policy (NNP) and Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK).
Theories on gender and education
Socialisation theory
Socialization is the process of internalizing society's values in order to adapt to one's culture .It
influences how people behave as males and females in society. The social learning process that
imbibes people into understanding the various aspects of culture includes the process of gender
socialization. Gender socialization encompasses the process of learning society's gender roles and
their advantages and limitations.
In many societies gender roles are rigidly defined. For instance men have traditionally been
expected to be strong, aggressive even dominating. Women have been expected to be nurturing,
sensitive, emotional and relatively passive. Children are taught these values both consciously and
subconsciously from a very early age. This is further reinforced with the use of toys as boys are
given large sized, noise making or violent type whereas girls are often given gentler toys. These
expressions influence information of self as well as identities.
The main agents of gender socialization are parents, peer, siblings, school, society and religion.
For very young children parents and family play the central role in shaping gender socialization.
They determine how the family interacts with a boy as well as the types of toys and clothes that
the baby is given.
Gender Difference Theory
Whereas socialization theorists see girls' differences from boys as a problem-something to be
eliminated-gender difference researchers believe that female/feminine traits should be recognized
and celebrated. Rather than socialize girls to be more like boys, difference theorists seek to
revalorize the relational characteristics associated with girls. As they see it, the educational
7. problem for girls is the lack of fit between school culture and feminine culture: relational values
are risked by the public sphere's commitment to rationalism, competition, conquest, consumerism,
and radical individualism.
There are two prominent views about the origins of gender differences in human behavior. Some
theorists see gender differences as a reflection of naturally evolved tendencies and society must
reinforce those tendencies if it is to function smoothly. Socio-biologists call this perspective as
essentialism.
The second group of sociologists sees gender differences as social constructionism, mainly as a
reflection of the different social positions occupied by women and men. They view gender as
constructed by social structure and culture.
This variation denies the idea that there are essential and universal behavioral differences between
women and men. In societies with low levels of gender inequality, the tendency decreases for
women to stress the good provider role in selecting male partners, as does the tendency for men to
stress women's domestic skills. Women have become considerably more assertive, competitive,
independent, and analytical in the last four decades. The gender differences are not constants and
they are not inherent in men and women.
Structural Theory
Structural analysesfocusonthe systematicassociationof powerandprivilegeinthe handsof a minority.
Accordingtosuchtheories,powerissomethingone groupexercisesoveranother;itisakindof possession
or property legitimated by laws, standards, political practices, and institutional relations. In many
countries,heterosexualunionsare materiallyprivilegedovergayandlesbianunionsintermsof insurance
coverage for partners,adoptionand fosteringpolicies,the rightto marriage,and representationinanti-
discriminationlaws.Otherstructural formsof inequityinclude the concentrationof womeninlow-paying
and/or less prestigious jobs (as hotel maids and waitresses, for example, or in pink collar jobs such as
teacher, secretary, or nurse); hiring and promotion practices that favor men; medical research that
assumes maleness as normative (as in heart disease and AIDS research); and policies or systems of law
that hold women responsible for pregnancy but deny them the right to abortion.