Formal axiology focuses on concepts of values and value. It aims to provide a framework to connect moral philosophy to the study of axiology. This allows for sorting out the value of different disciplines and distinguishing between them. Meta-ethics examines second-order questions about issues, while normative ethics examines first-order questions. Considering both meta-ethical and normative ethical perspectives is important to fully understand issues and potentially find solutions without losing the original essence or meaning. Research in axiology should consider individuals' values and avoid biases to strengthen outcomes.
WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS’ PERSPECTIVE ON EDUCATION (Unit 5) HennaAnsari
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Greek Philosophers and Concept of Education
All the content is prepared for BEd classes and adapted form Michael Caesar Tubal, Instructor/Faculty's presentation on Slideshare. For complete content click on the following link:
https://www.slideshare.net/michaeltubal/the-ancient-socratic-philosophy
Axiology or the theory of value. Ethics. two types of ethical theories. meta ethics. normative ethics.applied ethics. applied ethics. descriptive ethics. aesthetics.value. kinds of values.
WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS’ PERSPECTIVE ON EDUCATION (Unit 5) HennaAnsari
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Greek Philosophers and Concept of Education
All the content is prepared for BEd classes and adapted form Michael Caesar Tubal, Instructor/Faculty's presentation on Slideshare. For complete content click on the following link:
https://www.slideshare.net/michaeltubal/the-ancient-socratic-philosophy
Axiology or the theory of value. Ethics. two types of ethical theories. meta ethics. normative ethics.applied ethics. applied ethics. descriptive ethics. aesthetics.value. kinds of values.
This is the first part of Ch. 1 of the book "Research Methods in Education: An Introduction". It tackles upon the nature of research and classification of educational research. The second part to be uploaded soon is on the role of theory, activities of the research process, and the function of educational research.
It's presented in Philosophy Subject
Reference
Tomar, B. (2014). Axiology in teacher education: Implementation and challenges. IOSR Journal of Research and Method in Education, 4(2), 51-54.
This is the first part of Ch. 1 of the book "Research Methods in Education: An Introduction". It tackles upon the nature of research and classification of educational research. The second part to be uploaded soon is on the role of theory, activities of the research process, and the function of educational research.
It's presented in Philosophy Subject
Reference
Tomar, B. (2014). Axiology in teacher education: Implementation and challenges. IOSR Journal of Research and Method in Education, 4(2), 51-54.
Explain why relativism and egoism pose a challenge to the possib.docxkendalfarrier
Explain why relativism and egoism pose a challenge to the possibility of rational discussion in ethics. Using the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments, show how these doctrines might be challenged.
Feminist Care Ethics might be seen as a challenge to Kantian Ethics. Explain with reference to the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments.
Feminist Care Ethics might be seen as a form of Virtue Ethics with the major difference being a disagreement about the nature of human excellence and the virtues necessary for acting ethically. Explain with reference to the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments.
Explain the Trolley problem and the differences in the ways that utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, and Virtue Ethics would address the problem. Base your answer on the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments.
Both Utilitarianism and Kant's deontological ethics sometimes lead to morally horrendous actions related to the sanctity of human life. Kantian ethics is able to avoid the morally horrendous actions that can be justified using Utilitarianism, while Utilitarianism can avoid the morally horrendous actions that accord with Kantian ethics. Virtue ethics, though, would not have the same sorts of problems addressing issues discussed in the text, such as torturing terrorists if it were necessary to save lives, the Trolley Problem, killing an innocent person to save the lives of others, lying or making a false promise to save the lives of others. Explain with reference to the readings in our text and my Weekly Comments, using specific examples of the types of cases that would provide problems for each of the theories.
Week 2: Ethical Relativism
Ethical Relativism is the claim that moral views are relative to the culture in which one lives or to the individual (also called Subjectivism). Many people declare themselves to be ethical relativists, but very few actually believe it to be true in practice. Often people are simply trying to avoid getting into an argument when they say that their ethical positions are just opinions. If it was true that you should avoid arguments about ethical issues, you would have to believe that there are good moral or possibly prudential reasons for not getting into arguments with others, that it was good for everyone to avoid conflict about controversial issues, which means that it is simply correct to be tolerant, making you opposed to relativism. Since you would be claiming that tolerance is a virtue that everyone should accept. In other cases, you may be concerned with ethnocentrism, the practice of imposing your views on others. But then, you would have to believe that being ethnocentric is morally wrong and that there are good moral reasons for not being ethnocentric. All of the people in the class took tolerance to be a moral virtue, some claiming that it is a result of cultural relativism. But you can’t derive a universal value from cultural relativism. And Daesh (ISIL, ISIS) and the Taliban .
Discussion: Autism
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Discussion- Chapter Eleven
Discussion prompt:
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have received substantial attention in the popular press during the past decade. A brighter picture is emerging due to this media attention.
Use the question below to guide your discussion:
In what ways is the future brighter for people with ASD than it has in the past?
Submission Instructions:
The Discussion Forum is a great way to build a sense of community, discuss key concepts, and learn from others. You are required to post a response and a reply to at one peer each week.
· Post your initial response by Wednesday at 23:59 CST.
· Post a minimum of one follow-up response by Sunday at 23:59 CST.
To receive full credit, your responses must demonstrate an understanding of key concepts; further the discussion by providing original and relevant insight; include a rationale, evidence, or example that supports your response/opinion; and, be free of significant mechanical errors. Your peer responses should provide specific, constructive, and supportive feedback to extend classmates' thinking and offer additional resources, opinion, and/or experiences.
Your initial post should be 300-350 words. Peer reply posts should be 150-200words each. Conform to APA guidelines as you write your responses. In-text citations, as well as reference page citations, must be included for any professional journal articles, textbook quotes, video references, etc., used in your response.
*Grading rubric is listed. Click on show rubric.
Required Textbook: Hardman, M. L., Egan, M. W., & Drew, C. J. (2014). Human exceptionality: School, community, and family. (12th ed.) Cengage Learning
"Ethics and Ethical Reasoning"
"ermissible, etc.)”? One answer to this question is that such assertions can do nothing to solve the deep conflicts of value that we find in our world. We know that people disagree about abortion, gay marriage, animal rights, and other issues. If we are to make progress toward understanding each other, if we are to make progress toward establish-ing some consensus about these topics, then we have to understand why we think certain things are right and other things are wrong. We need to make arguments and give reasons in order to work out our own conclusions about these issues and in order to explain our conclusions to others with whom we disagree.It is also not sufficient to appeal to custom or authority in deriving our conclusions about moral issues. While it may be appropriate for children to simply obey their parents’ decisions, adults should strive for more than conformity and obedience to authority. Sometimes our parents and grandparents are wrong—or they disagree among themselves. Sometimes the law is wrong—or the laws conflict. And sometimes religious authorities are wrong—or the authorities do not agree. To appeal to authority on moral issues, we would first have to decide which authority is to be trusted and belie ...
Ethics and Ethical Reasoningermissible, etc.)” One answeBetseyCalderon89
"Ethics and Ethical Reasoning"
"ermissible, etc.)”? One answer to this question is that such assertions can do nothing to solve the deep conflicts of value that we find in our world. We know that people disagree about abortion, gay marriage, animal rights, and other issues. If we are to make progress toward understanding each other, if we are to make progress toward establish-ing some consensus about these topics, then we have to understand why we think certain things are right and other things are wrong. We need to make arguments and give reasons in order to work out our own conclusions about these issues and in order to explain our conclusions to others with whom we disagree.It is also not sufficient to appeal to custom or authority in deriving our conclusions about moral issues. While it may be appropriate for children to simply obey their parents’ decisions, adults should strive for more than conformity and obedience to authority. Sometimes our parents and grandparents are wrong—or they disagree among themselves. Sometimes the law is wrong—or the laws conflict. And sometimes religious authorities are wrong—or the authorities do not agree. To appeal to authority on moral issues, we would first have to decide which authority is to be trusted and believed. Which reli-gion provides the best set of moral rules? Which set of laws in which country is to be followed? Even within the United States, there is currently a conflict of laws with regard to some of these issues: some states have legalized medical marijuana and gay marriage, and others have not. The world’s religions also disagree about a number of issues: for example, the status of women, the permissibility of abortion, and the question of whether war is justifiable. Many of these disagreements are internal to religions, with members of the same religion or denomination disagreeing among themselves. To begin resolv-ing the problem of laws that conflict and religions that disagree, we need critical philosophical inquiry into basic ethical questions. In the next chapter, we discuss the world’s diverse religious traditions and ask whether there is a set of common ethical ideas that is shared by these traditions. In this chapter, we clarify what ethics is and how ethical reasoning should proceed"
"What iS EthicS?On the first day of an ethics class, we often ask stu-dents to write one-paragraph answers to the ques-tion, “What is ethics?”How would you answer? Over the years, there have been significant differences of opinion among our students on this issue. Some have argued that ethics is a highly personal thing, a matter of private opinion. Others claim that our values come from family upbringing. Other students think that ethics is a set of social principles, the codes of one’s soci-ety or particular groups within it, such as medical or legal organizations. Some write that many people get their ethical beliefs from their religion.One general conclusion can be drawn from these students’ ...
Axiology is the branch of practical philosophy that focuses on the study of value. It explores the nature of value in general, rather than specifically focusing on moral values. Axiologists examine the plurality and heterogeneity of values while adopting different forms of realism about values. the purpose of axiology are a deeper self-awareness and understanding of our personal values.
It allows us to align our actions and decisions with our core values, leading to a more fulfilling and purposeful life.
By evaluating and prioritizing our values, we can make conscious choices that are in line with what truly matters to us. It helps in decision-making, guides behavio, and contributes to the overall development of individuals and societies.
Radius Images/Photolibrary1
Introducing Philosophy
• Philosophy has a rich and fascinating history.
• Philosophers explore questions ranging from logic and
mathematics to morality and art.
• Philosophy helps us to better understand our beliefs and
those of others and to examine, defend, and criticize
those beliefs.
What We Will Discover
mos66103_01_ch01_001-030.indd 1 12/1/10 7:22 PM
CHAPTER 1Section 1.1 What Is Philosophy?
Philosophy is an unusual discipline, not just because it has an enormously long history, but
because it spends a good bit of time investigating what philosophy itself is. In this chap-
ter, we look at what philosophy is, how philosophers approach their subject, and what the
benefits of philosophical inquiry are. We will also include a brief overview of the rich and
fascinating history of the development of philosophy in the West.
1.1 What Is Philosophy?
Here we will explore what philosophy is, including some of its history. We will focus on Western philosophy, and the most important philosophers of that tradi-tion, but it is good to keep in mind that there are other important traditions in the
history of philosophy. One of the most important things philosophers do is ask questions,
and we will identify some of the questions that have engaged philosophers for thousands
of years.
What Do Philosophers Do?
Plato tells us that philosophy begins in wonder. Human beings wonder about themselves,
about other people, about where they came from, about where they are going, and about
what they should do while they are here. Human beings are naturally curious, and each
question one asks leads to another, then another, and then another. One way of think-
ing about philosophy, then, is that it is the sys-
tematic attempt to answer the general questions
human beings have always asked, and the debate
that naturally follows each proposed answer.
Philosophy combines curiosity—wonder about
the world and all that is in it, and even beyond
it—and criticism—objections to answers, sugges-
tions of new answers, and new objections to those
new answers. As should be clear, philosophical
inquiry has one other important feature: It never
ends. We do, on occasion, seem to discover solu-
tions to specific philosophical questions. But the
pursuit of philosophy will continue as long as
there are things we don’t understand, and as long
as we remain curious.
The word philosophy comes from two Greek
words. We see one of them, philein, or “to love,”
in the name of Philadelphia, “city of brotherly
love,” and in the word philanthropy, love for
human beings. We are familiar with the other
word, sophos, from such words as sophisticated
and sophomore: It means wisdom. Thus, philos-
ophy is, literally, the love of wisdom and refers
to the unending search for answers to questions.
To be successful, then, in philosophy, one must
Hilary Helton/81a/Photolibrary
As humans, we are naturally curi-
ous—something often q ...
Bending the Arc of North American Psychologists’ Moral UniversChantellPantoja184
Bending the Arc of North American Psychologists’ Moral Universe
Toward Communicative Ethics and Social Justice
Richard T. G. Walsh
Wilfrid Laurier University
Social contextual and social justice perspectives on North American psychologists’
conceptions of ethical ideals and prescribed practices show that interpersonal, organi-
zational-institutional, and sociopolitical systems are dimly represented on our moral
landscape. In this critical review I first examine conceptions of ethical decision-making
from cognitive and interpersonal angles, noting the operation of nonrational phenomena
and conversational processes and promoting a communicative conception of ethical
decision-making. Next, I consider how the discourse on the concepts and practice of
ethics addresses both the social conditions of our employment and the challenges of
maintaining professional-personal boundaries on ethical conduct. Lastly, I assess the
ways in which psychologists discuss ethical issues that arise from our espoused
commitments to enhancing human welfare, responsibility to society, and social justice.
I argue that certain historical trends in psychology’s culture reduce our moral vision of
practicing the principle of justice to social reforms that sustain the status quo. I
conclude by questioning how we can shift the transit of our ethical discourse and
practice toward communicative ethics and social justice.
Keywords: ethical decision-making, Habermas, communicative ethics, organizational-institutional
influences, social justice
It seems likely that most North American
(i.e., Canadian and U.S.) colleagues believe that
we psychologists behave ethically in our re-
search, educational, professional, and commu-
nity endeavors despite the embarrassment to our
discipline of some psychologists’ ethical mal-
feasance, such as participation in torture (see
Teo, 2015a). But taking ethical responsibilities
for granted could lead to their marginalization
and invoking them chiefly when a possible so-
ciopolitical transgression, professional ethical
dilemma, or institutional review of a dubious
research project occurs. Instead of central to our
identity as scientific and professional psycholo-
gists, ethics can seem peripheral to our worka-
day worlds (Prilleltensky, Rossiter, & Walsh-
Bowers, 1996), reducible to a recitation of
standards that demand adherence. A different
view is that all aspects of our vocation are pro-
foundly moral, ethical, and social. That is, princi-
ples and practices of ethics, which are historical
constructions, are enacted in the context of in-
terpersonal, organizational-institutional, and so-
cietal systems and particular cultural traditions.
Accordingly, our principles and standards for
ethical conduct, as well as our conduct itself,
should reflect critical consciousness of the so-
cial-contextual phenomena saturating ethics.
In this spirit, and from my perspective as a
Canadian contributor to the literature in critical
psychology (Teo, 2015b) ...
Running Head The value of philosophy1The value of philosophy.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: The value of philosophy 1
The value of philosophy 5
THE VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY TO THE SOCIETY
Student
University
School
Course
Course code
Lecturer
Due date
In the society, people view the philosophy as being the most irrelevant discipline amongst all others. This is due to the impression that philosophy has very little to deal with the reality. Additionally, the definition of philosophy also has a major rift arising from the fact that the philosophers cannot form an agreement on particular definition due to the nature if the discipline. Moreover, the world has diverse characteristics of disorder and conflict and therefore the philosophy can only but try to understand reality through pointing out different viewpoints as everything in the universe is not known by man.
Perspectives of philosophy
1. As a search for reality
In this context, philosophers perceive the discipline as being a search for the realities that exist in the world and how mainly how everything in the world exists i.e. the philosophers seek to acquire basic knowledge or ideas about something in the world. Some examples in history include Thales, Anaximenes and Anaximander’s attempts to understand the role and importance of water, air and limitlessness and infinity respectively.
2. As a nature explanation
Philosophers perceive the discipline as being critical in the explanation of nature itself. This can be related to the fact that the ancient Greeks philosophers utilized human reasoning in their effort to understand the world. They sought to understand nature through reasoning that was separate from religion and myths but they did not obliterate their existence.
3. Metaphysical systems
This deals with efforts aimed at understanding every object that exists in the world and the correlations between them.
4. Critical analysis of language
The discipline seeks to produce clarity on specific terms while also explaining the logic parts of the terms. Philosophers argue out that having a clear definition of the terms puts us in a position to know what we are specifically talking about.
5. Searching for the ideal ,life
Philosophers argue out that the discipline helps determine what life is and the ideal way to live it.
6. Overall existence of man
Some philosophers perceive the discipline as being the search for the truth with man being the most critical determinant its discovery. In essence, man’s interests, relationships with other people, experiences and reasoned would be critical in achievement of the truth.
The role of philosophy in the society
Despite the various perceptions philosophy, the discipline has extreme importance to the society. A nonexistence of philosophy would be detrimental to the society judging from the fact there would be no importance of what was good, of value or ethically correct. Philosophy is very critical in dealing with problems in the society as it helps man to solve these problems. In the event that these problems ar ...
1. Formal and Aesthetic Axiology
The branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of value and types of value, as in morals,
aesthetics, religion and metaphysics is known as Axiology. Everybody is born with freedom,
having no moral and ethical value that’s why we are different to each other. People like to twist
around try to confuse others with values. Values are something that people stand for, become
preventive, believe in it, and give it importance. To portray the meaning of this, honest and loyalty
can be taken as examples which is hardly found in society. Valuing is a gift of caring, giving
respect, it’s like you give someone a reason to think, to assign meaning, to determine the richness
of properties. For instance take an example of color vision in order to differentiate between value
and values, now compare value of one’s ability to see different colors as we can see around us, no
rocket science. We can see multiple colors with great vision and clarity that’s one of the gifts from
God to us, that’s value and when u see different type of colors that represents different tastes and
aspects with respect to your mind, that’s called values. Because each color has its own value,
represents its own importance with uniqueness. We study different colors and then differentiates
them, same is the case with axiology which is the study of one’s ability to think how things or
people differ from each other, so to say red color is more significant and attractive than blue means
that red values more than blue means it has more importance and chances of likeness than blue,
suppose Adam values people more than money it means that Adam prefers people, like them more
than money. Values are a set of priorities over one another. Everything, everyone in this universe
is created for purpose which means it all has some value. Value also defines true respect you carry
for people because you value someone for what they really are, impressed by their skills and
ability. Axiologist’s field of study is to determine how individuals compare things and how values
can either represent or distort from reality (Dr. Robert Kinsel Smith)
2. Formal axiology is a subtype to philosophy of morals that focuses the concepts of values and value.
To understand a clear framework to connect moral philosophy to the discipline of axiology which
could sort out the value of disciplines and distinctions. Philosophy due to its popularity can be
defined as an alternative solution to all big issues and problems that are unable to be solved,
philosophy and values are two words on the same track. The complexity of issues exaggerates
when we lack knowledge, exposure and a clear mindset. Considering the risks which holds us back
from going further into discussions and to take critical decisions should not be taken lightly,
discussing problems, issues with others, trying to figure out the solutions, can minimize the risk
of going astray. In fact, it lets you think of the adjacent issues which are indirectly related to the
primary ones, this is where we can distinctive primary and secondary issues so that we can let our
mind work in a proper ascending manner, it keeps you focused on what things with values are
going to help you around, it’s very important to keep an eye on confusions and ambiguities. There
will be some of the issues discussed briefly most of the time, simply bracket them and chances are
that the answers lies may be deep down but inside formal axiology, another way to categorize this
is to apply a basic and familiar distinction between meta-ethics and normative ethics. In meta-
ethics the questions related to the issues become second-order while in normative ethics they
become first-order. This is the interesting part, for instance maximization of happiness or a good
will eventually will make actions right even if they sense diabolical, meat is not good to eat its
wrong, wasting time on games is not right, same sex marriages is non-religious and is absolutely
against the nature, now if we were to think about the second-order questions for same questions
then it will take various other forms probably can change the sense or the whole meaning of it, in
this case we can even lose the essence of our hope to overcome issues which could end up in
disappointment. For this we first need to list down our primary priorities to first-order questions,
3. we should ponder on ideas, creativity which could lead us to support these questions, we might
ask whether such judgments are capable of being true or false. Meta-ethics is generally covered by
interconnected questions like these which has impacts on each other (Jonas Olson).
It is very important to consider research based on philosophical facts and figures, and a fine
approach. The value of individuals of researchers should be kept in consideration because they
work as a ladder in research process. Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2007) cite heron, argue that
our values are the guiding reasons for our actions. Whatever the judgments and research approach
work is actually a practical construction and portray of axiological skill. Consider an example of
surveys which are to be taken instead of interviews, it’s not necessary to have personal rich
conversation in a private room, it’s not being valued, it’s more of a phobia, people fear interviews
because they feel that they are not going to make it or may be the interviewers will ask me
something which I might not know or answer incorrectly. Now think for moment, what part of
ethics/values does it effects the most? Moral values, we start degrading our self, we lose self-
respect and many disorders takes place in our head. Interviews should not be taken only for the
collection of data sets, so that a bunch of PhDs and others sat down together and argue and mock
sometimes about candidates who dared coming to the interview. It’s absolutely unethical and
immoral. This argument can be understood if we are aware of our values and transparency
recognize this during research which might strengthened it, the bias choices can be minimized and
self-correction values based on generic statements are also recommended and can be beneficial.
We should not harm values of any human and on the contrary sometimes the opportunity to go to
the other side of axiology also comes, suppose a person comes to an interview in Oil n Gas
Company, now these companies have affiliations with universities and recruiting agencies which
give them candidates who either are good or have paid them who also carries a potential reference
4. with him/her. Now if the company hires the second type of candidates, ultimately the company
along with the panel will lose values, the candidates in first type might lose their hope and a lot
more, philosophers sometimes refers this term as Ethical Dilemma, but it can be other way around.
The approach for this study can be divided into four simple phases; Purpose, Research Question,
Theoretical Perspective and Research Design, they all are interlinked with each other to yield a
concrete outcome from the issue (Paul Flowers; iss. 3).
The cultural hierarchy of social critique is between high and popularity. Although it raises doubts
regarding the status of aesthetic judgments made. The influence of differences based on aesthetic
judgements and non-aesthetic factors can be explained by an example described by Thorstein
Veblen (2007). Veblen gave the example of a handcrafted silver spoon and an aluminum spoon,
silver spoon are generally considered to be more valuable and beautiful than mechanical produced
aluminum spoon, now the purpose of both the spoons is to use them carry food to their mouth,
morally and ethically they have the same value but silver spoon is preferred highly on aluminum
spoon not because it’s rarely found but they high aesthetic value than aluminum spoons. Although
if we go through the materialistic properties of both, aluminum is found more useful than silver,
but since people and society are caught up in the hype of status, power and money, they prefer to
use silver spoons to accommodate their leisure demonstration of high social status (Veblen
2007,85-86).
Social scientists have engaged their selves to research about the relationship between social
standings and cultural preferences. Most of them have concluded cultural preferences along with
aesthetic judgments are based on social background and educational level of the individuals, also
their racial and economic status to which they belong to. Number of groups have been dissolved
to show different cultural aspects, values and consumptions, with different aesthetic assessment.
5. The question of the validity should be directed towards aesthetic axiology whether they can sustain
generic validity, the expression of different form of life and a conditioned social consumption
pattern for individual plays a vital role (Ludwig Wittgenstein:2003 241,242).
The start and end of every discussion is important to remind yourself what you have learned so
far. We started it with the aim to research every aspect with possible solutions in and against the
topic. People are different they don’t look alike, everyone carries different mindset to see things
around him which creates different axiological values based on ethics and aesthetics. I find it valid
and contended to be a supportive to this statement which ignites a fire of moral and ethical values.
It has enabled a think-tank process, to see things with different perspectives and fit them
accordingly.
References:-
Rem B. Edwards, Lindsay Young, (2013), “Journal of Formal Axiology: Theory and
Practice”, Publication of Robert S. Hartman Institute
Rem B. Edwards, Lindsay Young, (1995), “Formal Axiology and the kinsel-Hartman
Profile”, Clear Directions Inc. retrieved from
http://www.zeroriskhr.com/pdfs/support/hidden/clients/samples/axiology.pdf
Jonas Olson, (2005), “Axiological Investigations”, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis,
Uppsala, 4.73 pp.
Pavel Zahrádka, (2013), “A Critique of Aesthetic Hierarchism and its consequences for the
Theory of Art, Art criticism and Aesthetic Axiology” European Society for Aesthetics, Vol.
5, Palacký University Olomouc.