Bending the Arc of North American Psychologists’ Moral Universe
Toward Communicative Ethics and Social Justice
Richard T. G. Walsh
Wilfrid Laurier University
Social contextual and social justice perspectives on North American psychologists’
conceptions of ethical ideals and prescribed practices show that interpersonal, organi-
zational-institutional, and sociopolitical systems are dimly represented on our moral
landscape. In this critical review I first examine conceptions of ethical decision-making
from cognitive and interpersonal angles, noting the operation of nonrational phenomena
and conversational processes and promoting a communicative conception of ethical
decision-making. Next, I consider how the discourse on the concepts and practice of
ethics addresses both the social conditions of our employment and the challenges of
maintaining professional-personal boundaries on ethical conduct. Lastly, I assess the
ways in which psychologists discuss ethical issues that arise from our espoused
commitments to enhancing human welfare, responsibility to society, and social justice.
I argue that certain historical trends in psychology’s culture reduce our moral vision of
practicing the principle of justice to social reforms that sustain the status quo. I
conclude by questioning how we can shift the transit of our ethical discourse and
practice toward communicative ethics and social justice.
Keywords: ethical decision-making, Habermas, communicative ethics, organizational-institutional
influences, social justice
It seems likely that most North American
(i.e., Canadian and U.S.) colleagues believe that
we psychologists behave ethically in our re-
search, educational, professional, and commu-
nity endeavors despite the embarrassment to our
discipline of some psychologists’ ethical mal-
feasance, such as participation in torture (see
Teo, 2015a). But taking ethical responsibilities
for granted could lead to their marginalization
and invoking them chiefly when a possible so-
ciopolitical transgression, professional ethical
dilemma, or institutional review of a dubious
research project occurs. Instead of central to our
identity as scientific and professional psycholo-
gists, ethics can seem peripheral to our worka-
day worlds (Prilleltensky, Rossiter, & Walsh-
Bowers, 1996), reducible to a recitation of
standards that demand adherence. A different
view is that all aspects of our vocation are pro-
foundly moral, ethical, and social. That is, princi-
ples and practices of ethics, which are historical
constructions, are enacted in the context of in-
terpersonal, organizational-institutional, and so-
cietal systems and particular cultural traditions.
Accordingly, our principles and standards for
ethical conduct, as well as our conduct itself,
should reflect critical consciousness of the so-
cial-contextual phenomena saturating ethics.
In this spirit, and from my perspective as a
Canadian contributor to the literature in critical
psychology (Teo, 2015b) ...
The Role of Construction, Intuition, and Justification in.docxgertrudebellgrove
The Role of Construction, Intuition, and Justification in Responding to Ethical Issues at
Work: The Sensemaking-Intuition Model
Author(s): Scott Sonenshein
Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Oct., 2007), pp. 1022-1040
Published by: Academy of Management
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20159354
Accessed: 30-01-2020 08:53 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access
to The Academy of Management Review
This content downloaded from 131.170.21.110 on Thu, 30 Jan 2020 08:53:26 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
? Academy o? Management Review
2007, Vol. 32. No. 4, 1022-1040.
THE ROLE OF CONSTRUCTION, INTUITION,
AND JUSTIFICATION IN RESPONDING TO
ETHICAL ISSUES AT WORK: THE
SENSEMAKING-INTUITION MODEL
SCOTT SONENSHEIN
Rice University
Proponents of a popular view of how individuals respond to ethical issues at work
claim that individuals use deliberate and extensive moral reasoning under conditions
that ignore equivocality and uncertainty. I discuss the limitations of these "rationalist
approaches" and reconsider their empirical support using an alternative explanation
from social psychological and sensemaking perspectives. I then introduce a new
theoretical model composed of issue construction, intuitive judgment, and post hoc
explanation and justification. I discuss the implications for management theory,
methods, and practice.
Several prominent theories claim that individ
uals use deliberate and extensive moral reason
ing to respond to ethical issues, such as weigh
ing evidence and applying abstract moral
principles. These "rationalist approaches" have
flourished, in part, because of their cumulative
research agenda and the absence of well
developed alternative theoretical perspectives
(Randall & Gibson, 1990). Despite their popular
ity and usefulness, it is important to evaluate
these approaches to understand their limita
tions. I question several assumptions of ratio
nalist approaches and answer scholars' calls to
develop alternative theoretical views (OTallon
& Butterfield, 2005). I present a model based on
social psychological and sensemaking perspec
tives?something I call the "sensemaking
intuition model" (SIM).
I argue that individuals engage in sensemak
ing under conditions of equivocality and uncer
tainty (Weick, 1979, 1995). Individuals' expecta
tions and motivations affect this process such
that they vary in how they constr ...
How Can a Deontological Decision Lead to Moral BehaviorThe .docxpooleavelina
How Can a Deontological Decision Lead to Moral Behavior?
The Moderating Role of Moral Identity
Zhi Xing Xu • Hing Keung Ma
Received: 23 January 2014 / Accepted: 10 February 2015 / Published online: 18 February 2015
� Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Abstract Deontology and utilitarianism are two com-
peting principles that guide our moral judgment. Recently,
deontology is thought to be intuitive and is based on an
error-prone and biased approach, whereas utilitarianism is
relatively reflective and a suitable framework for making
decision. In this research, the authors explored the rela-
tionship among moral identity, moral decision, and moral
behavior to see how a preference for the deontological
solution can lead to moral behavior. In study 1, a Web-
based survey demonstrated that when making decisions,
individuals who viewed themselves as moral people pre-
ferred deontological ideals to the utilitarian framework. In
study 2, the authors investigated the effect of moral identity
and moral decision on moral behavior in an experimental
study. The results showed that when deontology was cou-
pled with the motivational power of moral identity, indi-
viduals were most likely to behave morally.
Keywords Moral decision � Ethical predispositions �
Deontology � Utilitarianism � Moral identity � Moral
behavior
Introduction
Deontology and consequentialism are frequently discussed
in tandem as they are usually thought as two opposing
theories in normative ethics. Consequentialism focuses on
the utility of an action, while deontology emphasizes the
obligation of an individual to adhere to universal moral
rules, principle to determine moral behavior (Brady and
Wheeler 1996; Kant 1996). Some theorists argue that
consequentialism is a more appropriate framework when
making moral decisions, since the deontology is usually
moral shortcut and commits moral errors (see reviews in
Baron and Ritov 2009; Sunstein 2005). Recently, however,
Bartels and Pizarro (2011) found that those individuals who
are least prone to moral errors also possess a set of psy-
chological characteristics, such as have higher scores on
measure of antisocial personality traits, which many would
consider prototypically immoral. Though Bartels and
Pizarro’s research has provided evidence to justification for
deontological thinking in moral decision, we argue that the
existing investigations have disproportionately relied on
recording participants’ responses to ‘‘sacrificial’’ dilem-
mas. In these types of dilemmas, participants are asking
whether it is acceptable to kill a person to save others (e.g.,
Greene et al. 2001; Greene 2007). The protected value ‘‘not
to harm innocent person’s life’’ in these dilemmas is, we
argue that, rare confronted in daily life, especial in business
world. The basic conflict of economics is that people act in
ways to maximize their self-interest pit against the re-
spected rules and laws. From thi ...
Running head: ETHICAL THEORY 1
Ethical Theory 6
Ethical Theory
Ronna Coffman
Grand Canyon University: PHI-305
November 25th, 2016
Ethical Theory
Ethics is an integral part of our lives and every society or community around the world has definitive ethics that are established through rules, principles and self-regulations which unearths whether an action, behavior or setting is ethical or not. This treatise will delve into this study which will begin with an analysis on the concept and importance of ethical theory. The study will further assess the importance of meta-ethics for determining moral judgment and culminate with an analysis on how ethical thinking results in practical and moral action and a brief illustration of how it can be applied in our personal lives.
The concept and importance of ethical theory
Ethical theory is a theory that depicts the norms for conduct which provide the difference between acceptable behavior and unacceptable behavior.
Ethical theory may also include the disciples of study which incorporate the standards of conduct such as the law, sociology, philosophy, psychology and theology.
Ethical theory therefore incorporates the procedures; methods and perspective for outlining how to act and for further analyze the issues and problems. A majority of the people acquire the ethical theory from social settings for instance at home, church or at school but the sense of knowing what is right or wrong is mainly acquired during childhood and the development of morals occurs throughout life which includes different stages of growth to maturity.
Ethical theory is important because it promotes the aim of life such as knowledge, truth and avoidance of wrongs. It also promotes falsification and further promotes truth and minimization of wrong doings (Daniel, 2008). Ethical standards also promote the values which are important for the collaboration of the society which include but are not limited to fairness, trust, mutual respect and accountability.
Ethical theory also promotes accountability to the public and to also build the necessary public support. It also leads to the promotion of public and ethical standards for instance a obedience with the law, social conscience, public wellbeing and security, wild life well-being and human civil liberties. Some of the ethical principles that are involved in ethical theory include honesty, objectivity, integrity, openness, carefulness, confidentiality, respect, social responsibility, non-discrimination, legality, competence and the protection of human subjects.
The importance of meta-ethics for determining moral judgments
“Meta-ethics is a branch or part of analytic philosophy which looks into the foundations, status and nature of the properties, words and v ...
Redmon, W. K. (2001). Handbook of organizational performance. [Vit.docxsodhi3
Redmon, W. K. (2001). Handbook of organizational performance. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved fromhttps://kaplan.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781136389993/
In-text citation: (Redmon, 2001)
Chapter 16
Ethics and Behavior Analysis in Management
Ethical issues seem to dominate the news these days, and they extend to all areas of human endeavor including, of course, business and psychology. This chapter explores the topic of ethical issues when behavioral methods are applied to industrial/organizational (I/O) settings. The goal is not to create ethical guidelines. Rather, it is to provide an overview of the types of ethical guidelines already available as well as the nature, relevance, and importance of ethical issues that underlie such guidelines.
WHAT ARE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES?
Philosophers have long debated ethical issues. Numerous competing schools each adhere to tenets that not only are different, but sometimes opposite (Macklin, 1982). Part of this debate concerns the basic issue of how to define an ethical principle.
Philosophers sometimes quibble over whether our perceptions are reliable indicators of reality, but this issue seems to be of less concern to scientists. Scientists start with the observable, or what can be defined in terms of the observable (operational definitions). In most cases, there is a strong consensus about what is really “out there,” a consensus that is in large part based upon the consistency among observations. Scientists then attempt to find relationships between these observable entities or events, an activity that produces factual statements called laws. Factual statements deal with what might be called objective reality, descriptions about how things are.
In addition to factual statements, there are statements of value. Value statements are assertions about what is “good,” “right,” or “wrong,” and how entities and events in the world should be, not the way they necessarily are. Value statements are a cornerstone of ethics. Ethical principles look beyond what is, and ask what should be.
Other chapters in this book describe principles that can be used in organizational settings to modify behavior. In effect, the authors are presenting laws describing relationships between antecedent conditions, behaviors, and consequences. The process of discovering and describing these laws is identical to the process of discovering and describing laws in all other sciences, and as such, is grounded in objective reality and statements of fact. This chapter goes beyond such objective considerations and deals with ethical issues associated with the discovery and use of such laws.
WHY WOULD ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT RAISE ETHICAL CONCERNS?
Organizational behavior management (OBM) utilizes information derived from the field of behavior analysis (Mawhinney, 1984). Behavior analysis attempts to find universal laws of behavior. As a scientist, the behavior analyst believes that human behavior is lawful in the same sense th ...
The Role of Construction, Intuition, and Justification in.docxgertrudebellgrove
The Role of Construction, Intuition, and Justification in Responding to Ethical Issues at
Work: The Sensemaking-Intuition Model
Author(s): Scott Sonenshein
Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Oct., 2007), pp. 1022-1040
Published by: Academy of Management
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20159354
Accessed: 30-01-2020 08:53 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access
to The Academy of Management Review
This content downloaded from 131.170.21.110 on Thu, 30 Jan 2020 08:53:26 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
? Academy o? Management Review
2007, Vol. 32. No. 4, 1022-1040.
THE ROLE OF CONSTRUCTION, INTUITION,
AND JUSTIFICATION IN RESPONDING TO
ETHICAL ISSUES AT WORK: THE
SENSEMAKING-INTUITION MODEL
SCOTT SONENSHEIN
Rice University
Proponents of a popular view of how individuals respond to ethical issues at work
claim that individuals use deliberate and extensive moral reasoning under conditions
that ignore equivocality and uncertainty. I discuss the limitations of these "rationalist
approaches" and reconsider their empirical support using an alternative explanation
from social psychological and sensemaking perspectives. I then introduce a new
theoretical model composed of issue construction, intuitive judgment, and post hoc
explanation and justification. I discuss the implications for management theory,
methods, and practice.
Several prominent theories claim that individ
uals use deliberate and extensive moral reason
ing to respond to ethical issues, such as weigh
ing evidence and applying abstract moral
principles. These "rationalist approaches" have
flourished, in part, because of their cumulative
research agenda and the absence of well
developed alternative theoretical perspectives
(Randall & Gibson, 1990). Despite their popular
ity and usefulness, it is important to evaluate
these approaches to understand their limita
tions. I question several assumptions of ratio
nalist approaches and answer scholars' calls to
develop alternative theoretical views (OTallon
& Butterfield, 2005). I present a model based on
social psychological and sensemaking perspec
tives?something I call the "sensemaking
intuition model" (SIM).
I argue that individuals engage in sensemak
ing under conditions of equivocality and uncer
tainty (Weick, 1979, 1995). Individuals' expecta
tions and motivations affect this process such
that they vary in how they constr ...
How Can a Deontological Decision Lead to Moral BehaviorThe .docxpooleavelina
How Can a Deontological Decision Lead to Moral Behavior?
The Moderating Role of Moral Identity
Zhi Xing Xu • Hing Keung Ma
Received: 23 January 2014 / Accepted: 10 February 2015 / Published online: 18 February 2015
� Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Abstract Deontology and utilitarianism are two com-
peting principles that guide our moral judgment. Recently,
deontology is thought to be intuitive and is based on an
error-prone and biased approach, whereas utilitarianism is
relatively reflective and a suitable framework for making
decision. In this research, the authors explored the rela-
tionship among moral identity, moral decision, and moral
behavior to see how a preference for the deontological
solution can lead to moral behavior. In study 1, a Web-
based survey demonstrated that when making decisions,
individuals who viewed themselves as moral people pre-
ferred deontological ideals to the utilitarian framework. In
study 2, the authors investigated the effect of moral identity
and moral decision on moral behavior in an experimental
study. The results showed that when deontology was cou-
pled with the motivational power of moral identity, indi-
viduals were most likely to behave morally.
Keywords Moral decision � Ethical predispositions �
Deontology � Utilitarianism � Moral identity � Moral
behavior
Introduction
Deontology and consequentialism are frequently discussed
in tandem as they are usually thought as two opposing
theories in normative ethics. Consequentialism focuses on
the utility of an action, while deontology emphasizes the
obligation of an individual to adhere to universal moral
rules, principle to determine moral behavior (Brady and
Wheeler 1996; Kant 1996). Some theorists argue that
consequentialism is a more appropriate framework when
making moral decisions, since the deontology is usually
moral shortcut and commits moral errors (see reviews in
Baron and Ritov 2009; Sunstein 2005). Recently, however,
Bartels and Pizarro (2011) found that those individuals who
are least prone to moral errors also possess a set of psy-
chological characteristics, such as have higher scores on
measure of antisocial personality traits, which many would
consider prototypically immoral. Though Bartels and
Pizarro’s research has provided evidence to justification for
deontological thinking in moral decision, we argue that the
existing investigations have disproportionately relied on
recording participants’ responses to ‘‘sacrificial’’ dilem-
mas. In these types of dilemmas, participants are asking
whether it is acceptable to kill a person to save others (e.g.,
Greene et al. 2001; Greene 2007). The protected value ‘‘not
to harm innocent person’s life’’ in these dilemmas is, we
argue that, rare confronted in daily life, especial in business
world. The basic conflict of economics is that people act in
ways to maximize their self-interest pit against the re-
spected rules and laws. From thi ...
Running head: ETHICAL THEORY 1
Ethical Theory 6
Ethical Theory
Ronna Coffman
Grand Canyon University: PHI-305
November 25th, 2016
Ethical Theory
Ethics is an integral part of our lives and every society or community around the world has definitive ethics that are established through rules, principles and self-regulations which unearths whether an action, behavior or setting is ethical or not. This treatise will delve into this study which will begin with an analysis on the concept and importance of ethical theory. The study will further assess the importance of meta-ethics for determining moral judgment and culminate with an analysis on how ethical thinking results in practical and moral action and a brief illustration of how it can be applied in our personal lives.
The concept and importance of ethical theory
Ethical theory is a theory that depicts the norms for conduct which provide the difference between acceptable behavior and unacceptable behavior.
Ethical theory may also include the disciples of study which incorporate the standards of conduct such as the law, sociology, philosophy, psychology and theology.
Ethical theory therefore incorporates the procedures; methods and perspective for outlining how to act and for further analyze the issues and problems. A majority of the people acquire the ethical theory from social settings for instance at home, church or at school but the sense of knowing what is right or wrong is mainly acquired during childhood and the development of morals occurs throughout life which includes different stages of growth to maturity.
Ethical theory is important because it promotes the aim of life such as knowledge, truth and avoidance of wrongs. It also promotes falsification and further promotes truth and minimization of wrong doings (Daniel, 2008). Ethical standards also promote the values which are important for the collaboration of the society which include but are not limited to fairness, trust, mutual respect and accountability.
Ethical theory also promotes accountability to the public and to also build the necessary public support. It also leads to the promotion of public and ethical standards for instance a obedience with the law, social conscience, public wellbeing and security, wild life well-being and human civil liberties. Some of the ethical principles that are involved in ethical theory include honesty, objectivity, integrity, openness, carefulness, confidentiality, respect, social responsibility, non-discrimination, legality, competence and the protection of human subjects.
The importance of meta-ethics for determining moral judgments
“Meta-ethics is a branch or part of analytic philosophy which looks into the foundations, status and nature of the properties, words and v ...
Redmon, W. K. (2001). Handbook of organizational performance. [Vit.docxsodhi3
Redmon, W. K. (2001). Handbook of organizational performance. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved fromhttps://kaplan.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781136389993/
In-text citation: (Redmon, 2001)
Chapter 16
Ethics and Behavior Analysis in Management
Ethical issues seem to dominate the news these days, and they extend to all areas of human endeavor including, of course, business and psychology. This chapter explores the topic of ethical issues when behavioral methods are applied to industrial/organizational (I/O) settings. The goal is not to create ethical guidelines. Rather, it is to provide an overview of the types of ethical guidelines already available as well as the nature, relevance, and importance of ethical issues that underlie such guidelines.
WHAT ARE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES?
Philosophers have long debated ethical issues. Numerous competing schools each adhere to tenets that not only are different, but sometimes opposite (Macklin, 1982). Part of this debate concerns the basic issue of how to define an ethical principle.
Philosophers sometimes quibble over whether our perceptions are reliable indicators of reality, but this issue seems to be of less concern to scientists. Scientists start with the observable, or what can be defined in terms of the observable (operational definitions). In most cases, there is a strong consensus about what is really “out there,” a consensus that is in large part based upon the consistency among observations. Scientists then attempt to find relationships between these observable entities or events, an activity that produces factual statements called laws. Factual statements deal with what might be called objective reality, descriptions about how things are.
In addition to factual statements, there are statements of value. Value statements are assertions about what is “good,” “right,” or “wrong,” and how entities and events in the world should be, not the way they necessarily are. Value statements are a cornerstone of ethics. Ethical principles look beyond what is, and ask what should be.
Other chapters in this book describe principles that can be used in organizational settings to modify behavior. In effect, the authors are presenting laws describing relationships between antecedent conditions, behaviors, and consequences. The process of discovering and describing these laws is identical to the process of discovering and describing laws in all other sciences, and as such, is grounded in objective reality and statements of fact. This chapter goes beyond such objective considerations and deals with ethical issues associated with the discovery and use of such laws.
WHY WOULD ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT RAISE ETHICAL CONCERNS?
Organizational behavior management (OBM) utilizes information derived from the field of behavior analysis (Mawhinney, 1984). Behavior analysis attempts to find universal laws of behavior. As a scientist, the behavior analyst believes that human behavior is lawful in the same sense th ...
FINAL-RESEARCH-ETICS.docx How Character development affects reasoning and im...ChristianMariano16
A Research Study
in Partial Fulfilment to the Requirements in Ethics
ABSTRACT
This study is primarily focused on how moral character developed stages of moral development reasons and impartiality as requirements for ethics. This study determined the relationship of an environment to an individual's development and its importance to moral reasoning and moral judgement. It also determined if an individual relies on his moral reason and impartiality when presented with dilemma. This study was conducted through quantitative online survey with 30 students at Aurora State College of Technology. Participants can be selected through the use of random sampling method. Findings showed that environments greatly affect the development, moral judgement and moral reasoning of an individual. Meanwhile, in a dilemma situation there's a different moral judgement and moral reason about what they think is right. This study shows that having a good environment is important to an individual's moral development. The character development of a person is affected by his environment. The character development of an individual is a major factor in his moral judgement and moral reasoning. In an ideal environment, an individual considers the right and wrongs when making a decision. In an ideal environment, an individual considers others when making a decision. Ideally, an individual makes his decision through moral reason and impartiality, considering the right and wrongs, and the people affected by the decision.
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
How do people develop morality? This question has fascinated parents, religious leaders, and philosophers for ages, but moral development has also become a hot-button issue in psychology and education. Do parental or societal influences play a greater role in moral development? Does development of moral character affects the judgement of a person? And are feelings be on the criteria or it should only be the set “moral rules” that is necessary to consider in terms of decision making?
It is commonly assumed that humans do not begin life with moral character or virtue. Most documented societies through history considered infants to be unformed persons, not yet moral members of society, “humanity-in-becoming” who have “watery souls” (Fijian) (Sahlins 2008: 101–102). This person-becoming view fits well with human sciences today, as a child’s development is viewed as the unfolding and co-construction of a complex dynamic system. At first, the infant is co-constructed by other complex, dynamic systems—caregivers. The personality that is formed is very much dependent on this early formation, which is largely beyond the control of the individual. However, over time, the individual takes on more choices about her or his own character development within the framework of subsequent social experience and enculturation.
Many scholars and researchers tries to give explanation about a person’s stages of moral development.
Factors Influencing The Way In Which Decisions Are Made Looking a.docxPOLY33
Factors Influencing The Way In Which Decisions Are Made:
Looking at all sides of a conflict is not an easy task. Several factors, which we may not be aware of, contribute to our understanding (or misunderstanding) and hence, influence the final choice. Consequently, people involved in the same conflict may arrive at different solutions caused by any of the following:
•
Context
the circumstances surrounding the issue, influences what parts are thought important or unimportant. For instance, if the individuals in a conflict are acquainted, the nature of the relationship matters. The bond between family members is very different than the one between friends .Gender, past experiences, education and age also act as a frame, modifying how the problem and the consequences are understood.
•
Values,
which are derived from personal beliefs, are grounded in traditional sources such as family, religion and school. They form an underlying framework which focuses our attention on certain aspects of a problem and may advocate for a particular choice. Values vary from individual to individual reflecting cultural, religious and other personal experiences and may play a greater role in conflict solutions arising in situations where points of law are not in question.
•
Principles
, which are sometimes derived from external sources such as institutions or ethical theories, typically provide guidance rather than specify an action. They can assist in prioritizing values by lending greater weight to one value over another. Conflicts which involve legal issues may be solved more readily by a direct appeal to known principles. Professional codes of ethics and
laws(
rules), then specify how principles are carried out. The four major principles guiding many institutional practices are: beneficence, non-
maleficence
, autonomy and justice (fairness). From these, courses of actions are derived. Which principle has priority in any one decision varies depending on personal beliefs, facts and other contextual information.
•
Ethical systems
are an important part of the process of justifying a particular action. The simple identification of principles and values is typically not sufficient to make a complex, difficult decision. At some point, justification for a particular choice begins to take place. Three of the more common ethical systems select different components of the conflict as a focal point: a person's motives, the consequences of the action, or an appeal to an external system of principles. As in the case with perspective, the action chosen is influenced by a tension between external forces such as obeying rules or finding a good outcome, and the character of individual (integrity).
Some philosophers argue that there really are only two systems for determining what is right or good. How "right" and "good" are connected through a course of action is the primary difference between two of the most common ethical systems which are
1.
Teleological Theor ...
WHO’S WITH ME FALSE CONSENSUS, BROKERAGE, ANDETHICAL DECISI.docxharold7fisher61282
WHO’S WITH ME? FALSE CONSENSUS, BROKERAGE, AND
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING IN ORGANIZATIONS
FRANCIS J. FLYNN
Stanford University
SCOTT S. WILTERMUTH
University of Southern California
We propose that organization members overestimate the degree to which others share
their views on ethical matters. Further, we argue that being a broker in an advice
network exacerbates this false consensus bias. That is, a high level of “betweenness
centrality” increases an individual’s estimates of agreement with others on ethical
issues beyond what is warranted by any actual increase in agreement. We tested these
ideas in three separate samples: graduate business students, executive students, and
employees. Individuals with higher betweenness centrality overestimated the level of
agreement between their ethical judgments and their colleagues’.
For members of organizations, ethical standards
can help guide individual decision making by clar-
ifying what the majority of others believe is appro-
priate. But given that ethical standards often are
tacitly held, rather than explicitly agreed upon
(Haidt, 2001; Turiel, 2002), individuals may strug-
gle to recognize the normative view—what most
others believe is the “right” course of action. Peo-
ple’s tendencies to project their own opinions can
alter their judgments about what others think is
ethical, perhaps giving them a sense of being in the
majority even when they are not. The ramifications
of this false consensus effect may be problematic: if
members of organizations erroneously assume that
their actions are in line with prevailing ethical
principles, they may subsequently learn of their
misjudgment when it is too late to avert the
consequences.
In the present research, we examine whether bro-
kers in a social network show evidence of false
consensus in ethical decision making. Because bro-
kers span structural holes (missing relationships
that inhibit information flow between people [see
Burt, 1992]), one might assume that these individ-
uals possess greater insight into others’ attitudes
and behaviors. But can acting as a broker (i.e., hav-
ing “betweenness”) inform a focal individual about
his or her peers’ ethical views? In interactions with
colleagues, people generally refrain from initiating
moral dialogue; rather, they prefer to discuss less
sensitive attitudes and opinions (Sabini & Silver,
1982). We argue that this tendency to avoid moral
discourse and instead discuss superficial connec-
tions worsens the false consensus bias in ethical
decision making, providing an illusion of consen-
sus where none exists.
The notion that having an advantageous position
in a social network might exacerbate, rather than
mitigate, false consensus bias in ethical decision
making represents a novel insight for those inter-
ested in the link between social networks and in-
dividual judgment. Prior work on identifying the
determinants of false consensus has focused pri-
marily on motivational drivers, such as ego protec.
ASSESSMENT-2 OVERVIEWWrite a 3–4-page assessment in which yo.docxpetuniahita
ASSESSMENT-2
OVERVIEW
Write a 3–4-page assessment in which you examine the relationship between behavior and attitude and apply one theory to support your position.
Attitudes help guide behavior, although sometimes people act in ways that contradict their attitudes (Baumeister & Bushman, 2014). Some have said that attitudes are directly related to behavior; others say there is no strong relationship between attitude and behavior. Examining theories of how people develop attitudes and perceptions can lead to heightened self-awareness.
CONTEXT
The self is a complex and marvelous participant in the social world. There are three main components of the self: self-knowledge, interpersonal self, and agent self. The self is a vital means of gaining social acceptance and for participation in culture. But is there such a thing as a "true self"?
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community.
•
Does your level of self-esteem change depending on the situation? In what types of situations have you noticed a change?
What self-defeating behaviors have you noticed in others or identified in yourself? How does this behavior relate to theory?
RESOURCES
Suggested Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.
Library Resources
The following e-books or articles from the Capella University Library are linked directly in this course.
Note
: some of the articles included here are fairly old but are included because they are considered seminal works in the field of social psychology.
•
Burnette, J. L., O'Boyle, E. H., VanEpps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013).
Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation
.
Psychological Bulletin, 139
(3), 655–701.
•
Sitzmann, T., & Ely, K. (2010).
Sometimes you need a reminder: The effects of prompting self-regulation on regulatory processes, learning, and attrition
.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 95
(1), 132–144.
•
Hu, H., & Driscoll, M. P. (2013).
Self-regulation in e-learning environments: A remedy for community college?
Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 16
(4), 171–184.
•
Crabb, P. B. (2003).
Technology and self-regulation: The case of alarm clock use
.
Social Behavior and Personality, 31
(4), 343–348.
•
Schmitz, B., Schmidt, M., Landmann, M., & Spiel, C. (2007).
New developments in the field of self-regulated learning
.
Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 215
(3), 153–156.
•
Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., . . . Shoda, Y. (2011).
'Willpower' over the life span: Decomposing self-regulation.
Discussion: Autism
No unread replies.No replies.
Discussion- Chapter Eleven
Discussion prompt:
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have received substantial attention in the popular press during the past decade. A brighter picture is emerging due to this media attention.
Use the question below to guide your discussion:
In what ways is the future brighter for people with ASD than it has in the past?
Submission Instructions:
The Discussion Forum is a great way to build a sense of community, discuss key concepts, and learn from others. You are required to post a response and a reply to at one peer each week.
· Post your initial response by Wednesday at 23:59 CST.
· Post a minimum of one follow-up response by Sunday at 23:59 CST.
To receive full credit, your responses must demonstrate an understanding of key concepts; further the discussion by providing original and relevant insight; include a rationale, evidence, or example that supports your response/opinion; and, be free of significant mechanical errors. Your peer responses should provide specific, constructive, and supportive feedback to extend classmates' thinking and offer additional resources, opinion, and/or experiences.
Your initial post should be 300-350 words. Peer reply posts should be 150-200words each. Conform to APA guidelines as you write your responses. In-text citations, as well as reference page citations, must be included for any professional journal articles, textbook quotes, video references, etc., used in your response.
*Grading rubric is listed. Click on show rubric.
Required Textbook: Hardman, M. L., Egan, M. W., & Drew, C. J. (2014). Human exceptionality: School, community, and family. (12th ed.) Cengage Learning
"Ethics and Ethical Reasoning"
"ermissible, etc.)”? One answer to this question is that such assertions can do nothing to solve the deep conflicts of value that we find in our world. We know that people disagree about abortion, gay marriage, animal rights, and other issues. If we are to make progress toward understanding each other, if we are to make progress toward establish-ing some consensus about these topics, then we have to understand why we think certain things are right and other things are wrong. We need to make arguments and give reasons in order to work out our own conclusions about these issues and in order to explain our conclusions to others with whom we disagree.It is also not sufficient to appeal to custom or authority in deriving our conclusions about moral issues. While it may be appropriate for children to simply obey their parents’ decisions, adults should strive for more than conformity and obedience to authority. Sometimes our parents and grandparents are wrong—or they disagree among themselves. Sometimes the law is wrong—or the laws conflict. And sometimes religious authorities are wrong—or the authorities do not agree. To appeal to authority on moral issues, we would first have to decide which authority is to be trusted and belie ...
Ethics and Ethical Reasoningermissible, etc.)” One answeBetseyCalderon89
"Ethics and Ethical Reasoning"
"ermissible, etc.)”? One answer to this question is that such assertions can do nothing to solve the deep conflicts of value that we find in our world. We know that people disagree about abortion, gay marriage, animal rights, and other issues. If we are to make progress toward understanding each other, if we are to make progress toward establish-ing some consensus about these topics, then we have to understand why we think certain things are right and other things are wrong. We need to make arguments and give reasons in order to work out our own conclusions about these issues and in order to explain our conclusions to others with whom we disagree.It is also not sufficient to appeal to custom or authority in deriving our conclusions about moral issues. While it may be appropriate for children to simply obey their parents’ decisions, adults should strive for more than conformity and obedience to authority. Sometimes our parents and grandparents are wrong—or they disagree among themselves. Sometimes the law is wrong—or the laws conflict. And sometimes religious authorities are wrong—or the authorities do not agree. To appeal to authority on moral issues, we would first have to decide which authority is to be trusted and believed. Which reli-gion provides the best set of moral rules? Which set of laws in which country is to be followed? Even within the United States, there is currently a conflict of laws with regard to some of these issues: some states have legalized medical marijuana and gay marriage, and others have not. The world’s religions also disagree about a number of issues: for example, the status of women, the permissibility of abortion, and the question of whether war is justifiable. Many of these disagreements are internal to religions, with members of the same religion or denomination disagreeing among themselves. To begin resolv-ing the problem of laws that conflict and religions that disagree, we need critical philosophical inquiry into basic ethical questions. In the next chapter, we discuss the world’s diverse religious traditions and ask whether there is a set of common ethical ideas that is shared by these traditions. In this chapter, we clarify what ethics is and how ethical reasoning should proceed"
"What iS EthicS?On the first day of an ethics class, we often ask stu-dents to write one-paragraph answers to the ques-tion, “What is ethics?”How would you answer? Over the years, there have been significant differences of opinion among our students on this issue. Some have argued that ethics is a highly personal thing, a matter of private opinion. Others claim that our values come from family upbringing. Other students think that ethics is a set of social principles, the codes of one’s soci-ety or particular groups within it, such as medical or legal organizations. Some write that many people get their ethical beliefs from their religion.One general conclusion can be drawn from these students’ ...
Personal Ethic Essay
Ethic Essay
Ethics And Ethics Of Ethics
Ethics And Ethics : Ethics
Philosophy of Ethics Essay
Personal Ethics Statement Essay
Ethics Of Care Essay
Importance Of Ethics Essay
Importance Of Ethics Essay
Work Ethic Essay
Essay On Work Ethic
What Does Ethics Mean? Essay
Ethic Essay
Ethics In The Workplace Essay
Naturalistic Ethic Essay
Personal Ethics Essay
Ethics in Research Essay
The Importance of Ethics in Society Essay
Ethics in Science Essay
My Personal Ethics Essay
Article Summary
• Introduction (1 – 2 Sentences)
• Provide an overview of the article you selected. – Article Overview (4-5 bullet points or
more)
• What population is under consideration? (1 line) – Population Sample
• What was the specific intervention that was used? Is this a new intervention or one that
was already used? (3 Bullet Points) - Intervention
• What were the author’s claims? ( 3 Bullet Points or more) – Authors Claims
• Explain the findings/outcomes of the study in the article. Include whether this will
translate into practice with your own clients. If so, how? If not, why? ( 5 Bullet Points or
more) Findings or Outcomes
• Explain whether the limitations of the study might impact your ability to use the
findings/outcomes presented in the article. (2-3 Bullet Points) Study Limitations
• Support your position with evidence-based literature. (2-3 Lines) Position with Evidence
Based Literature
PSYCHOANALYTIC APPLICATIONS IN A
DIVERSE SOCIETY
Pratyusha Tummala-Narra, PhD
Boston College
There is considerable tension within psychoanalysis regarding the place of
social context in the individual’s inner life. In recent years, applications of
psychoanalytic theory have extended to contexts outside of the therapeutic
setting, and psychoanalytic scholars have increasingly attended to issues of race
and culture within the therapeutic setting. The present article focuses on appli-
cations of psychoanalytic theory in clinical and community contexts, with an
emphasis on racial and cultural diversity. The author proposes an approach to
clinical and community interventions that integrates multiple theoretical per-
spectives (e.g., psychoanalytic, community, multicultural) to advance practitio-
ners’ and consultants’ engagement with issues of diversity, and considers how
practice with racially and culturally diverse populations can inform existing
psychoanalytic theory. Two case examples, one from psychotherapy and the
other from a community intervention, are presented to illustrate the ways in
which psychoanalytic theory can benefit therapeutic work and consultation
across sociocultural contexts. Implications of the experiences of minority indi-
viduals and communities for psychoanalytic theory, research, practice, and
education are discussed.
Keywords: psychoanalytic theory, community, race, culture
In his paper “Wild Psycho-Analysis,” Freud (1910) cautioned against the loose interpre-
tation of psychoanalytic theory and technique, as he offered a glimpse into a broader usage
of psychoanalytic ideas by those not formally trained as psychoanalysts. Inherent in his
critique was a cautionary statement about the analyst’s interpretation of psychoanalytic
ideas, and an emphasis on self-discovery by the client without the analyst’s imposition.
The notion of loose interpretation of psychoanalytic ideas is complicated. On one hand,
psychoanalysis itself has been interpreted differently in some important ways within
di ...
Problem 1
Problem 2 (two screen shots)
Problem 3 (two screen shots)
Problem 4 (three screen shots)
Problem 5 (one screen shot)
Problem 6 (six screenshots plus a data table)
.
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entrie.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entries L.O. P1, P2, P3, P4
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
Edison Company manufactures wool blankets and accounts for product costs using process costing. The following information is available regarding its May inventories.
Beginning
Inventory
Ending
Inventory
Raw materials inventory
$
60,000
$
41,000
Goods in process inventory
449,000
521,500
Finished goods inventory
610,000
342,001
The following additional information describes the company's production activities for May.
Raw materials purchases (on credit)
$
250,000
Factory payroll cost (paid in cash)
1,850,300
Other overhead cost (Other Accounts credited)
82,000
Materials used
Direct
$
200,500
Indirect
50,000
Labor used
Direct
$
1,060,300
Indirect
790,000
Overhead rate as a percent of direct labor
115
%
Sales (on credit)
$
3,000,000
The predetermined overhead rate was computed at the beginning of the year as 115% of direct labor cost.
\\\\\
rev: 11_02_2011
references
1.
value:
2.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 1
Required:
1(a)
Compute the cost of products transferred from production to finished goods. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of products transferred
$
1(b)
Compute the cost of goods sold. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of goods sold
$
rev: 10_31_2011
check my workeBook Links (4)references
2.
value:
5.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 2
2(a)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the raw materials purchases. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(b)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(c)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(d)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the payroll costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(e)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(f)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(g)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the other overhead costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(h)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the overhead applied. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(i)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the goods transferred from production to finished goods.(Omit the "$" sign in yo.
More Related Content
Similar to Bending the Arc of North American Psychologists’ Moral Univers
FINAL-RESEARCH-ETICS.docx How Character development affects reasoning and im...ChristianMariano16
A Research Study
in Partial Fulfilment to the Requirements in Ethics
ABSTRACT
This study is primarily focused on how moral character developed stages of moral development reasons and impartiality as requirements for ethics. This study determined the relationship of an environment to an individual's development and its importance to moral reasoning and moral judgement. It also determined if an individual relies on his moral reason and impartiality when presented with dilemma. This study was conducted through quantitative online survey with 30 students at Aurora State College of Technology. Participants can be selected through the use of random sampling method. Findings showed that environments greatly affect the development, moral judgement and moral reasoning of an individual. Meanwhile, in a dilemma situation there's a different moral judgement and moral reason about what they think is right. This study shows that having a good environment is important to an individual's moral development. The character development of a person is affected by his environment. The character development of an individual is a major factor in his moral judgement and moral reasoning. In an ideal environment, an individual considers the right and wrongs when making a decision. In an ideal environment, an individual considers others when making a decision. Ideally, an individual makes his decision through moral reason and impartiality, considering the right and wrongs, and the people affected by the decision.
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
How do people develop morality? This question has fascinated parents, religious leaders, and philosophers for ages, but moral development has also become a hot-button issue in psychology and education. Do parental or societal influences play a greater role in moral development? Does development of moral character affects the judgement of a person? And are feelings be on the criteria or it should only be the set “moral rules” that is necessary to consider in terms of decision making?
It is commonly assumed that humans do not begin life with moral character or virtue. Most documented societies through history considered infants to be unformed persons, not yet moral members of society, “humanity-in-becoming” who have “watery souls” (Fijian) (Sahlins 2008: 101–102). This person-becoming view fits well with human sciences today, as a child’s development is viewed as the unfolding and co-construction of a complex dynamic system. At first, the infant is co-constructed by other complex, dynamic systems—caregivers. The personality that is formed is very much dependent on this early formation, which is largely beyond the control of the individual. However, over time, the individual takes on more choices about her or his own character development within the framework of subsequent social experience and enculturation.
Many scholars and researchers tries to give explanation about a person’s stages of moral development.
Factors Influencing The Way In Which Decisions Are Made Looking a.docxPOLY33
Factors Influencing The Way In Which Decisions Are Made:
Looking at all sides of a conflict is not an easy task. Several factors, which we may not be aware of, contribute to our understanding (or misunderstanding) and hence, influence the final choice. Consequently, people involved in the same conflict may arrive at different solutions caused by any of the following:
•
Context
the circumstances surrounding the issue, influences what parts are thought important or unimportant. For instance, if the individuals in a conflict are acquainted, the nature of the relationship matters. The bond between family members is very different than the one between friends .Gender, past experiences, education and age also act as a frame, modifying how the problem and the consequences are understood.
•
Values,
which are derived from personal beliefs, are grounded in traditional sources such as family, religion and school. They form an underlying framework which focuses our attention on certain aspects of a problem and may advocate for a particular choice. Values vary from individual to individual reflecting cultural, religious and other personal experiences and may play a greater role in conflict solutions arising in situations where points of law are not in question.
•
Principles
, which are sometimes derived from external sources such as institutions or ethical theories, typically provide guidance rather than specify an action. They can assist in prioritizing values by lending greater weight to one value over another. Conflicts which involve legal issues may be solved more readily by a direct appeal to known principles. Professional codes of ethics and
laws(
rules), then specify how principles are carried out. The four major principles guiding many institutional practices are: beneficence, non-
maleficence
, autonomy and justice (fairness). From these, courses of actions are derived. Which principle has priority in any one decision varies depending on personal beliefs, facts and other contextual information.
•
Ethical systems
are an important part of the process of justifying a particular action. The simple identification of principles and values is typically not sufficient to make a complex, difficult decision. At some point, justification for a particular choice begins to take place. Three of the more common ethical systems select different components of the conflict as a focal point: a person's motives, the consequences of the action, or an appeal to an external system of principles. As in the case with perspective, the action chosen is influenced by a tension between external forces such as obeying rules or finding a good outcome, and the character of individual (integrity).
Some philosophers argue that there really are only two systems for determining what is right or good. How "right" and "good" are connected through a course of action is the primary difference between two of the most common ethical systems which are
1.
Teleological Theor ...
WHO’S WITH ME FALSE CONSENSUS, BROKERAGE, ANDETHICAL DECISI.docxharold7fisher61282
WHO’S WITH ME? FALSE CONSENSUS, BROKERAGE, AND
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING IN ORGANIZATIONS
FRANCIS J. FLYNN
Stanford University
SCOTT S. WILTERMUTH
University of Southern California
We propose that organization members overestimate the degree to which others share
their views on ethical matters. Further, we argue that being a broker in an advice
network exacerbates this false consensus bias. That is, a high level of “betweenness
centrality” increases an individual’s estimates of agreement with others on ethical
issues beyond what is warranted by any actual increase in agreement. We tested these
ideas in three separate samples: graduate business students, executive students, and
employees. Individuals with higher betweenness centrality overestimated the level of
agreement between their ethical judgments and their colleagues’.
For members of organizations, ethical standards
can help guide individual decision making by clar-
ifying what the majority of others believe is appro-
priate. But given that ethical standards often are
tacitly held, rather than explicitly agreed upon
(Haidt, 2001; Turiel, 2002), individuals may strug-
gle to recognize the normative view—what most
others believe is the “right” course of action. Peo-
ple’s tendencies to project their own opinions can
alter their judgments about what others think is
ethical, perhaps giving them a sense of being in the
majority even when they are not. The ramifications
of this false consensus effect may be problematic: if
members of organizations erroneously assume that
their actions are in line with prevailing ethical
principles, they may subsequently learn of their
misjudgment when it is too late to avert the
consequences.
In the present research, we examine whether bro-
kers in a social network show evidence of false
consensus in ethical decision making. Because bro-
kers span structural holes (missing relationships
that inhibit information flow between people [see
Burt, 1992]), one might assume that these individ-
uals possess greater insight into others’ attitudes
and behaviors. But can acting as a broker (i.e., hav-
ing “betweenness”) inform a focal individual about
his or her peers’ ethical views? In interactions with
colleagues, people generally refrain from initiating
moral dialogue; rather, they prefer to discuss less
sensitive attitudes and opinions (Sabini & Silver,
1982). We argue that this tendency to avoid moral
discourse and instead discuss superficial connec-
tions worsens the false consensus bias in ethical
decision making, providing an illusion of consen-
sus where none exists.
The notion that having an advantageous position
in a social network might exacerbate, rather than
mitigate, false consensus bias in ethical decision
making represents a novel insight for those inter-
ested in the link between social networks and in-
dividual judgment. Prior work on identifying the
determinants of false consensus has focused pri-
marily on motivational drivers, such as ego protec.
ASSESSMENT-2 OVERVIEWWrite a 3–4-page assessment in which yo.docxpetuniahita
ASSESSMENT-2
OVERVIEW
Write a 3–4-page assessment in which you examine the relationship between behavior and attitude and apply one theory to support your position.
Attitudes help guide behavior, although sometimes people act in ways that contradict their attitudes (Baumeister & Bushman, 2014). Some have said that attitudes are directly related to behavior; others say there is no strong relationship between attitude and behavior. Examining theories of how people develop attitudes and perceptions can lead to heightened self-awareness.
CONTEXT
The self is a complex and marvelous participant in the social world. There are three main components of the self: self-knowledge, interpersonal self, and agent self. The self is a vital means of gaining social acceptance and for participation in culture. But is there such a thing as a "true self"?
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community.
•
Does your level of self-esteem change depending on the situation? In what types of situations have you noticed a change?
What self-defeating behaviors have you noticed in others or identified in yourself? How does this behavior relate to theory?
RESOURCES
Suggested Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context. For additional resources, refer to the Research Resources and Supplemental Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom.
Library Resources
The following e-books or articles from the Capella University Library are linked directly in this course.
Note
: some of the articles included here are fairly old but are included because they are considered seminal works in the field of social psychology.
•
Burnette, J. L., O'Boyle, E. H., VanEpps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013).
Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation
.
Psychological Bulletin, 139
(3), 655–701.
•
Sitzmann, T., & Ely, K. (2010).
Sometimes you need a reminder: The effects of prompting self-regulation on regulatory processes, learning, and attrition
.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 95
(1), 132–144.
•
Hu, H., & Driscoll, M. P. (2013).
Self-regulation in e-learning environments: A remedy for community college?
Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 16
(4), 171–184.
•
Crabb, P. B. (2003).
Technology and self-regulation: The case of alarm clock use
.
Social Behavior and Personality, 31
(4), 343–348.
•
Schmitz, B., Schmidt, M., Landmann, M., & Spiel, C. (2007).
New developments in the field of self-regulated learning
.
Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 215
(3), 153–156.
•
Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., . . . Shoda, Y. (2011).
'Willpower' over the life span: Decomposing self-regulation.
Discussion: Autism
No unread replies.No replies.
Discussion- Chapter Eleven
Discussion prompt:
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have received substantial attention in the popular press during the past decade. A brighter picture is emerging due to this media attention.
Use the question below to guide your discussion:
In what ways is the future brighter for people with ASD than it has in the past?
Submission Instructions:
The Discussion Forum is a great way to build a sense of community, discuss key concepts, and learn from others. You are required to post a response and a reply to at one peer each week.
· Post your initial response by Wednesday at 23:59 CST.
· Post a minimum of one follow-up response by Sunday at 23:59 CST.
To receive full credit, your responses must demonstrate an understanding of key concepts; further the discussion by providing original and relevant insight; include a rationale, evidence, or example that supports your response/opinion; and, be free of significant mechanical errors. Your peer responses should provide specific, constructive, and supportive feedback to extend classmates' thinking and offer additional resources, opinion, and/or experiences.
Your initial post should be 300-350 words. Peer reply posts should be 150-200words each. Conform to APA guidelines as you write your responses. In-text citations, as well as reference page citations, must be included for any professional journal articles, textbook quotes, video references, etc., used in your response.
*Grading rubric is listed. Click on show rubric.
Required Textbook: Hardman, M. L., Egan, M. W., & Drew, C. J. (2014). Human exceptionality: School, community, and family. (12th ed.) Cengage Learning
"Ethics and Ethical Reasoning"
"ermissible, etc.)”? One answer to this question is that such assertions can do nothing to solve the deep conflicts of value that we find in our world. We know that people disagree about abortion, gay marriage, animal rights, and other issues. If we are to make progress toward understanding each other, if we are to make progress toward establish-ing some consensus about these topics, then we have to understand why we think certain things are right and other things are wrong. We need to make arguments and give reasons in order to work out our own conclusions about these issues and in order to explain our conclusions to others with whom we disagree.It is also not sufficient to appeal to custom or authority in deriving our conclusions about moral issues. While it may be appropriate for children to simply obey their parents’ decisions, adults should strive for more than conformity and obedience to authority. Sometimes our parents and grandparents are wrong—or they disagree among themselves. Sometimes the law is wrong—or the laws conflict. And sometimes religious authorities are wrong—or the authorities do not agree. To appeal to authority on moral issues, we would first have to decide which authority is to be trusted and belie ...
Ethics and Ethical Reasoningermissible, etc.)” One answeBetseyCalderon89
"Ethics and Ethical Reasoning"
"ermissible, etc.)”? One answer to this question is that such assertions can do nothing to solve the deep conflicts of value that we find in our world. We know that people disagree about abortion, gay marriage, animal rights, and other issues. If we are to make progress toward understanding each other, if we are to make progress toward establish-ing some consensus about these topics, then we have to understand why we think certain things are right and other things are wrong. We need to make arguments and give reasons in order to work out our own conclusions about these issues and in order to explain our conclusions to others with whom we disagree.It is also not sufficient to appeal to custom or authority in deriving our conclusions about moral issues. While it may be appropriate for children to simply obey their parents’ decisions, adults should strive for more than conformity and obedience to authority. Sometimes our parents and grandparents are wrong—or they disagree among themselves. Sometimes the law is wrong—or the laws conflict. And sometimes religious authorities are wrong—or the authorities do not agree. To appeal to authority on moral issues, we would first have to decide which authority is to be trusted and believed. Which reli-gion provides the best set of moral rules? Which set of laws in which country is to be followed? Even within the United States, there is currently a conflict of laws with regard to some of these issues: some states have legalized medical marijuana and gay marriage, and others have not. The world’s religions also disagree about a number of issues: for example, the status of women, the permissibility of abortion, and the question of whether war is justifiable. Many of these disagreements are internal to religions, with members of the same religion or denomination disagreeing among themselves. To begin resolv-ing the problem of laws that conflict and religions that disagree, we need critical philosophical inquiry into basic ethical questions. In the next chapter, we discuss the world’s diverse religious traditions and ask whether there is a set of common ethical ideas that is shared by these traditions. In this chapter, we clarify what ethics is and how ethical reasoning should proceed"
"What iS EthicS?On the first day of an ethics class, we often ask stu-dents to write one-paragraph answers to the ques-tion, “What is ethics?”How would you answer? Over the years, there have been significant differences of opinion among our students on this issue. Some have argued that ethics is a highly personal thing, a matter of private opinion. Others claim that our values come from family upbringing. Other students think that ethics is a set of social principles, the codes of one’s soci-ety or particular groups within it, such as medical or legal organizations. Some write that many people get their ethical beliefs from their religion.One general conclusion can be drawn from these students’ ...
Personal Ethic Essay
Ethic Essay
Ethics And Ethics Of Ethics
Ethics And Ethics : Ethics
Philosophy of Ethics Essay
Personal Ethics Statement Essay
Ethics Of Care Essay
Importance Of Ethics Essay
Importance Of Ethics Essay
Work Ethic Essay
Essay On Work Ethic
What Does Ethics Mean? Essay
Ethic Essay
Ethics In The Workplace Essay
Naturalistic Ethic Essay
Personal Ethics Essay
Ethics in Research Essay
The Importance of Ethics in Society Essay
Ethics in Science Essay
My Personal Ethics Essay
Article Summary
• Introduction (1 – 2 Sentences)
• Provide an overview of the article you selected. – Article Overview (4-5 bullet points or
more)
• What population is under consideration? (1 line) – Population Sample
• What was the specific intervention that was used? Is this a new intervention or one that
was already used? (3 Bullet Points) - Intervention
• What were the author’s claims? ( 3 Bullet Points or more) – Authors Claims
• Explain the findings/outcomes of the study in the article. Include whether this will
translate into practice with your own clients. If so, how? If not, why? ( 5 Bullet Points or
more) Findings or Outcomes
• Explain whether the limitations of the study might impact your ability to use the
findings/outcomes presented in the article. (2-3 Bullet Points) Study Limitations
• Support your position with evidence-based literature. (2-3 Lines) Position with Evidence
Based Literature
PSYCHOANALYTIC APPLICATIONS IN A
DIVERSE SOCIETY
Pratyusha Tummala-Narra, PhD
Boston College
There is considerable tension within psychoanalysis regarding the place of
social context in the individual’s inner life. In recent years, applications of
psychoanalytic theory have extended to contexts outside of the therapeutic
setting, and psychoanalytic scholars have increasingly attended to issues of race
and culture within the therapeutic setting. The present article focuses on appli-
cations of psychoanalytic theory in clinical and community contexts, with an
emphasis on racial and cultural diversity. The author proposes an approach to
clinical and community interventions that integrates multiple theoretical per-
spectives (e.g., psychoanalytic, community, multicultural) to advance practitio-
ners’ and consultants’ engagement with issues of diversity, and considers how
practice with racially and culturally diverse populations can inform existing
psychoanalytic theory. Two case examples, one from psychotherapy and the
other from a community intervention, are presented to illustrate the ways in
which psychoanalytic theory can benefit therapeutic work and consultation
across sociocultural contexts. Implications of the experiences of minority indi-
viduals and communities for psychoanalytic theory, research, practice, and
education are discussed.
Keywords: psychoanalytic theory, community, race, culture
In his paper “Wild Psycho-Analysis,” Freud (1910) cautioned against the loose interpre-
tation of psychoanalytic theory and technique, as he offered a glimpse into a broader usage
of psychoanalytic ideas by those not formally trained as psychoanalysts. Inherent in his
critique was a cautionary statement about the analyst’s interpretation of psychoanalytic
ideas, and an emphasis on self-discovery by the client without the analyst’s imposition.
The notion of loose interpretation of psychoanalytic ideas is complicated. On one hand,
psychoanalysis itself has been interpreted differently in some important ways within
di ...
Problem 1
Problem 2 (two screen shots)
Problem 3 (two screen shots)
Problem 4 (three screen shots)
Problem 5 (one screen shot)
Problem 6 (six screenshots plus a data table)
.
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entrie.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entries L.O. P1, P2, P3, P4
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
Edison Company manufactures wool blankets and accounts for product costs using process costing. The following information is available regarding its May inventories.
Beginning
Inventory
Ending
Inventory
Raw materials inventory
$
60,000
$
41,000
Goods in process inventory
449,000
521,500
Finished goods inventory
610,000
342,001
The following additional information describes the company's production activities for May.
Raw materials purchases (on credit)
$
250,000
Factory payroll cost (paid in cash)
1,850,300
Other overhead cost (Other Accounts credited)
82,000
Materials used
Direct
$
200,500
Indirect
50,000
Labor used
Direct
$
1,060,300
Indirect
790,000
Overhead rate as a percent of direct labor
115
%
Sales (on credit)
$
3,000,000
The predetermined overhead rate was computed at the beginning of the year as 115% of direct labor cost.
\\\\\
rev: 11_02_2011
references
1.
value:
2.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 1
Required:
1(a)
Compute the cost of products transferred from production to finished goods. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of products transferred
$
1(b)
Compute the cost of goods sold. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of goods sold
$
rev: 10_31_2011
check my workeBook Links (4)references
2.
value:
5.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 2
2(a)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the raw materials purchases. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(b)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(c)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(d)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the payroll costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(e)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(f)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(g)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the other overhead costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(h)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the overhead applied. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(i)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the goods transferred from production to finished goods.(Omit the "$" sign in yo.
Problem 2 Obtain Io.Let x be the current through j2, ..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 2: Obtain Io.
Let x be the current through j2, .
Let .
.
.
.
………..1.
…………2.
.
.
…………3.
……………….4.
Solving these 4 equations we can get .
.
Problem 1:Find currents I1, I2, and I3
Problem 2: Obtain Io
Problem 3:Obtain io
.
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000 in cash and executing a $400,000 note payable to the former owner. The note bears interest at 10% per annum, with interest being payable annually on March 31 of each year. Rojas is also required to make a $100,000 payment toward the note's principal on every March 31.(a)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the land purchase on April 1, 20X4.(b)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X4.(c)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X5.(d)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X5.(e)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X6.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Worksheet 1(a), (b), (c), (d), (e)GENERAL JOURNALDateAccountsDebitCredit04-01-X412-31-X403-31-X512-31-X503-31-X6
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Problem 2Ace Brick company issued $100,000 of 5-year bonds. The bonds were issued at par on January 1, 20X1, and bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the bond issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Worksheet 2(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Problem 3Erik Food Supply Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 4-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issued at 98, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The discount is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issuance on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Worksheet 3(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Problem 4Horton Micro Chip Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 6-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issed at 103, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The premium is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad We.
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]Dark Day, Inc., has declar.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]
Dark Day, Inc., has declared a $5.60 per share dividend. Suppose capital gains are not taxed, but dividends are taxed at 15 percent. New IRS regulations require that taxes be withheld at the time the dividend is paid. Dark Day sells for $94.10 per share, and the stock is about to go ex-dividend.
What do you think the ex-dividend price will be? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Ex-dividend price
$
Problem 17-2 Stock Dividends [LO3]
The owners’ equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here:
Common stock ($0.60 par value)
$
45,000
Capital surplus
340,000
Retained earnings
748,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,133,120
a-1
If Alexander stock currently sells for $30 per share and a 10 percent stock dividend is declared, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
a-2
Show how the equity accounts would change.
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
b-1
If instead Alexander declared a 20 percent stock dividend, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
b-2
Show how the equity accounts would change. (Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign.)
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
Problem 17-3 Stock Splits [LO3]
The owners' equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here.
Common stock ($0.50 par value)
$
35,000
Capital surplus
320,000
Retained earnings
708,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,063,120
a-1
If Alexander declares a five-for-one stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
a-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places. (e.g., 32.161))
New par value
$ per share
b-1
If Alexander declares a one-for-seven reverse stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
b-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New par value
$ per share
Problem 17-4 Stock Splits and Stock Dividends [LO3]
Red Rocks Corporation (RRC) currently has 485,000 shares of stock outstanding that sell for $40 per share. Assuming no market imperfections or tax effects exist, what will the share price be after:
a.
RRC has a four-for-three stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
b.
RRC has a 15 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
c.
RRC has a 54.5 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
d.
RRC has a two-for-seven reverse stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
Determine the new number of shares outstanding in parts (a) through (d).
a.
New shares outstanding
b.
New shares o.
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value of a common stock if the firm's earnings and dividends are growing annually at 10%, the current dividend is $1.32,and investors require a 15% return on investment?What is the stock's rate of return if the market price of the stock is $35?
Problem 2Problem 2 - Preferred Stock Price and ReturnA firm has preferred stock outstanding with a $1,000 par value and a $40 annual dividend with no maturity. If the required rate of return is 9%, what is the price of the preferred stock?The market price of a firm's preferred stock is $24 and pays an annual dividend of $2.50. If the stock's par value is $1,000 and it has no maturity, what is the return on the preferred stock?
Problem 3Problem 3 - Bond Valuation and YieldA bond has a par value of $1,000, pays $50 semiannually and has a maturity of 10 years.If the bond earns 12% per year, what is the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat would be the bond's price if the rate earned declined to 8% per year?RateNperPMTFVTypePVIf the maturity period is reduced to 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%, what would be the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond when the maturity is 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat generalizations about bond prices, interest rates and maturity periods can be made based on the calculations made above?
Problem 4Problem 4 - Callable BondsThe following bonds have a par value of $1,000 and the required rate of return is 10%.Bond XY: 5¼ percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsBond AB: 14 percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsWhat is each bond's current market price?Bond XYBond ABRateNperPMTFVTypePVIf current interest rates are 9%, which bond would you expect to be called? Explain.
Exercise 10-5
During the month of March, Olinger Company’s employees earned wages of $69,500. Withholdings related to these wages were $5,317 for Social Security (FICA), $8,145 for federal income tax, $3,366 for state income tax, and $434 for union dues. The company incurred no cost related to these earnings for federal unemployment tax but incurred $760 for state unemployment tax.
Prepare the necessary March 31 journal entry to record salaries and wages expense and salaries and wages payable. Assume that wages earned during March will be paid during April. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
LINK TO TEXT
Prepare the entry to record the company’s payroll tax expense. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
===========================================
E.
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activi.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activity-based costing system. Prescott's activity areas and related data follows:ActivityBudgeted Cost
of ActivityAllocation BaseCost Allocation
RateMaterials handling$230,000Number of parts$0.50Assembly3,200,000Direct labor hours16.00Finishing180,000Number of finished
units4.50Prescott produced two styles of bookcases in October: the standard bookcase and an unfinished bookcase, which has fewer parts and requires no finishing. The totals for quantities, direct
materials costs, and other data follow:ProductTotal Units
ProducedTotal Direct
Materials CostsTotal Direct
Labor CostsTotal Number
of PartsTotal Assembling
Direct Labor HoursStandard bookcase3,000$36,000$45,0009,0004,500Unfinished bookcase3,50035,00035,0007,0003,500Requirements:1. Compute the manufacturing product cost per unit of each type of bookcase.2. Suppose that pre-manufacturing activities, such as product design, were assigned to the standard bookcases at $7 each, and to the unfinished bookcases at $2 each. Similar analyses
were conducted of post-manufacturing activities such as distribution, marketing, and customer service. The post-manufacturing costs were $22 per standard bookcase and $14 per
unfinished bookcase. Compute the full product costs per unit.3. Which product costs are reported in the external financial statements? Which costs are used for management decision making? Explain the difference.4. What price should Prescott's managers set for unfinished bookcases to earn $15 per bookcase?
Problem 2Corbertt Pharmaceuticals manufactures an over-the-counter allergy medication. The company sells both large commercial containers of 1,000 capsules to health-care facilities
and travel packs of 20 capsules to shops in airports, train stations, and hotels. The following information has been developed to determine if an activity-based costing system
would be beneficial:ActivityEstimated Indirect Activity
CostsAllocation BaseEstimated Quantity of
Allocation BaseMaterials handling$95,000Kilos19,000 kilosPackaging219,000Machine hours5,475 hoursQuality assurance124,500Samples2,075 samplesTotal indirect costs$438,500Other production information includes the following:Commercial ContainersTravel PacksUnits produced3,500 containers57,000 packsWeight in kilos14,0005,700Machine hours2,625570Number of samples700855Requirements:1. Compute the cost allocation rate for each activity.2. Use the activity-based cost allocation rates to compute the activity costs per unit of the commercial containers and the travel packs. (Hint: First compute the total activity
cost allocated to each product line, and then compute the cost per unit.)3. Corbertt's original single-allocation-base costing system allocated indirect costs to produce at $157 per machine hour. Compute the total indirect costs allocated to the
commercial containers and to the travel packs under the original system. Then compute the indirect cost per unit for ea.
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses flexible budgeting and a standard cost system. Preston allocates overhead based on yards of direct materials. The company's performance report includes the following selected data:Static Budget
(1,000 recliners)Actual Results
(980 recliners)Sales (1,000 recliners X $495)$495,000 (980 recliners X $475)$465,500Variable manufacturing costs: Direct materials (6,000 yds @ $8.80/yard)52,800 (6,150 yds @ $8.60/yard)52,890 Direct labor (10,000 hrs @ $9.20/hour)92,000 (9,600 hrs @ $9.30/hour)89,280Variable overhead (6,000 yds @ $5.00/yard)30,000 (6,510 yds @ $6.40/yard)39,360Fixed manufacturing costs: Fixed overhead60,00062,000Total cost of goods sold$234,800$243,530Gross profit$260,200$221,970Requirements:1. Prepare a flexible budget based on the actual number of recliners sold.2. Compute the price variance and the efficiency variance for direct materials and for direct labor. For manufacturing overhead, compute the variable overhead spending, variable overhead efficiency, fixed overhead spending, and fixed overhead volume variances.3. Have Preston's managers done a good job or a poor job controlling materials, labor, and overhead costs? Why?4. Describe how Preston's managers can benefit from the standard costing system.
Problem 2AllTalk Technologies manufactures capacitors for cellular base stations and other communications applications. The company's January 2012 flexible budget income statement shows output levels of 6,500, 8,000, and 10,000 units. The static budget was based on expected sales of 8,000 units.ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Flexible Budget Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Per UnitBy Units (Capacitors)6,5008,00010,000Sales revenue$24$156,000$192,000$240,000Variable expenses$1065,00080,000100,000Contribution margin$91,000$112,000$140,000Fixed expenses53,00053,00053,000Operating income$38,000$59,000$87,000The company sold 10,000 units during January, and its actual operating income was as follows:ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Sales revenue$246,000Variable expenses104,500Contribution margin$141,500Fixed expenses54,000Operating income$87,500Requirements:1. Prepare an income statement performance report for January.2. What was the effect on AllTalk's operating income of selling 2,000 units more than the static budget level of sales?3. What is AllTalk's static budget variance? Explain why the income statement performance report provides more useful information to AllTalk's managers than the simple static budget variance. What insights can AllTalk's managers draw from this performance report?
Problem 3Java manufacturers coffee mugs that it sells to other companies for customizing with their own logos. Java prepares flexible budgets and uses a standard cost system to control manufacturing costs. The standard unit.
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the income statement and balance sheet for Blue Bill Corporation for 2013. Based on the historical statements and theadditional information provided, construct the firm's pro forma income statement and balance sheet for 2014.Blue Bill CorporationIncome StatementFor the year ended 2013Projected201220132014Revenue$60,000$63,000Cost of goods sold42,00044,100Gross margin18,00018,900SG&A expense6,0006,300Depreciation expense1,8002,000Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)10,20010,600Interest expense1,5001,800Taxable income8,7008,800Income Tax Expense3,0453,080Net income5,6555,720Dividends750800To retained earnings$4,905$4,920Additional income statement information:Sales will increase by 5% in 2014 from 2013 levels.COGS and SG&A will be the average percent of sales for the last 2 years.Depreciation expense will increase to $2,200.Interest expense will be $1,900.The tax rate is 35%.Dividend payout will increase to $850.Blue Bill CorporationBalance SheetDecember 31, 2013Projected20132014Current assetsCash$8,000Accounts receivable3,150Inventory9,450Total current assets20,600Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E)28,500Accumulated depreciation16,400Net PP&E12,100Total assets$32,700Current liabilitesAccounts payable$3,780Bank loan (10%)3,200Other current liabilities1,250Total current liabilities8,230Long-term debt (12%)4,800Common stock1,250Retained earnings18,420Total liabilities and equity$32,700Additional balance sheet information:The minimum cash balance is 12% of sales.Working capital accounts (accounts receivable, accounts payable, and inventory) will be the same percent of sales in 2014 as they were in 2013.$8,350 of new PP&E will be purchased in 2014.Other current liabilities will be 3% of sales in 2014.There will be no changes in the common stock or long-term debt accounts.The plug figure (the last number entered that makes the balance sheet balance) is bank loan.
1
Rough Draft
Rough Draft
Rasmussen College
Metro Dental Care is a dental office that provides affordable, convenient, and high quality of care to patients. As a patient at Metro, I personally believe that Metro Dental Care is one of the best dental clinics around, and that’s why I have chosen this company. Metro Dental Care measures their results by recording patient satisfaction.
Managing financial reports, and the quality of service they provide to their customers. Furthermore, the dentists and staff at Metro Dental Care know how important your smile is. Their mission statement states “We pride ourselves in making your smile look great so you not only look good, but feel confident with your smile.”
Metro Dental Care offers convenience for their patients with more than 40 offices throughout the Minneapolis and St. Paul metro area offering flexible hours including early morning, evening and Saturday appointments. Whether you work or live Metro Dental Care has a location near you. Metro Dental .
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of .docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A: Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordinary annuity$200,000Interest per period(i)0.08Number of periods(n)5Total amount of each installment payment($50,091.29)Therefore the total amount of each installment payment is $ 50,091.292.Norwoods Amortization TablePeriod Ending DateBeginning balance Interest expenseNotes PayableCash paymentEnding Balance10/31/15$200,000.00$16,000.00$34,091.29$50,091.29$165,908.7110/31/16$165,909.00$13,272.72$36,818.57$50,091.29$129,090.4310/31/17$129,090.43$10,327.23$39,764.06$50,091.29$89,326.3710/31/18$89,326.37$7,146.11$42,945.18$50,091.29$46,381.1910/31/19$46,381.19$3,710.50$46,380.79$50,091.29$0.403.a) Accrued interest as December 31st 2015Accrued interest expense = $200,000*8%*2/12= $2,666.67. Thus the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)interest expense $2,666.67 Interest payable $2,666.67b) The first annual payment on the note.Ten more months of interest has accrued $200,000*8%*10/12 =$13,333.33 accrued interest .Therefore the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)Notes payable$34,091.29interest expense$13,333.33interest payable$2,666.67 Cash$50,091.29
PROBLEM 14-7AProblem 14-7AQuestion 1a) Debt to equity ratiosPulaski CompanyScott Company Total liabilities$360,000.00$240,000.00Total Equity$500,000.00$200,000.00Debt-Equity Ratio0.721.2Question 2The debt to equity ratio measures the amount of debt a company uses has to finance its business for every dollar of equity it has. A higher debt to equity ratio implies that a company uses more debt than equity for financing. In this case, the debt to equity ratio for Pulaski Company is 0.72 which is less than 1 implying that the stockholder's equity exceeds the amount of debt borrowed. Thus Pulaski Company may not likely suffer from risks brought about by huge amount of debts in the capital structure. On the other hand, the debt to equity ratio of Scott Company is 1.2 which is greater than 1 implying that the debt exceeds the totalamount stockholders equity. Huge debts is associated with a lot of risks. First, there is the risk of defaulting whereby the company may be unable to repay its debt and therefore leading to bankruptcy. Second, a company may find it difficult to obtain additional funding from creditors.This is because the creditors prefer companies with low debt to equity ratio. Finally, there is the risks of violating the debt covenants. A covenant is an agreement that requires a company to maintain adequate financial ratio levels. Too much borrowings may violate this covenant. Since ScottCompany has a higher debt to equity ratio, it may experience these risks which may eventually lead to the company being declared bankrupt .
PROBLEM 14-6BProblem 14-6B: Gordon Enterprises Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordi.
Problem 13-3AThe stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corpo.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 13-3A
The stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corporation on January 1, 2012, were as follows.
Preferred Stock (8%, $49 par, cumulative, 10,200 shares authorized)
$ 387,100
Common Stock ($1 stated value, 1,937,100 shares authorized)
1,408,700
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock
123,200
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common Stock
1,496,800
Retained Earnings
1,814,400
Treasury Stock (10,300 common shares)
51,500
During 2012, the corporation had the following transactions and events pertaining to its stockholders’ equity.
Feb. 1
Issued 24,100 shares of common stock for $123,900.
Apr. 14
Sold 6,000 shares of treasury stock—common for $33,800.
Sept. 3
Issued 5,100 shares of common stock for a patent valued at $35,700.
Nov. 10
Purchased 1,100 shares of common stock for the treasury at a cost of $5,700.
Dec. 31
Determined that net income for the year was $456,600.
No dividends were declared during the year.
(a)
Journalize the transactions and the closing entry for net income. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Feb. 1
Apr. 14
Sept. 3
Nov. 10
Dec. 31
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
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.
Problem 12-9AYour answer is partially correct. Try again..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 12-9A
Your answer is partially correct. Try again.
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 131,704
$ 78,892
Accounts receivable
143,114
61,940
Inventory
183,375
167,646
Prepaid expenses
46,292
42,380
Long-term investments
224,940
177,670
Plant assets
464,550
395,275
Accumulated depreciation
(81,500
)
(84,760
)
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 166,260
$ 109,699
Accrued expenses payable
26,895
34,230
Bonds payable
179,300
237,980
Common stock
358,600
285,250
Retained earnings
381,420
171,884
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$633,190
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$220,800
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
20,228
Depreciation expense
75,795
Income tax expense
44,466
Interest expense
7,710
Loss on disposal of plant assets
12,225
381,224
Net income
$ 251,966
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $163,000 were purchased for cash during the year.
2.
Old plant assets having an original cost of $93,725 and accumulated depreciation of $79,055 were sold for $2,445 cash.
3.
Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash.
4.
A cash dividend of $42,430 was declared and paid during the year.
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method. (Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).)
ODGERS INC.Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
$
Adjustments to reconcile net income to
$
$
Problem 12-10A
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 151,904
$ 90,992
Accounts receivable
165,064
71,440
Inventory
211,500
193,358
Prepaid expenses
53,392
48,880
Long-term investments
259,440
204,920
Plant assets
535,800
455,900
Accumulated depreciation
(94,000
)
(97,760
)
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 191,760
$ 126,524
Accrued expenses payable
31,020
39,480
Bonds payable
206,800
274,480
Common stock
413,600
329,000
Retained earnings
439,920
198,246
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$730,305
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$254,665
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
23,331
Depreciation expense
87,420
Income taxes
51,286
Interest expense
8,892
Loss on disposal of plant assets
14,100
439,694
Net income
$ 290,611
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $188,000 were purchased for c.
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106Name DateTopic.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106
Name: Date:
Topic One: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Please type your answer in the cell beside the question.
5. The following is the heart rate for 10 randomly selected patients on the unit. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the data using the descriptive statistics option in the data analysis toolpak.
75, 80, 62, 97, 107, 59, 76, 83, 84, 69
6. The following is a frequency distribution fo the number of times patience use the call light in a days time. X is the number of times the call light is used and f is the frequency (meaning the number of patients). Create a histogram of the data.
Sheet2
Sheet3
EXERCISE 11 USING STATISTICS TO DESCRIBE A STUDY SAMPLE
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW
Most studies describe the subjects that comprise the study sample. This description of the sample is called the sample characteristics which may be presented in a table or the narrative of the article. The sample characteristics are often presented for each of the groups in a study (i.e. experimental and control groups). Descriptive statistics are used to generate sample characteristics, and the type of statistic used depends on the level of measurement of the demographic variables included in a study (Burns & Grove, 2007). For example, measuring gender produces nominal level data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, and mode. Measuring educational level usually produces ordinal data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, mode, median, and range. Obtaining each subject's specific age is an example of ratio data that can be described using mean, range, and standard deviation. Interval and ratio data are analyzed with the same type of statistics and are usually referred to as interval/ratio level data in this text.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Source: Troy, N. W., & Dalgas-Pelish, P. (2003). The effectiveness of a self-care intervention for the management of postpartum fatigue. Applied Nursing Research, 16 (1), 38–45.
Introduction
Troy and Dalgas-Pelish (2003) conducted a quasi-experimental study to determine the effectiveness of a self-care intervention (Tiredness Management Guide [TMG]) on postpartum fatigue. The study subjects included 68 primiparous mothers, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (32 subjects) or the control group (36 subjects) using a computer program. The results of the study indicated that the TMG was effective in reducing levels of morning postpartum fatigue from the 2nd to 4th weeks postpartum. These researchers recommend that “mothers need to be informed that they will probably experience postpartum fatigue and be taught to assess and manage this phenomenon” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, pp. 44-5).
Relevant Study Results
“A total of 80 women were initially enrolled [in the study] … twelve of these women dropped out of the study resulting in a final sample of 68.” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, p. 39). The researchers presen.
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate th.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate the horizontal
displacement of point "D" using the method of virtual work. Show ALL your work!
HW No. 8 - Part 1
Solution
HW FA15 2 Page 1
Problem 1 Continued
Member L (in.) N (lb) N (in) NnL
HW No. 8 - Part 1
.
Problem 1 (30 marks)Review enough information about .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (30 marks)
Review enough information about Trinidad Drilling Ltd. to propose a vision and strategic objectives for the company. Develop a balanced scorecard that will help the company achieve this vision and monitor how well it is accomplishing its strategic objectives. Include a strategy map in table format that shows objectives and performance measures, with arrows illustrating hypothesized cause-and -effect relationships. Provide rationale for your strategy map. The body of your report should not exceed 1,000 words. Cite material you used to prepare the response and provide references in an appendix.
Problem 2 (20 marks)
Ajax Auto Upholstery Ltd. manufactures upholstered products for automobiles, vans, and trucks. Among the various Ajax plants around Canada is the Owlseye plant located in rural Alberta.
The chief financial officer has just received a report indicating that Ajax could purchase the entire annual output of the Owlseye plant from a foreign supplier for $37 million per year.
The budgeted operating costs (in thousands) for the Owlseye plant’s for the coming year is as follows:
Materials $15,000
Labor
Direct $12,000
Supervision 4,000
Indirect plant 5,000 19,000
Overhead
Depreciation – plant 6,000
Utilities, property tax, maintenance 2,000
Pension expense 4,500
Plant manager and staff 2,500
Corporate headquarters overhead allocation 3,000 18,000
Total budgeted costs $52,000
If material purchase orders are cancelled as a consequence of the plant closing, termination charges would amount to 10 percent of the annual cost of direct materials in the first year (zero thereafter).
A clause in the Ajax union contract requires the company to provide employment assistance to its former employees for 12 months after a plant closes. The estimated cost to administer this service if the Owlseye plant closes would be $2 million. $3.6 million of next year’s pension expense would continue indefinitely whether or not the plant remains open. About $900,000 of labour would still be required in the first year after closure to decommission the plant. After that, the plant would be sold for an estimated $1 million. Utilities, property taxes, and maintenance costs would remain unchanged in the first year after closure, but disappear when the plant is sold.
The plant manager and her staff would be somewhat affected by the closing of the Owlseye plant. Some managers would still be responsible for managing three other plants. As a result, total management salaries would be about 50% of the current level, starting at closure and remaining into the future.
Required:
Assume you are the company’s chief financial officer. Perform a five-year financial analysis and make a recommendation whether to close the Owlseye plant on this basis. Provide support for and cautions about your recommendation with organized, clearly-labeled data. Use bullet points where appropriate.
Problem 3 (16 marks)
Br.
Problem 1 (10 points) Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (10 points): Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero, but an eigenvalue can
be 0. Suppose that 0 is an eigenvalue of A. What does it say about A? (Hint: One of the
most important properties of a matrix is whether or not it is invertible. Think about the
Invertible Matrix Theorem and all the ‘good things’ of dealing with invertible matrices)
Problem 5: (20 points): The figure below shows a network of one-way streets with
traffic flowing in the directions indicated. The flow rate along the streets are measured
as the average number of vehicles per hour.
a) Set up a mathematical model whose solution provides the unknown flow rates
b) Solve the model for the unknown flow rates
c) If the flow rates along the road A to B must be reduced for construction, what is
the minimum flow that is required to keep traffic flowing on all roads?
Problem 6 (20 points): Problem 7 (9 points): Prove that if A and B are matrices of the same
size, then tr(A+B)=tr(A)+tr(B)
Given:
Goal:
Proof:
Problem 7 (20 points)*: In the 1990, the northern spotted owl became the center of a
nationwide controversy over the use and misuse of the majestic forests in the Pacific
Northwest. Environmentalists convinced the federal government that the owl was
threatened with extinction if logging continued in the old-growth forests (with trees over
200 years old), where the owls prefer to live. The timber industry, anticipating the loss of
30,000 to 100,000 jobs as a result of new government restrictions on logging, argued that
the owl should not be classified as a “threatened species” and cited a number of published
scientific reports to support its case.
Caught in the crossfire of the two lobbying groups, mathematical ecologists
intensified their drive to understand the population dynamics of the spotted owl. The life
cycle of a spotted owl divides naturally into three stages: juvenile (up to 1 year old),
subadult (1 to 2 years), and adult (over 2 years). The owls mate for life during the subadult
and adult stages, begin to breed as adults, and live for up to 20 years. Each owl pair
requires about 1,000 hectares (4 square miles) for its own home territory. A critical time in
the life cycle is when the juveniles leave the nest. To survive and become a subadult, a
juvenile must successfully find a new home range (and usually a mate).
A first step in studying the population dynamics is to model the population at yearly
intervals, at times denoted by 𝑘𝑘 = 0,1,2, …. Usually, one assumes that there is a 1:1 ratio of
males to females in each life stage and counts only the females. The population at year 𝑘𝑘
can be described by a vector 𝒙𝒙𝒌𝒌 = (𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ), where 𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , and 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 are the numbers of
females in the juvenile, subadult, and adult stages, respectively. Using actual field data from
demographic studies, a rese
Probation and Parole 3Running head Probation and Parole.docxChantellPantoja184
Probation and Parole 3
Running head: Probation and Parole
Probation and Parole
Student Name
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for Probation and Parole, Module 8 Check Your Understanding taught by [INSERT INSTRUCTOR’S NAME].
Directions: Respond to the following questions using complete sentences. Your answer should be at least 1 paragraph in length, which must be composed of three to five sentences.
1. What is meant by intermediate punishments and what programs are included in this category?
2. How do intermediate punishments serve to keep down prison populations?
3. Why has electronic monitoring proven so popular?
4. What is meant by shock probation/parole?
5. What are the essential features of the boot camp program?
6. Why has intensive supervision been a public relations success?
7. What are the criticisms of boot camp programs?
8. What has research revealed with respect to intensive supervision?
9. What are the criticisms of electronic monitoring in probation and parole?
10. What are the criticisms leveled at intensive supervision?
11. What are the purposes of and services offered by a day reporting center?
12. Why would heroin addicts who have no intention of giving up drug use voluntarily enter a drug treatment program? What are the advantages of using methadone to treat heroin addicts?
13. Why is behavior modification difficult to use in treating drug abusers?
14. What are the characteristics of chemical dependency (CD) programs?
15. What are the primary characteristics of the therapeutic community (TC) approach for treating drug abusers?
16. What are criticisms of the Alcoholics Anonymous approach?
17. What are the problems inherent in drug testing?
18. What are the typical characteristics of sex offenders? How have sex offender laws affected P/P supervision?
19. What are the pros and cons of restitution and charging offenders fees in probation or parole?
20. What are the problems encountered in using the interstate compact?
.
Problem 1(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 obs.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1:
(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 observations for the regression equation
(a) Is the overall regression significant? Fill in the missing values in the table.
Source DF SS MS F
Regression ___ 350 ____ ____
Error ___ _____
Total 500
(b) Suppose that you have computed the following sequential sums of squares due to regression:
Regressor Variables in Model SS Regression
………………………………………. 300
……………………………………… 250
…………………………………….. 340
……………………………………. 325
Fill in the missing values in the following “computer output”:
Source DF Partial SS F-value Pr>F
……………………………………………………………………………………….. 0.1245
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.3841
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0042
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0401
Problem 2:
The time required for a merchandise to stock a grocery store shelf with a soft drink product as well as the number of cases of product stocked are given below. Consider a linear regression of delivery time against number of cases.
X=number of cases
Y=delivery time
Delivery time number of cases Hat diagonals
1.41 4 0.5077
2.96 6 0.3907
6.04 14 0.2013
7.57 19 0.3092
9.38 24 0.5912
Observations used L.S. Model
4,6,14,19,24
6,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,6,14,24
4,6,14,19
(a)
Calculate the PRESS statistic for the model .
(b) Calculate the regular residual for the model above. Then, compare these residuals with the PRESS residuals for this model.
Exercises from the Text
Use SAS whenever possible to do these exercises:
# 3.4 on p 122
# 3.5
# 3.8
# 3.15
# 3.21
# 3.27
# 3.28
# 3.31
# 3.38
# 3.39
Example with SAS on Sequential and Partial Sum of Squares
Data Weather;
Title 'Lows and Highs from N&O Jan 28,29,30 1992';
Title2 'using actual numbers (yesterday values)';
input city $ hi2 lo2 yhi ylo thi tlo;
* Mon Tues Wed ;
cards;
seattle 51 44 52 44 59 47
.
.
.
;
proc reg; model thi = yhi hi2 tlo ylo lo2/ss1 ss2;
test tlo=0, ylo=0, lo2=0;
/*-----------------------------------------------
| Showing sequential and partial sums of squares|
| Note t**2 = F relationship for partial F. By |
| hand, construct F to leave out .
Probe 140 SPrecipitation in inchesTemperature in F.docxChantellPantoja184
Probe 1
40 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 26.8
Precip 27.1
MAT(F) 59.8
Probe 2
6 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 69.2
Precip 124.6
MAT(F) 77.9
Probe 3
57 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.5
Precip 38.7
MAT(F) 43.5
Probe 4
38 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 30.3
Precip 16.5
MAT(F) 53.6
Probe 5
55 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.3
Precip 28.1
MAT(F) 40.6
Probe 6
43 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 25.4
Precip 14.4
MAT(F) 47.2
Probe 7
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 17.3
Precip 31.2
MAT(F) 26.0
Probe 8
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 29.6
Precip 38.8
MAT(F) 51.6
Probe 9
18 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 66.1
Precip 74.8
MAT(F) 77.7
Probe 10
58 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 16.5
Precip 24.8
MAT(F) 36.9
Probe 11
26 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 47.6
Precip 3.8
MAT(F) 70.1
Probe 12
29 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 44.0
Precip 47.3
MAT(F) 63.2
Probe 4
Probe 2
Probe 10
Probe 5
Probe 6
Probe 7
Probe 11
Probe 12
Probe 8
Probe 9
Probe 3
Probe 1
Map 1
20 N
40 N
60 N
80 N
0
20 S
40 S
60 S
0
1000
miles
Geography 204
Koppen Climate Classification Guidelines
If POTET exceeds Precip then B
BW = POTET more than 2x Precip
(desert)
h = mean annual temp > 18 C (64.4 F)
k = mean annual temp < 18 C (64.4 F)
BS = POTET less than 2x Precip
(steppe)
h = mean annual t.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Bending the Arc of North American Psychologists’ Moral Univers
1. Bending the Arc of North American Psychologists’ Moral
Universe
Toward Communicative Ethics and Social Justice
Richard T. G. Walsh
Wilfrid Laurier University
Social contextual and social justice perspectives on North
American psychologists’
conceptions of ethical ideals and prescribed practices show that
interpersonal, organi-
zational-institutional, and sociopolitical systems are dimly
represented on our moral
landscape. In this critical review I first examine conceptions of
ethical decision-making
from cognitive and interpersonal angles, noting the operation of
nonrational phenomena
and conversational processes and promoting a communicative
conception of ethical
decision-making. Next, I consider how the discourse on the
concepts and practice of
ethics addresses both the social conditions of our employment
and the challenges of
maintaining professional-personal boundaries on ethical
conduct. Lastly, I assess the
ways in which psychologists discuss ethical issues that arise
from our espoused
commitments to enhancing human welfare, responsibility to
society, and social justice.
I argue that certain historical trends in psychology’s culture
reduce our moral vision of
practicing the principle of justice to social reforms that sustain
2. the status quo. I
conclude by questioning how we can shift the transit of our
ethical discourse and
practice toward communicative ethics and social justice.
Keywords: ethical decision-making, Habermas, communicative
ethics, organizational-institutional
influences, social justice
It seems likely that most North American
(i.e., Canadian and U.S.) colleagues believe that
we psychologists behave ethically in our re-
search, educational, professional, and commu-
nity endeavors despite the embarrassment to our
discipline of some psychologists’ ethical mal-
feasance, such as participation in torture (see
Teo, 2015a). But taking ethical responsibilities
for granted could lead to their marginalization
and invoking them chiefly when a possible so-
ciopolitical transgression, professional ethical
dilemma, or institutional review of a dubious
research project occurs. Instead of central to our
identity as scientific and professional psycholo-
gists, ethics can seem peripheral to our worka-
day worlds (Prilleltensky, Rossiter, & Walsh-
Bowers, 1996), reducible to a recitation of
standards that demand adherence. A different
view is that all aspects of our vocation are pro-
foundly moral, ethical, and social. That is, princi-
ples and practices of ethics, which are historical
constructions, are enacted in the context of in-
terpersonal, organizational-institutional, and so-
cietal systems and particular cultural traditions.
Accordingly, our principles and standards for
ethical conduct, as well as our conduct itself,
3. should reflect critical consciousness of the so-
cial-contextual phenomena saturating ethics.
In this spirit, and from my perspective as a
Canadian contributor to the literature in critical
psychology (Teo, 2015b) and as a local political
activist, I pose two principal questions for dis-
cussion: (a) How adequately do our codes of
ethics account for the nature of the relationship
between us and those whom we serve? (b) How
might the current interest in social justice ex-
pressed by some psychologists inform a moral
imperative that could be the basis for the ethical
principle of responsibility to society specifically
and for a reconceived ethical framework for
psychologists generally? The latter question is
relevant to psychologists’ relationship with so-
cial justice (e.g., Vasquez, 2011; Walsh & Go-
I presented an earlier version of this article at the meeting
of the Canadian Psychological Association, Vancouver, BC,
Canada (June, 2014). I am grateful to Ravi Gokani for his
helpful comments.
Correspondence concerning this article should be ad-
dressed to Richard T. G. Walsh, Department of Psychology,
Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L
3C5. E-mail: [email protected]
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
9. social analysis, respectively.
Critical Perspectives on Ethical
Decision-Making
The literature stipulates that psychologists
should know how and when to competently
apply a model of decision-making to an ethical
dilemma confronting them. Although models of
ethical decision-making emanate from distinct
philosophical roots—principled (deontologi-
cal), utilitarian (consequentialist), and relational
(Cottone, 2011)—the APA and CPA Codes
converge in their respective prescriptions for a
problem-solving approach to ethical decision-
making that entails a psychologist discerning
the most ethically appropriate course of action
in a given situation. Thus, ethical decision-
making proceeds from “what a person of good
character (aware of the virtues, values and fun-
damental principles of the discipline), with sen-
sitivity to the probable impact on the specific
other involved persons, would choose to do”
(Pettifor, 1996, p. 5). A possible link to affirm-
ing social justice rests in “a sociocultural frame-
work for ethical decision making” (Kakkad,
2005, p. 297), but this perspective is not wide-
spread in the literature.
Although the APA Code does not specify a
model of ethical decision-making, extant mod-
els (e.g., Kitchener & Kitchener, 2011) gener-
ally complement the problem-solving model
prescribed by the CPA Code. In addition, both
Codes note the value of collegial and supervi-
10. sory consultation for decision-making, and
Fisher’s (2013) model prescribes dialogue with
those impacted by the decision. In some con-
trast, a social-constructivist model stresses the
interpersonal nature of ethical decision-making
itself (Cottone, 2011), while an ethic of care
(Truscott & Crook, 2013) and a approach
known as communicative ethics (Rossiter,
Walsh-Bowers, & Prilleltensky, 2002) hold that
sound ethical decision-making results from
trustworthy communication with peers, as I ex-
plain subsequently. Yet the codes appear to
assume that ethical decision-making is the re-
sponsibility of a persistently rational individual
engaging in logical problem-solving, a doubtful
assumption that flows from the individualistic
moral philosophies undergirding the codes
(Walsh, 2015).
Nonrational cognitive processes. The lit-
erature on nonrational cognitive processes sug-
gests that the recommended procedure for eth-
ical decision-making might be flawed
psychologically. For example, the APA Code
suggests that psychologists’ primary ethical ob-
ligation is to maintain our competence. How-
ever, “research in health care, education, and
multicultural and social psychology raise[s] se-
rious doubts about psychologists’ capacity for
consistently accurate self-assessments of com-
petence” (Johnson, Barnett, Elman, Forrest, &
Kaslow, 2012, p. 557). If “maintaining compe-
tence beyond initial credentialing continues to
mean that psychologists rely on self-assessment
and voluntary consultation with colleagues if
problems arise” (Johnson et al., 2012, p. 559),
11. this disposition is prone to self-serving bias. In
fact, confirmation biases, among other nonra-
tional phenomena, also impair reasoning. Fol-
lowing Kahneman’s (2003) notion of bounded
rationality and distinction between automatic
intuition and deliberate reason, effective deci-
sion-making incorporates intuitive-emotional
processes more than solely rational ones. Con-
sequently, ethical reasoning does not necessar-
ily lead to ethical conduct, because unrecog-
nized “nonrational processes can compromise
accurate self-reflection” (Rogerson, Gottlieb,
Handelsman, Knapp, & Younggren, 2011, p.
619). Accordingly, we might make wiser ethical
decisions if we integrated “emotional sensitiv-
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16. One interpretation of this cognitive analysis
is that if we ethical actors monitor the opera-
tions of nonrational cognitive phenomena, then
our capacity as reasoning individuals is af-
firmed. But another interpretation is that recog-
nition of nonrational processes is insufficient
for ethical decision-making. Moreover, sources
of social influence also are activated in the
process of ethical decision-making. They in-
clude the qualities of the ethical situation itself;
the roles of significant others (e.g., supervisors,
peers, the recipients of our activities); the cul-
ture and social climate of organizations or in-
stitutions with which a psychologist is affili-
ated; and societal influences stemming from
sociopolitical, socioeconomic, and technologi-
cal structures and ideologies (Malloy & Hadji-
stravopoulos, 1998). Ethical decision-making,
therefore, entails much more than a presumed
rational judgment emanating from an advanced
level of moral consciousness. In sum, given the
potential for cognitive distortions and covert
social influences, the notion of an autonomous,
reasoning, and virtuous psychologist who re-
calls and applies the correct ethical principle or
standard in a kind of cognitive decision-tree
does not represent ethical decision-making re-
alistically. Rather, sound ethical decision-
making arguably depends upon a dialogical pro-
cess of understanding the applicability of
ethical principles and corresponding standards
to the situation, for which consultation with
trustworthy colleagues is indispensable.
Interpersonal processes. Communication
17. difficulties in our work as psychologists often
can have ramifications for ethical decision-
making. But attending to the discursive pro-
cesses as well as the content of ethics conceiv-
ably could enrich understanding our moral
responsibilities in our professional relation-
ships. For example, a dialogical process of ne-
gotiating conversational differences ideally oc-
curs in counseling or psychotherapy, shaped in
part by differentials of social power between the
parties, the psychologist’s expertise and ethical
responsiveness, and the client’s knowledge, in-
tentions, and preferences (Strong & Sutherland,
2007). When psychologists strive to balance
their perspective with clients’ perspectives, pro-
cessual sensitivity to a given conversation’s
quality embodies the ethical principle of re-
spect.
Although the ethics discourse tends to mar-
ginalize conversational processes in decision-
making, studies on clinicians’ experiences with
ethics indicate that ethical decision-making is
more socially contextualized than first meets the
eye (Rossiter et al., 2002). It seems wiser, there-
fore, to regard ethical decision-making as a di-
alogical process of coconstruction with influen-
tial others, including the recipients of a
psychologist’s activities, rather than the product
of a solitary ethical actor. According to Cot-
tone’s (2011) social constructivist approach, in-
stead of an individual’s wholly internal deci-
sion, ethical decision-making can entail up to
three interpersonal steps: consensualizing, ne-
gotiating, and arbitrating. In this approach, re-
18. solving an ethical dilemma becomes an interac-
tive process of reflection and consensus,
attained through open discussion with trustwor-
thy colleagues and supervisors concerning the
balance between ethical principles and specific
standards appropriate to a particular situation.
Yet, such dialogues only can provide contest-
able ethical knowledge, not certainties, about
ethical courses of action. [See Shotter (2005)
for another constructivist approach to dialogue
and ethics.]
Some authors, drawing from critical social
philosophy, understand this dialogical approach
as communicative ethics (Rossiter et al., 2002).
In the interests of transforming societies and
drawing from his concept of “the lifeworld” (an
idealized social context of moral values, demo-
cratic principles, ethics, and consensus), Haber-
mas (1981/1983) promotes the emancipatory
character of clear and undistorted communica-
tion, which he terms an ideal speech situation.
Such communication requires that all parties in
the relationship should experience four condi-
tions: symmetrical power, sincerity, disclosure
of truth, and an inclination to express what is
morally right. Crucially, Habermas proposes
fundamental changes to society’s socioeco-
nomic conditions to lay the foundations for
ideal speech to occur. But some scholars are
wary that if undistorted communication is prac-
ticed as an abstract dialogue, it could ignore
power relations embedded in social categories
92 WALSH
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(e.g., ethnocultural status, gender, class; Mee-
han, 1995).
From my perspective, then, ethical decision-
making is better understood as a social process
that partly is shaped by experience and consul-
tation with other psychologists and profession-
als as well as the recipients of our activities,
rather than the activity of an autonomous rea-
soning psychologist. Accordingly, discerning
appropriate ethical conduct might best occur, if
professionals experience a safe space such as
small-group discussions with trustworthy peers,
in which to discuss their ethical concerns with-
out fear of judgment and surveillance by their
supervisors (Rossiter et al., 2002). However,
such an opportunity would require that supervi-
sors and administrators foster an organizational
climate conducive to the secure discussion of
complex ethical situations without supervisory
prejudicial judgment. Although ethics codes per
se “cannot create safe spaces for the discussion
of ethics within organizations” (Pettifor, 1998,
24. p. 236), the crucial concern remains how we are
to respond to “organizational or systemic pres-
sures [that] may influence [our] capacity to im-
plement ethical decisions” (Pettifor, 1998, p.
234).
The Social Conditions of
Psychologists’ Vocation
The social conditions of our vocation as psy-
chologists also can impinge upon our ethical
conceptions and practices. Two such contextual
issues are: organizational and institutional influ-
ences in places of work, and the challenge of
maintaining professional-personal boundaries.
Organizational and institutional influences.
Although there has been much discussion on
ethical issues involving police and military psy-
chology in recent years (e.g., Kennedy, 2011;
Teo, 2015a), the contextual realities that we
face when the work required within an organi-
zation or institution impacts ethical decision-
making and conduct has received rather less
attention. The APA Code covers organizational
demands in Standard 1.03, while the CPA Code
addresses organizational influences in several of
its standards. Yet, beyond police and military
contexts, the social conditions of scientific and
professional psychologists’ employment might
adversely affect our ethical judgment and the
quality of ethical relations that we maintain with
the recipients of our scientific or professional
activities. The reality is that evidently in many
organizations, agencies, or institutions, particu-
25. larly since the incursion of neoliberal austerity
programs, psychologists and other professional
staff have little time in which to reflect upon and
discuss ethical issues in safe, constructive dia-
logue that facilitates understanding the applica-
tion of ethical principles and standards in par-
ticular circumstances (Rossiter et al., 2002).
Instead, in a climate of “do more with less,”
staff must serve more clients for shorter periods
of time. In such contexts discussing ambiguous
ethical matters, which often induce anxiety, has
become a luxury.
Relatedly, the nature of supervisory relation-
ships can affect ethical deliberations negatively
(Rossiter et al., 2002). We psychologists might
be anxious about supervisors judging us as pro-
fessionally inadequate, if we acknowledge eth-
ical uncertainty or misgivings about ethical con-
duct in a given situation, as if we should already
know the answers to ethical questions. Thus, a
virtual taboo against admitting that often we do
not know how to behave ethically can operate.
Supervisors’ surveillance to induce supervisees’
compliance also might militate against safe,
constructive dialogue (Rossiter et al., 2002). In
short, the potential to actualize our moral re-
sponsibilities is embedded in power relations
with supervisors. But the ethical discourse
largely suggests that we engage in ethical prob-
lem-solving as if it were an abstract process
transcending the workaday realities of social
entanglements in organizations and institutions,
such as supervisor-staff relations. But some
contend that accounting for the effect of work
contexts on ethical decision-making is essential
26. for ethical conduct ( Vergés, 2010).
The inadequacy of the ethical discourse con-
cerning how to deal with diverse working con-
ditions is evident in the situation of psycholo-
gists who engage in humanitarian work in
cultural settings different from their own (Aubé,
2011). Typically, they experience stressful local
cultural realities, such as political and military
pressure on their nongovernmental organiza-
tion. The ethical challenges include the domi-
nant-subordinate relationship between service
providers and recipients, exacerbated by post-
colonial issues; cultural differences in ethical
standards, for instance, in the protection of con-
fidentiality and consent; and extremely limited
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31. Professional-personal boundary maintenance.
Psychologists’ professional and personal lives
often intersect, which can present ethical prob-
lems. By practicing moral discernment, as
Pipes, Holstein, and Aguirre (2005) claimed, we
can recognize when such boundaries are more
or less fused or are distinct. One criterion for
moral discernment is the perceived risk to both
the recipients of our activities and to the disci-
pline, while a mitigating factor is the social
context of a given ethical situation. Pipes et al.
held, as the CPA Code does, that ethical con-
duct should reflect adherence to the underlying
principles as well as to standards. The authors
recommended that the APA Code emulate the
CPA Code’s direction that we indicate whether
we are speaking publicly as a professional or a
private citizen. Pipes et al. (2005) also sug-
gested that we apply the APA Code’s aspira-
tional principles to our personal lives, given the
permeable nature of personal-professional
boundaries. But, from a critical perspective,
the process of moral discernment concerning
these boundaries likely is as influenced by
nonrational cognitive processes, interpersonal
relations, and organizational-institutional in-
fluences as ethical decision-making in general
seems to be.
Allowing a role for personal conscience, the
CPA Code accepts the potential for reciprocal
influence between the personal and the pro-
fessional. In contrast, the APA Code exempts
personal activities on our own time from its
purview. Yet the virtue ethics and feminist-
32. relational ethical perspectives (Walsh, 2015) as-
sume that our personal characteristics do influ-
ence our conduct (as in “the personal is the
political”) and that matters of social justice re-
quire our personal commitment. But, some psy-
chologists insist, public perceptions of our con-
duct during personal time might adversely
affect professional relationships with clientele.
For instance, involvement in contentious polit-
ical issues might lead to abusing the power of
our social position inadvertently and harming
our professional role and others’ reputations.
Thus, “Taking a public position on a controver-
sial issue might call into [our] ability to be
objective and nonjudgmental” unless our asso-
ciation has taken a stance on the issue (Haeny,
2014, p. 269). This rationale implies, as I ex-
plain below, regression to the mean, so to speak,
of social reform.
Overall, the codes and the literature contain
little discussion of ethical ambiguities inherent
in professional-personal boundaries. Instead,
the discourse seems preoccupied with prevent-
ing blemishes to the image of an autonomous
psychologist practicing scientific problem-
solving that we strive to manage in society. This
inclination, however, might contribute to the
difficulties we have had in practicing ethical
responsibility to society beyond social reform.
Ethical Relationship With Society
Since World War Two (Capshew, 1999; Her-
man, 1995), the discipline has committed itself
33. to advance both psychological knowledge and
human welfare. From the societal level of anal-
ysis, I assess in this section how the ethical
discourse addresses the ethical principle of re-
sponsibility to society and the similar concepts
of social responsibility and social justice. Actu-
alizing a moral imperative, grounded in socio-
political consciousness (Prilleltensky & Walsh-
Bowers, 1993), might inspire a reconceived
ethic of responsibility to society.
The codes’ orientations. Not surprisingly,
the codes share a common inclination in their
respective depictions of psychologists’ ethical
obligations to promote the well-being of indi-
viduals and society and to prevent infringement
of human rights. For instance, the APA Ethics
Code “indicate[s] that psychologists are com-
mitted to creating, communicating, and apply-
ing psychological knowledge in order to benefit
individuals and society and facilitate the reso-
lution of global challenges” (Swim et al., 2011,
p. 246). However, APA introduced this princi-
ple, then known as “Social Responsibility,” in
the previous 1992 Code, but the adjective “so-
cial” since has disappeared. In the 2002 edition,
the principle of “Justice,” connoting fairness
and equity, encompasses psychologists’ respon-
sibilities to society.
In the CPA Code social justice “refers to
fairness and equity in the allocation of, impact
of, and access to psychological services”
(Truscott & Crook, 2013, p. 170), as exempli-
fied by the Values Statement for Principle I:
Respect for the Dignity of Persons. Yet the
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concept of social justice transcends concern
simply with “the particular ethical obligations
owed to individuals arising out of professional
relationships . . . to include obligations owed to
individuals collectively . . . [and] society in
general” (Truscott & Crook, 2013, p. 176). An-
other definition of social justice is “work[ing]
for the common good by transforming the social
organizations and processes that contribute to
power inequalities, oppression, and marginal-
ization” (Vasquez, 2011, p. 76). Social justice
can be linked with civic virtue, which is synon-
ymous with “general welfare” and “public in-
terest” and implies responsibility to one’s pro-
fessional society as well as civil society. In my
view, however, social justice is better understood
concretely as a continuum of interventions that
range in their effects from reform (i.e., adjust-
ments to a social system) to transformation (i.e.,
fundamental changes in the substance of a sys-
39. tem or even its demise), even revolution, non-
violent or not (Walsh & Gokani, 2014). The
concept of social responsibility refers to at-
tempts to effect social justice by improving
societal systems to benefit everyone equitably.
The codes differ from each other in how they
address our potential involvement as psycholo-
gists with issues of justice and how we may
ethically engage with society to contribute to
societal improvement. Although APA does not
incorporate social justice explicitly in its Ethics
Code, the concept is identified as a core value in
the vision statement of APA’s strategic plan and
the association has become more outspoken in
its political advocacy (Vasquez, 2011).
The CPA Code’s Values Statement for Prin-
ciple IV: Responsibility to Society (CPA, 2000)
seems at first to be concerned with ensuring that
we psychologists treat extant social structures
with respect and comport ourselves in an “even-
tempered” manner. Then the code states that if
social systems obstruct the actualization of the
code’s four principles, “psychologists involved
have a responsibility to speak out in a manner
consistent with the principles of this Code, and
advocate for appropriate change to occur as
quickly as possible” (CPA, 2000). This Values
Statement stresses that we are expected to chal-
lenge extant social systems and societal prac-
tices but in a respectful and collaborative man-
ner. However, as progressive as this statement
might seem to traditional psychologists, any
code of psychological ethics founded in indi-
40. vidual-centered moral philosophies (Walsh,
2015) has difficulty embracing the transforma-
tional potential of social justice, because the
duty to practice social justice emanates from
“relational [and communitarian] ethics, which
motivate us to act out of concern for others and
consideration of social contexts” (Truscott &
Crook, 2013, p. 170). Our ethical codes and
discourse would be enriched, some argue, if the
codes incorporated relational and communitar-
ian perspectives, which assume human interde-
pendence (Johnson et al., 2012).
Both codes’ foundational principles do sug-
gest that we have an ethical obligation to con-
tribute to bettering society and protecting hu-
man rights, such as advocating for progressive
social change. In fact, the CPA Code’s Principle
IV: Responsibility to Society contains standards
that encourage us, as in Standard IV. Six for
example, to “Participate in the process of criti-
cal self-evaluation of the discipline’s place in
society, and in the development and implemen-
tation of structures and procedures that help the
discipline to contribute to beneficial societal
functioning and changes” (CPA, 2000). More-
over, three of the APA Code’s principles—
fidelity and responsibility, integrity, and jus-
tice— contain within them expectations for
psychologists’ making public statements about
matters of social policy. The code’s Standards
2.01, 2.06, and 3.04 urge psychologists to be
cautious and clear in drawing inferences about
social applications from psychological findings.
However, sufficient empirical evidence fre-
quently is lacking on a particular social issue,
41. yet societal exigencies seem to demand an au-
thoritative response from us. The consensus is
that when taking a public stance on matters
where empirical support is insufficient, we
should distinguish between our personal opin-
ions and values and our professional, scientific
claims (Martel, 2009). Nevertheless, typical
concerns are that direct participation in the work
of social justice and political activism could
politicize the discipline, confuse our formal
roles, and harm the discipline’s scientific cred-
ibility (Kakkad, 2005).
Impediments to justice. One could argue
that psychologists “who are truly respectful and
caring of others cannot be blind to social injus-
tice” (Pettifor, 1996, p. 8). But throughout our
discipline’s history, when we have responded to
social injustices, our interventions have been
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46. Baydala, 2014), which I assert, represents a
visual and behavioral impairment in social mo-
rality. Furthermore, ethical discourse in the dis-
cipline continues to counsel us to maintain po-
litically moderate professional identities
(Haeny, 2014; Kakkad, 2005). If this is our
historical and current reality and self-image,
what could move us to respond to calls to social
justice, which often are immoderate, even rad-
ical, in their implications?
When Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968) ad-
dressed psychologists in a 1967 summer of Af-
rican American rebellions against systemic rac-
ism, he urged us not to contribute to the
psychological adjustment of citizens, because,
he said, individuals and society should never be
adjusted to oppressive conditions. Rather, he
challenged us to foster “creative maladjust-
ment,” that is, to transform society into relation-
ships of justice. Answering King’s denunciation
of promoting adaptation and adjustment and his
annunciation of overturning the societal status
quo demands that we confront the impediments
in our discipline to enacting social justice be-
yond the inadequacies of our ethics codes. But
we have not practiced his exhortation, largely
because we have little history of contributing to
social change that strengthens ecological-
environmental, economic, and social justice
(Walsh & Gokani, 2014). Instead, we have ig-
nored our discipline’s inherent sociopolitical
limitations yet have contributed to various types
of social reform, if not directly, then indirectly
(Walsh et al., 2014). Aspirations for enacting
social justice notwithstanding (e.g., Vasquez,
47. 2011, 2012), psychology has been and remains
an administrative tool for society’s power bro-
kers, that is, our activities have and continue to
enhance the efficacy of society’s economic, ed-
ucational, and governmental institutions (Dan-
ziger, 1979).
The interrelated disciplinary, institutional,
sociopolitical, and personal aspects of our tra-
ditional educational, investigative, and profes-
sional endeavors have mitigated our attempts to
address social injustice in society systematically
and systemically. Consequently, any attempts to
effect social justice require, first and foremost,
that we strive to resolve the contradictions in
our own practices. Given that many authors
have identified psychology as an individualistic
science (e.g., Sarason, 1981), a status that hin-
ders the enactment of social responsibility and
social justice, I focus on other impediments:
psychology as a natural science, its reformist
orientation, our personal distance from oppres-
sion, and our social contract with society.
A natural science. Historically, North
American psychology has been fixed in a natu-
ral-science orbit that concentrates on predicting,
controlling, and theorizing individuals’ behav-
ior and mental processes, to the virtual exclu-
sion of a human-science conception that con-
centrates on understanding and interpreting
contextualized experience of individuals and
their cultures (Walsh et al., 2014). Our lengthy
training in the natural-science orientation in-
clines us to segregate subjective from objective
48. judgment, as if the facts that we construct exist
independently of our interpretations of observa-
tions. In the CPA Code’s Principle III: Integrity
of Relationships, for instance, this objectivism
is apparent in four standards pertaining to ob-
jectivity, generally unqualified.
The convention in natural-science psychol-
ogy also has been that in our formal relationship
with society we are duty bound as objective
scientists to uphold the Humean distinction be-
tween facts and values (e.g., Kendler, 2008);
that is, “empirical data are and should be value-
free” (Martel, 2009, p. 104). In my view, the
relationship between putative scientific facts
and social values is key to understanding what
the ethical considerations might be when we
address social issues. The traditional position is
that if we engage in social action as individuals,
our stances of social-advocacy risk being per-
ceived as expressions of bias, which weakens
our individual credibility and stains the disci-
pline’s reputation (Haeny, 2014; Kendler, 2008;
Truscott & Crook, 2013). An alternative view is
that ethical values and practices, as well as
scientific ones, are enacted in a cultural-
historical context of social roles and relation-
ships that are embedded in societal ideologies,
structures, and institutions. From this perspec-
tive, then, our moral task is to recognize and
address how social realities influence our val-
ues, concepts, and practices. Yet, our scientific
and professional training has socialized us to
relate to the persons we study and serve from a
reputedly value-free standpoint of neutral ob-
jectivity, even as we might avoid reflecting on
49. our biases, such as our longstanding neglect of
social class (Walsh & Gokani, 2014). As a
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consequence, in our formal relationships we
convey personal interests, prejudices, and so-
ciopolitical biases that are sustained by our priv-
ileged socioeconomic status as members of the
establishment. In light of this history, actualiz-
ing overarching ethical values of respecting hu-
man dignity and protecting human rights might
be compromised at least to some extent, when
we enter the public domain of social issues
laden with such baggage.
A reformist bent. Particularly in the U.S.
A., psychology originated within a nineteenth-
century social order characterized by free-
market capitalism and global imperialism.
When massive urbanization occurred, business,
industry, and government leaders, aided by sci-
entists and the new class of professionals, in-
54. cluding psychologists, aimed to administer the
masses effectively by rationalizing society
(Danziger, 1979). Social engineering to ensure
that citizens adapted to their station in life be-
came psychology’s applied mission, which is
reflected in the notion of social adjustment (Na-
poli, 1981). Historically, then, we psychologists
have been much more likely to engage in social
reform and thereby to sustain the societal status
quo (Herman, 1995) than in any interventions
that could merit the term transformative. More-
over, self-servingly we have regarded the prog-
ress and advancement of our science and pro-
fession as a barometer of democracy and the
health of society at large (Capshew, 1999).
Within the discipline’s tradition of social re-
form the consensus is that we have a responsi-
bility to contribute (conventional) psychologi-
cal research on the particular social issues under
scrutiny and to educate the public about the
likely outcomes of one course of action versus
another action.
Yet, there are few precedents for psycholo-
gists who take political stances, because few of
us study political action, even fewer engage
directly in it, and we rarely consider anarchistic
and revolutionary political options (Walsh &
Gokani, 2014). Moreover, the discipline shows
little interest in fostering an ethical obligation of
social responsibility to contribute to changing
social systems so that all in a given society
benefit. Instead, overtly or not, for generations
we have pledged allegiance to the flag of evolv-
ing capitalism, as APA presidential addresses
show (Sarason, 1981). We have absorbed capi-
55. talist discourse so well and thereby distanced
ourselves from its destructive nature that some
of us speak of social support as “social capital”
and community interventions as “social entre-
preneurship” apparently without irony; our cri-
terion of value evidently reflects the ideology of
neoliberal capitalism (see Sugarman, 2015).
Overall, then, since the postwar era psychol-
ogists have made no essential distinction among
service to the state, employment by the govern-
ment, and social responsibility for the science
and profession (Herman, 1995). Rather, indi-
rectly or directly in our psychologized societies,
we have occupied the privileged position of
plausibly explaining individuals to themselves.
Thus, as citizens, “Our feelings, beliefs, desires,
hopes and fears are suffused with the descrip-
tions, injunctions, and evaluations of those [for
example, psychologists] who claim to know
more about what is good for us than we do
ourselves” (Rose, 1996, p. 224).
Personal distance from oppressive social
conditions. The codes have insufficiently ad-
dressed the larger social context in which ethi-
cal issues and dilemmas occur, such as the
oppressive societal conditions of poverty, rac-
ism, sexism, and heterosexism that permeate all
layers of social relations. Such distancing is
manifest, for instance, in the APA Code in
which universal moral duties are understood
ideally and abstracted from societal conditions.
Thus, autonomy refers to psychologists foster-
ing the right to self-determination of those
56. whom we study, teach, treat, counsel, or con-
sult; beneficence and nonmaleficence mean nur-
turing well-being and doing no harm to those
with whom we engage; fidelity refers to being
trustworthy in all our scientific and professional
relations; and justice refers to acting with fair-
ness and equity.
Furthermore, the fact that, as a group, psy-
chologists operate from positions of substantial
socioeconomic privilege can inhibit our re-
sponding effectively to the diverse social loca-
tions of the individuals, groups, organizations,
and communities with whom we work (Walsh
& Gokani, 2014). Although many of us can be
subjected to oppressive experiences due to our
locations in intersecting social categories, our
socioeconomic status as scientist-professionals
distances us from understanding and relating
with the recipients of our psychological activi-
ties in a way that appreciates how societal con-
ditions of oppression might affect them directly
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61. and indirectly. The potential disparities between
our social locations and those of the recipients
of our activities can impede our capacities for
ethical decision-making (Lerman & Porter,
1990).
Social contract with society. The codes’
disposition of responsibility to society assumes,
explicitly or not, an “overriding ethic of a social
contract” between psychologists and society
(Sinclair, 1998, p. 168). The current CPA Code,
for example, expanded “its [initial] scope be-
yond a narrow individualistic world view”
through the notion of a social contract that “ob-
ligates psychologists to place the public interest
above self-interest” (Pettifor, 1998, p. 232, em-
phasis added). According to this principle, we
make a commitment to contribute to human
welfare in return for receiving professional sta-
tus and autonomy in society.
However, the likelihood that this quid pro
quo obligates us to sustain extant social institu-
tions, even if attempting to improve them to
benefit all, is evident in the following depiction
of the social contract: “In order to honor and
sustain this interdependence a professional code
of ethics ought not contain anything that is
discordant with the values of society at large”
(Truscott & Crook, 2013, p. 3). Moreover, what
is meant by the public interest and what activ-
ities might be included within the domain of
privileging societal and individual welfare
above our own interests have remained unde-
62. fined. In addition, the politically limited scope
of this social contract is evident in CPA Stan-
dard IV.10 in which we are encouraged to
“[c]ontribute to the general welfare of society
(e.g., improving accessibility of services, re-
gardless of ability to pay).” This example rep-
resents charity not justice. Furthermore, if “psy-
chology uses ethical codes to support the
political professionalization strategies of the
discipline” and these “strategies help to market
the discipline and to ensure public support for
science and practice” (Pettifor, 1996, p. 2), as
Dunbar’s (1998) historical analysis of the CPA
Code attested, then any suggestion that altruism
is psychologists’ primary motivation for engag-
ing in a social contract is misleading. Realisti-
cally, we value our own interests at least as
much as contributing to societal welfare, as our
history has shown (Walsh et al., 2014).
Furthermore, maintaining personal-profes-
sional boundaries that do not tarnish public per-
ception of psychologists’ credentialed status is
the disciplinary norm (Haeny, 2014), which the
codes underscore. Despite the CPA Code’s di-
rection, for instance, that we are to privilege the
welfare of society and individuals above our
own, pragmatically, the social contract enables
the discipline to flourish in society. Conse-
quently, an inherent disinclination on our part to
“bite the hand that feeds us” appears to limit the
quality and degree of our contributions to hu-
man welfare and well-being and to ensure that,
as far as mainstream psychologists are con-
cerned, extant social structures and institutions
63. remain intact, even if reformed to benefit some
citizens.
The Transit of Social Ethics in Psychology:
Shifting Psychologists’ Ethical Discourse
In light of tensions within APA over its com-
mitment to the public interest and its stances on
public policies and the history of unjust psycho-
logical practices, Vasquez (2012) asserted that
“To prevent abusive application of psychologi-
cal principles and knowledge, psychologists
must remain vigilant about how we, and the
discipline of psychology, are encapsulated in
the social contexts and cultural positions in
which we live” (p. 338). In responding to
Vasquez’s call for vigilance yet mindful of the
limitations of the discourse on ethics, I ask: Of
what does social morality for psychologists
consist, given that we conform to society’s
laws, social structures, and mores, as well as
those of our discipline, even while some have
challenged the establishment in society and the
discipline by striving to overcome dysfunc-
tional and oppressive laws, social structures,
and mores? Is there moral space in psychology,
as King (1968) urged, in conscience and soli-
darity with other citizens, for denouncing an
ecologically, economically, politically, and cul-
turally imperiled and unjust society and promot-
ing economic, sociopolitical, and cultural trans-
formation, even to the point of rebellion and
revolution?
Discussion of such questions among psychol-
ogists is sparse, not simply perhaps because we
64. do not wish to jeopardize our social contract
with the societal establishment, but also because
we are both shaped by and committed to the
Enlightenment ideal of the reasoning moral sub-
ject who makes competent ethical decisions and
98 WALSH
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68. to
be
di
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em
in
at
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br
oa
dl
y.
to a reformist psychological, if not also socio-
political, worldview. Besides, few of us psy-
chologists are either philosophers or political
activists. Altogether, then, our notions of re-
sponsibility to society are rather limited. In ef-
fect, we lack a moral compass for addressing
the interrelated existential challenges that con-
tinue to confront humankind: (a) escalating cli-
mate change and ecological destruction on land
and sea render life on Earth extremely precari-
ous; (b) unsustainable neoliberal economic and
financial practices (e.g., regimes of austerity)
ensure obscene largesse for the tiny minority,
continued comfort for the scientific-profes-
sional class, and relative or absolute poverty for
69. the masses; and (c) militarized governments
wage perpetual war in the name of fighting
terrorism, while the omnipresent danger of a
nuclear holocaust looms on the horizon with the
Doomsday Clock now registering three minutes
to midnight, meaning imminent global catastro-
phe. I conclude, therefore, that our regnant dis-
position of moderation concerning our respon-
sibility to society shows a lack of courage,
hence is unacceptable morally. Moreover, our
responses to global, national, and local precarity
will remain superficial until we develop an un-
derstanding of the concrete ecological-environ-
mental, economic, political, and cultural condi-
tions of mundane life (Walsh & Gokani, 2014),
which would require reconstructing psychology
(Walsh et al., 2014).
Nevertheless, one giant leap for our ethical
discourse might be to revise the codes to enable
the principles and standards to suit our existen-
tial realities. The APA Code could ensure that
the Principle of Justice is understood in terms of
social justice and social responsibility, while the
CPA Code could rank Principle IV: Responsi-
bility to Society equivalent to Principle I: Re-
spect for the Dignity of the Person in its hier-
archy. Both codes could incorporate dialogical
ethics within them, as the modus operandi for
ethical psychologists. Second, we could devote
our scientific and professional attention to ad-
dressing humankind’s existential challenges.
For instance, psychologists from different sub-
disciplines could investigate and interpret the
human perceptions, causes, and consequences
of climate change as well as adaptive and mit-
70. igating responses by individuals and communi-
ties to climate change (Swim et al., 2011).
However, some cautionary notes are neces-
sary on the prospects of psychologists becom-
ing mindful advocates and practitioners of so-
cial justice. One moral flaw in the codes is that
they address the rights of the recipients of our
scientific, educational, and professional activi-
ties only indirectly in their focus on our per-
spectives and privileges (Prilleltensky et al.,
1996). As a result, the balance of social power
implicit within the codes’ texts strongly favors
protecting our interests. The CPA Code, for
instance, does not specifically prescribe consul-
tation with recipients concerning “ethical deci-
sions that affect them” (Pettifor, 1998, p. 233).
If equal emphasis were placed on the ethical
rights of the recipients of our activities, which
would strengthen the centrality of dialogical
communication in the prescribed procedures of
ethical decision-making, it could balance our
social-cultural power and aid in preventing ma-
leficence and fostering beneficence. However,
such a development, although welcome and vi-
tal, would affect the interpersonal level of social
systems primarily, not the organizational-
institutional and societal levels. Furthermore, a
transition toward social-ethical conceptions and
practices of ethics is unlikely to occur, if we
remain committed in theory and practice to an
exclusively natural-science individualistic con-
ception of psychology. Rather, a transition to-
ward social ethics requires, and could enrich,
basic changes in our conceptions and practices
of psychological science, applications and ser-
71. vice to society, education of students, and our
functions in organizational and institutional sys-
tems (Walsh et al., 2014).
In addition, not only does our heritage consist
of shoring up the status quo through social
reform, but also the history of progressive
movements in psychology shows that the disci-
pline constrains impulses for progressive
change just as the larger socioeconomic system
coopts such impulses in its economic, political,
and social institutions (Walsh & Gokani, 2014).
Various calls for incorporating “social justice
and activism into [psychology’s] larger iden-
tity” (Kakkad, 2005, p. 307) neglect how soci-
ety and psychologists struggle with regression
toward the societal mean. Societal regression
serves as a sociopolitical undertow that drags us
back to the comforts of the abundant intellectual
and material privileges that we members of the
scientific-professional class enjoy, relative to
99BENDING THE ARC
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76. most North Americans. But this very status con-
strains our moral engagement as participants in
solidarity and in dialogue with other citizens,
rather than objectivistic spectators, in the strug-
gle to collectively confront the existential issues
of our time.
To conclude, I have argued for a critique both
of the taken-for-granted assumption of the psy-
chologist as an autonomous ethical actor who
competently applies logical problem-solving to
ethical situations and of the sociopolitical ide-
ology implicit in ethical discourse, which con-
flates social reform with social transformation
in the name of social justice. I am arguing that
as psychologists we lack moral preparation for
progressive engagement in society. This defi-
ciency seems attributable largely to a basic his-
torical contradiction for which there is no easy
resolution and many moral ambiguities. On the
one hand, we barely consider the dubious con-
viction that we can practice moral discernment
as autonomous ethical actors, even while non-
rational and communicative processes affect
our ethical conduct and social-historical forces
shape our vocation. This conviction obscures
psychological and sociocultural limits to our
capacity for exercising reason in ethical deci-
sion-making. On the other hand, we seek to
apply our science for the betterment of society,
according to the tradition of social reform and
adjustment to society.
An alternative to these standard practices is
one of animating the fundamentally moral na-
77. ture of our vocation by shifting our conceptions
and practices of ethics from an individualistic
orientation toward communicative and emanci-
patory orientations (see also Teo, 2015b). In
advancing this case I invoke the hope that we
will bend the arc of our moral universe toward
ecological-environmental, economic, political,
cultural, and social justice (Walsh & Gokani,
2014). However, if our ethical conceptions and
practices, including the APA and CPA Codes,
are merely reformed, thus remain unchanged in
substance, they will serve more as emblems of
professional pride than as worthy instruments in
the urgent struggle toward justice locally, na-
tionally, and globally.
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Accepted March 3, 2015 �
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