The document discusses the theory of value, or axiology, which examines the nature of goodness and value across aesthetic, ethical, and social domains. It emphasizes two main types of values: ethics, which focuses on right and wrong conduct, and aesthetics, which explores beauty and art. Various ethical theories, including consequentialist and deontological, are also outlined alongside the distinction between material and spiritual values.

1. The Theory of Value
1
Prepared by:
Bernido L. Malolooy-on Jr. BEE II-2

2.  (from Greek axios, “worthy”; logos,
“science”), also called Theory Of Value,
the philosophical study of goodness, or
value, in the widest sense of these terms.
 It centers upon the nature of different
types of value. -include aesthetics, which
investigates the nature of such things as
beauty and art; social
philosophy and political philosophy; and,
most prominently, ethics, which
investigates both the nature of right and
wrong and the nature of good and evil.
2

3.  Axiology is an objective format for measuring
intangible attitudes and values.
 Measures the level of development and the
types of one’s perceptual biases in one’s
thinking.
 The development of the science makes
possible the objective measurement of value
as accurately as a thermometer measures
heat.
3

4.  Axiology studies mainly two kinds of
values:ethics and aesthetics.
 Ethics investigates the concepts of right and
good in individual and social conduct.
 Aesthetics studies the concept of beauty and
harmony.
4

5.  Ethics also known as moral philosophy, is a
branch of philosophy that involves
systematizing, defending and recommending
concepts of right and wrong conduct.
 Ethics is a complement to aesthetics in the
philosophical field of axiology. In philosophy,
ethics studies the moral behaviour in humans
and how one should act.
5

6.  While virtually all people are concerned with
making ethical judgements and decisions,
philosophers in particular are concerned to
 Explicate the nature of such judgements in
general
 Provide criteria for determining what is
ethically right or wrong
 Analyze the reasons we have for holding
them to be correct.
6

7.  Consequentialist or Teleological Ethical
Theory
 Motivational or Deontological Ethical
Theory
7

8.  This theory claims that what makes an
action right or wrong are the
consequences of the action; quite simply
a “right action” is one which has good
consequences and a “wrong action” has
bad consequences.
8

9.  This theory holds an opposition to a
consequentialist theory that it is not the
consequences but the motivation which
prompts the agent to do an action which
makes an action right or wrong. On this type
of ehtical theory an action motivated by the
right sort of reasons will be “right” no
matter whether its consequences are
desirable or not, whereas an action
motivated by the wrong sorts of reasons will
be a wrong action, even if its consequences
might be considered desirable.
9

10.  Meta Ethics: It is about the theoretical
meaning and reference of moral propositions
and how their truth values may be
determined.
 Normative Ethics: It is about the practical
means of determining a moral course of
action.
 Applied Ethics: It is about how moral
outcomes can be achieved in specific
situations.
 Descriptive Ethics: It is also known as
comparative ethics. It is the study of
people’s beliefs about morality.
10

11.  Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy
dealing with the nature of art, beauty and
taste, with the creation and appreciation
of beauty. It is more scientifically defined
as the study of sensory or sensory-
emotional values, sometimes called
judgements of sentiment and taste. More
broadly, scholars in the field define
aesthetics as “ critical reflection on art,
culture and nature”.
11

12.  Introduced into the philosophical lexicon
during the eighteenth century, the term
‘aesthetic’ has come to be used to designate
among other things, a kind of object, a kind
of judgement, a kind of attitude, a kind of
experience and a kind of value.
12
• whether artworks are necessarily aesthetic
objects;
• how to square the allegedly perceptual basis
of aesthetic judgements with the fact that
we give reasons in support of them;
• how best to capture the elusive contrast
between an aesthetic attitude and a practical
one
• whether to define aesthetic experience
according to its phenomenological or
representational content
• how best to understand the relation between
aesthetic value and aesthetic experience.

13.  Material values- refer to the values of
people’s daily necessities, such as
commodities
 Spiritual Values- refer to the faculties of
intellect, emotion and will or the values of
trueness, goodness and beauty.
13

14.  Sungsang value- is a spiritual value that satisfies
the sungsang desire; it consists of trueness,
goodness, beauty and love. Trueness, beauty and
goodness are the values corresponding to the
three faculties of the mind, namely, intellect,
emotion and will.
 Hyungsang value- which satisfies the Hyungsang
desire, refers to the value of daily necessities,
such as food, clothing and shelter- called
material value or commodity value. Material
value is the value necessary for physical life or
the value that satisfies the desire of the physical
mind.
14

15.  Siddiqui M.H., Philosophical and Sociological
Foundations of Education, A P H Publishing
Corporation, New Delhi.
 Fernandes M.M., The Foundations of
Education: The Philosophical Approach,
Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Das B.N., Foundations of Education, Nil
Kamal Publishing House, New Delhi.
 http://www.britannica.com/topic/axiology
15