Hazardous Materials Awareness Training by

Welcome
to
“Hazardous Materials Awareness”

NFPA Objective 2-1

Acknowledgments
The preparation of this course was made possible
through the assistance, cooperation, and
dedication of many people. The Washington State
Patrol / Fire Services Bureau. Washington State
Association of Fire Chiefs and Washington State
Association of Fire Chiefs Hazardous Materials
Division to thank all of the following persons and
organizations for their roles in the development of
this course

Acknowledgments
1998 Revisions
– Washington State Association of Fire Chiefs,
Hazardous Materials Division
Sgt. Roy Glass, Washington State Patrol
Edward B. Lawson, MAFB Fire Dept.
Edward Bonollo, Union Gap Fire Dept.
Phil Philbin, Auburn Fire Dept.
Dave Sauerbrey, Vancouver Fire Dept

Scope
This course is designed to provide the
student with the basic skills necessary to
safely and effectively manage the initial
activities of an emergency involving the
uncontrolled release of dangerous chemicals

Scope
This class focuses on those individuals in
local jurisdictions who are most likely to
witness or discover a hazardous substance
release, and who are expected by their
employer to initiate an emergency response
sequence by notifying the proper authorities
of the release, taking no further action

Scope
This class is best suited for:
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Emergency prehospital care personnel
Emergency telecommunications officers
Firefighters
Law enforcement officers
Private industry workers
Public works personnel

Course Goal
The goal of this training shall be to provide
first responders with the knowledge and
skills necessary to safely respond to and
assess the hazards involved in a chemical
emergency and to make necessary
notifications

Course Goal
Successful completion of this training
should provide the student with the
necessary skills to objectively demonstrate
competency in the following areas:

Competencies
An understanding of the potential outcomes
associated with an emergency created when
hazardous materials are present
The ability to recognize the presence of
hazardous materials in an emergency
The ability to identify the hazardous
materials, if possible

Competencies
An understanding of the role of the first
responder awareness individual in the
employer’s emergency response plan
including site security and control and the
North American Emergency Response
Guidebook
The ability to realize the need for additional
resources, and to make appropriate
notifications to the communications center

Course Introduction
Welcome
Your Instructor(s) are…..
– Name, title, background & experience

And you are…..
– Name, title, background & experience
– Expectations

Course Introduction
Class Logistics
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Start & Finish times
Class fees
Length of class periods & breaks
Tests
Accreditation & certification
Class critiques
Rest rooms
Meals

Safety Keypoints
Always consider the possibility of multiple
hazard categories in each hazard class.
Approach all hazardous materials incidents
from upwind, upgrade, and upstream,
positioning vehicles and apparatus headed
away from the incident scene.

Safety Keypoints
In a hazardous materials incident you may
have to delay attending to the injured in
order to save the lives of many others
First operational priority: Isolate the hazard
area and deny entry

Safety Keypoints
Only those emergency personnel in the
proper level of compatible protective
clothing and positive pressure selfcontained breathing apparatus “who are
actively performing emergency operations”
are to operate within the inner perimeter

Safety Keypoints
Minimum safety perimeter for citizens =
1,000 feet beyond the inner perimeter
boundaries in open areas
To avoid inhalation hazards, self-contained
positive pressure breathing apparatus must
be properly worn, used, and maintained

Safety Keypoints
Never eat, smoke, or drink at or around
hazardous materials incident scenes until
you decontaminate and wash your hands,
face, and hair thoroughly
Consult protective clothing compatibility
data to ensure available protective clothing
is compatible with the hazardous materials
involved in the incident

Safety Keypoints

Think SAFETY with every
breath you take

RESPONSIBILITIES
First Responders at the Awareness Level
are expected to:
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NFPA Objective 2-1.2

Recognize the presence of hazardous materials
Protect themselves
Call for trained personnel
Secure the area

Course Goal
The goal of this training at the Awareness
Level is to provide first responders with the
knowledge and skills necessary to perform
the following tasks safely:


Goals
Implement Actions
Consistent with local emergency response
plans, the organizations standard operating
procedures, and the current edition of the
Guidebook by completing the following
tasks;


Goals
Implement Actions
Initiate protective actions consistent with local
emergency response plans, the organization’s
standard operating procedures, and the NAERG.
Initiate the notification process


First Responder Awareness
Awareness Overview

Hazardous Materials
“Any substance that poses an unreasonable
risk to life, the environment, or property
when not properly contained.”

Identifying the Problem
Increasing number of incidents.
Increased hazardous materials legislation in
response to public concern.
Resolution responsibility of many agencies.
Previous emergency response training
stresses taking immediate action.

Basic Safety Guidelines
“Proper safety precautions must be taken to
reduce risks as much as possible.”
Reduce risk through training
Responders must be aware of multiple
hazards
Don’t rush in!!!
Positive attitude toward safety is an
important part of your protective equipment

NAERG Safety Guidelines
When approaching a hazardous materials
incident:
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Approach cautiously
Secure the scene
Identify the hazards
Assess the situation
Obtain help
Decide on site entry

Purpose of Intervention
To favorably change the sequence of
natural events in order to minimize the
harm to the public, the environment,
property and equipment that would occur
by natural stabilization.

Risk/Benefit Analysis
The benefit (reducing naturally occurring
harm) should exceed the risk (harm
attributed to intervention).

Risk/Benefit Analysis
Low
– Protecting environment, property or equipment.

Moderate
– Attempt rescue of person(s) with low
probability of survival.

High
– Attempt rescue of person(s) with high
probability of survival.

Decision Algorithm
W hat are the outcom es
of natural stabilization?

Can I favorably change the outcom es of
natural stabilization by m y intervention?

NO

Do nothing except
protect exposures.

YES
Does the benefit from m y intervention
exceed the risk involved?

Fe edba ck
Loop

YES

Enga ge in interv ention operations as
long as the benefit exce eds the risk!

NO

Do nothing
except protec t
exposures.

Legislative Mandates for
Training
29 CFR 1910.120
Code of Federal Regulations

WAC 296-62-300
Washington Administrative Rule

"Hazardous Waste
Operations and Emergency
Response"

OSHA Response Levels
First Responder (Awareness level)
First Responder (Operations level)
Hazardous Materials Technician
Hazardous Materials Specialist
On-Scene Incident Commander

Witness or discover a release.
Trained to initiate an emergency response
sequence by notifying the proper authorities
of the release.
Take no further action beyond notifying the
proper authorities of the release.

First Responder Operations
Respond to releases as part of initial
response to the site.
Protect nearby persons, property or the
environment from the effects of the release.
Trained to respond in a defensive fashion
without actually trying to stop the release.
Function is to contain the release from a
safe distance, keep it from spreading, and
prevent exposures.

Hazardous Materials
Technician
Respond to releases for the purpose of
stopping the release.
Trained to respond in an offensive fashion
to actually try to stop the release.
Approach the point of the release in order to
plug, patch, or otherwise stop the release.

Hazardous Materials
Specialist
Respond with and provide support to
hazardous material technicians.
Their duties require a more directed or
specific knowledge of the various
substances they may be called upon to
contain.
Act as site liaison with Federal, state, local
and other government authorities in regards
to site activities.

On Scene Incident
Commander
Individuals who will assume control of the
incident scene beyond the first responder
Awareness level.
This level requires at least Operations-level
training, as well as training specific to a
hazardous materials incident commander as
outlined in the federal regulation.

NFPA 472, 1997 Edition
Standard for Professional Competence of
Responders to Hazardous Materials
Incidents
Consensus standards
– Based on input from the fire service, private
industry, manufacturers and governmental
agencies
– Voluntary compliance
Unless adopted at the state of local level
“Standard of care” issues

Competence required of responders to
hazardous materials incidents.
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First Responder Operations
Hazardous Materials Technician
Hazardous Materials Specialist
On-Scene Incident Commander

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Private Sector Employees
Hazardous Materials Branch Officer
Hazardous Materials Branch Safety Officer
Technician with a Tank Car Specialty
Technician with a Cargo Tank Specialty
Technician with an Intermodal Tank Specialty

Applies to all organizations that have EMS
responsibilities when responding to
hazardous materials incidents.
– Level 1 HazMat/EMS
– Level 2 HazMat/EMS

Emergency Response
Planning
Pre-emergency planning & coordination with outside parties
Personnel roles, lines of authority, training & communication
Emergency recognition & prevention
Safe distances & places of refuge
Site security & control
Evacuation routes & procedures
Decontamination
Emergency medical treatment & first aid
Emergency alerting & response procedures
Critique of response & follow-up
Personal protective clothing & emergency equipment

Emergency Response
Planning
Local agencies may use the local
emergency response plan, such as a city or
county plan, in lieu of having their own
individual agency plan, as long as it
contains all of the federally required plan
elements.

Standard Operating
Procedures
Local agencies that choose to use the local
emergency response plan instead of
developing their own individual agency
plan should, as a minimum, develop the
federally mandated plan elements into
standard operating procedures.

Analyzing the Incident
Module I
Given various facility and/or transportation
scenarios, with and without hazardous
materials present, identify those scenarios
where hazardous materials are present.


Goals
Analyze The Incident
To determine both the hazardous materials
present and the basic response information
by completing the following tasks:
– Detect the presence of hazardous materials

Goals
Analyze The Incident
– Survey a hazardous materials incident, from a
safe location, to identify the name, UN/NA
identification number, or the type of placard
applied
– Collect hazard information from the current
edition of the North American Emergency
Response Guidebook (NAERG)

Hazardous Materials
(Dangerous Goods in Canada)
Definition: Any substance that poses an
unreasonable risk to the health and safety of
persons and/or the environment if it is not
properly controlled during handling, storage,
manufacturing, processing, packaging, use,
disposal, or transportation.
NFPA Objective 2-2.1.1

Hazardous Material
Definition: United States Department of
Transportation (DOT) term that covers all
hazard classes and divisions.


Hazardous Substance
Definition: EPA term for chemicals that, if
released into the environment above a certain
amount, must be reported, and depending on
the threat to the environment, federal
involvement handling the incident can be
authorized.


Extremely Hazardous
Substances
Definition: EPA term for chemicals that must
be reported to the appropriate authorities if
released above the threshold reporting
quantity.


Toxic Chemicals
Definition: EPA term for chemicals whose total
emissions or release must be reported annually by
owners and operators of certain facilities that
manufacture, process, or otherwise use a listed
toxic chemical.


Hazardous Wastes
Definition: EPA term for chemicals that are
regulated under the Resource,
Conservation, and Recovery Act.


Hazardous Chemicals
Definition: OSHA term that denotes any
chemical that would be a risk to employees
if exposed in the work place.


Dangerous Goods
Definition: In Canadian transportation,
hazardous materials are called dangerous
goods.


Identification Methods
DOT Hazard Classes and Divisions with
examples, primary hazards of each class,
and their associated placards and labels.


Hazard Classes and Divisions
DOT has classified hazardous materials
according to their primary hazard and
assigned standardized symbols to identify
the classes.
– NOTE: Materials are grouped by their major
hazardous characteristic and many will have
other hazards as well.


Class 1 (Explosives)
Major Hazard: Explosion
Any substance or article, including a
device, that is designed to function by
explosion (i.e...... an extremely rapid release
of gas and heat) or that, by chemical
reaction with itself, is able to function by
explosion.

Divisions
DOT has divided Class 1 hazards into 6
divisions.


Class 1.1
Mass explosion that affects
almost the entire load
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Black powder
Dynamite
T-N-T
Blasting caps
Nitroglycerin

Class 1.2
Projection hazard but
not a mass explosion
hazard
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Aerial flares
Detonation cord
Power device
cartridges

Class 1.3
Fire hazard and either a
minor blast or minor
projection hazard
– Liquid-fueled rocket
motors
– Propellant explosives


Class 1.4
Presents a minor
explosion hazard
– Practice ammunition
– Signal cartridges


Class 1.5
Very insensitive
explosives with mass
explosion hazard
– Prilled ammonium
nitrate fertilizer
– Blasting agents


Class 1.6

Extremely insensitive
explosives
– Does not have a mass
explosion hazard.


Class 2
Compressed Gases
Major Hazard: BLEVE
Sub Hazards
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Flammable
Oxidizer
Poisonous
Corrosive

Divided into 3 divisions

Class 2.1 Flammable Gases
A material that is a gas at 68 degrees F or
less at 14.7 psi or has a boiling point of 68
degrees or less at 14.7 psi.
– Ignitable at 14.7 psi in a mixture of 13%
or less by volume
– Has a flammable range of at least 12%
regardless of the lower limit.

Placard (Flammable)

Red background
White frame

FLAMMABLE
GAS
2


Class 2.2 Nonflammable,
Nonpoisonous Gases
Any material or mixture that exerts an
absolute pressure of 41 psia at 68 degrees F.
Compressed gases, including liquefied gas,
pressurized cryogenic gas, and compressed
gas in solution.


Placard (Non-Flammable)

Green background
White cylinder


NON-FLAMMABLE
GAS

Placard (Oxygen)

Yellow background
Flaming “O”


OXYGEN

Class 2.3 Poisonous Gas
Vaporize easily and very dangerous to life,
even in small amounts.
Known to be so toxic to humans as to pose
a hazard to health during transportation.
Presumed to be toxic because of laboratory
testing.


LC-50
(Lethal Concentration, 50%)
Concentration of a material, expressed as
parts per million which kills half of the lab
animals in a given length of time.
Significant in determining the toxicity of a
material; the lower the value, the more toxic
the substance.

Examples of Class 2.3 Gases
Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride
Arsine
Chlorine
Methyl bromide
Cyanide gas
Hydrocyanic acid
Diphosgene
– 2.4 Gases (Canadian)

Placards (Poison Gas)

White background
Skull & crossbones

POISON
GAS
2


Class 3 Flammable Liquids
Major Hazard: Burns readily
Flammable and combustible liquids


Flammable Liquids
Any liquid having a flash point (FP) of not
more than 141 degrees F.
– Three divisions
3.1 - FP < 0 degrees F
3.2 - FP 0 to < 73 degrees F
3.3 - FP 73 to < 141 degrees F


Combustible Liquid
Any liquid that does not meet the definition
of any other hazard class and has a flash
point above 141 degrees F and below 200
degrees F.
– NOTE: A flammable liquid with a flash point
at or above 100 degrees that does not meet the
definition of any other hazard class except 9,
may be reclassified as combustible.

Class 3 Placards
Flammable:
– Red background, white
flame with the word
“FLAMMABLE”
– Flame pictograph

FLAMMABLE
3


Class 3 Placards

Combustible:
– Red background, white
flame with the word
“COMBUSTIBLE”
– UN class number

COMBUSTIBLE

3


Class 4 (Flammable Solids)
Major Hazard: Rapid combustion with a
liberation of mass quantities of smoke
(toxic).
– Divided into 3 divisions


4.1 Flammable Solids
Three types
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Wetted explosives
Self-reactive
materials
– Readily combustible
solids


FLAMMABLE
SOLID

4

Wetted Explosives
Explosives wetted with sufficient water,
alcohol, or a plasticizer to suppress explosive
properties.


Self Reactive Materials
Materials that are liable to undergo, at
normal or elevated temperatures, a strongly
exothermic decomposition.


Readily Combustible Solids
Solids that may cause a fire through friction
and metal powders that can be ignited.


4.2 Spontaneously
Combustible Materials
Self-heating material - a
material that, when in
contact with air and
without an energy supply,
is liable to self-heat.

SPONTANEOUSLY

COMBUSTIBLE

4

Pyrophoric Materials
A liquid or solid that, even in small
quantities and without an external ignition
source, can ignite within 5 minutes after
coming in contact with air.


Dangerous When Wet
Materials
Material that, by contact
with water is liable to
become spontaneously
flammable or to give off
flammable or toxic gas
at a rate of greater than
1 l/kg.


WHEN

DANGEROUS WET

4

Class 5 (Oxidizers)
2 Divisions
Major Hazard 5.1: Supports combustion
and intensifies fire.
Major Hazard 5.2: Unstable/reactive
explosives


5.1 Oxidizers
Materials that may,
generally by yielding
oxygen, cause or enhance
the combustion of other
materials.


OXIDIZER

5.1

5.2 Organic Peroxides
Any organic compound containing oxygen in
the bivalent O-O structure that may be
considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide,
where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have
been replaced by organic radicals.
Organic peroxides have been further broken
down into types a-g (worst to least hazardous).

Placard Organic Peroxides

Yellow background
Flaming “O” with words
“Organic Peroxide”

ORGANIC
PEROXIDE

5.2

Class 6 Poisons
Major Hazard: Toxicity, Infectious
2 Divisions
– NOTE: Poisonous gases are Class 2 Division 3


6.1 Poisonous Materials
A material, other than a gas, that is either known
to be so toxic to humans as to afford a hazard to
health during transportation, or in the absence of
adequate data on human toxicity, is presumed to
be toxic to humans, including irritating materials
that cause irritation.


6.1 Placard

White background
Skull and crossbones

Poison
6.1


6.2 Infectious Substances
A viable microorganism, or its toxin, that
causes disease in humans or animals.
Infectious substance and etiologic agents
are the same.


Class 6 Poisons
Class 6 materials are divided into 3
packaging groups (PG).
– PG I or II, other than PG I inhalation hazard
– PG III


Class 7 Radioactive
Major Hazard:
Radioactive poisonous
burns
Definition: Materials
having a specific
activity greater than
0.002 microcurie per
gram.

RADIOACTIVE

Class 8 Corrosives
Major Hazard: burns/emulsification skin damage.
Definition - A liquid or solid that causes visible
or irreversible alterations in human skin tissue at
the site of contact, or a liquid that has a severe
corrosion rate on steel or aluminum.


Class 8 Placard
White top
Black bottom
Test tubes
Hand and steel bar


CORROSIVE

Class 9 Miscellaneous
Hazardous Materials

A material that presents a
hazard during transport,
but that is not included in
another hazard class


Class 9
Division 9.1 - Miscellaneous Dangerous
Goods (Canada)
Division 9.2 - Environmentally Hazardous
Substances (Canada)
Division 9.3 - Dangerous Wastes (Canada)


Other Regulated Materials
(ORM-D)
A material that presents a limited hazard
during transportation due to its
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Form
Quantity
Packaging
No placard

Forbidden Materials
Materials prohibited from being offered or
accepted for transportation. Does not apply
if the materials are diluted, stabilized, or
incorporated in devices. There is no placard
for these items since they aren't transported.


System Limitations
Dangerous placard
2,205 lbs or 1,000 kg. limitation
Visibility
Unclassified materials and exemptions


1.1
1.2
1.3
2.3
4.3

Table 1 Hazard Classes &
Placards

5.2 (Organic Peroxide
Type B, Liquid or solid,
temperature controlled)
6.1 (PG inhalation hazard,
Zone A & B)
7.0 (Radioactive, Yellow Label III)

Explosives 1.1
Explosive 1.2
Explosives 1.3
Poison Gas
Dangerous When Wet
Organic Peroxide

Poison Inhalation Hazard
Radioactive 1

Placards
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.1
2.2
3.0 (flammable Liquid)
3.0 (combustible liquid)
4.1
4.2
5.1

Explosives 1.4
Explosives 1.5
Explosives 1.6
Flammable Gas
Non-Flammable Gas
Flammable Liquid
Combustible Liquid
Flammable Solid
Spontaneously Combustible
Oxidizer

Placards
5.2 (other than organic peroxide, Type B)
6.1 (PG I & II, other than,
PG I inhalation hazard)
6.1 (PG III)
6.2
8.0
9.0
ORM-D

Organic Peroxide
Poison
Keep Away From Food
(None)
Corrosive
Class 9
(None)

Hazardous Materials Incidents
Versus Other Emergencies
Potential for doing great harm since effects are
far reaching and severe.
Responders must be specially trained and
equipped.
Often have long term effects to the
environment, people, and property.

Typical Locations & Occupancies
Containing Hazardous Materials
Warehouses
Tank farms
Weapons depots
Hospitals


Laboratories
Truck terminals
Flight line areas
Maintenance facilities

Front of Pool Supply
Store

Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Storage Area

Pre-Incident Planning
People developing pre-incident plans should
seek assistance from facility
managers in identifying
hazardous materials
locations and record
them on the plan in
a way that will be useful
to the first arriving responders.

Remember!!!!!
Hazardous materials that are manufactured,
stored, processed, or used at a particular site
are NOT subject to regulations affecting
transported materials.


Typical Container Shapes
That May Indicate
Hazardous Materials


Radioactive Container Shapes
Protective overpacks
– Cylindrical configuration
– Boxlike configuration

Casks
– Rigid metal packaging
– Reinforcing rings and cooling fins

Radioactive Container Shapes
Fiberboard
Wooden Boxes


Steel Drums

Radioactive Cask


Pressurized Container Shapes
Cylinders
MC-331 tank trailer
Pressure tank car
Tube trailers, tube modules, high pressure
tube cars


Pressurized Containers
Compressed Gas
Cylinders

Aerosol
Cans
Tube Module

MC 331
Bolted Manway

Large Hemishpere Ends

Cage Around Piping

Pressure Tank Car
Expansion Dome
No visible Fittings
4,000 - 45,000

100 to 600 psi

gallons

Flammable/Nonflammable Gases

Poison Gases

High Pressure Tube Trailer

Permanently Attached Horizontal Cylinders

Cryogenic Containers
Tank-within-a-tank or “Thermos bottle”
design
Absence of top fittings on most containers
– MC - 338
– Cryogenic tank car


MC 338
Ends Normally Flat

Loading/Unloading
Station at Rear

Loading Sometimes
Located Here

Cryogenic Liquid Tank Car
Low Pressure Liquids
(25 psig or lower)

Refrigerated to -155 degrees and below

Corrosive Containers
Carboys
–
–

Glass or plastic bottles
Encased in a protective box

MC - 312
– Long thin tank with stiffener rings
– Working platform on top

Corrosive Containers
Carboy in Wooden Box

Carboy in Polystyrene

MC 312
Rounded Ends


Exterior Stiffner Rings

Small Diameter
“Cigar Shape”

Flammable Liquid Containers
Drums
Jerricans
MC - 306
Non-pressure tank car


Flammable Liquid Containers
Jerricans

Wooden Barrel

MC 306
Oval Cross Section

Longitudinal Rollover Protection

Valving and Unloading
Controls Under Tank

Non-Pressure Tank Car
Also called “General Service”
or “Low Pressure”
No Expansion Dome
Visible Fittings
4,000 - 45,000
gallons

Older cars have
expansion domes

Dry Bulk Containers
Pneumatic hopper trailer
– “V” shaped bottom
– Rounded sides and sloping ends

Pneumatically unloaded hopper car
– “V” shaped bottom
– Flat or rounded sides

Dry Bulk Carriers
Compressor Unit

Large Sloping “V” Shaped Bottom

Facility & Transportation
Markings & Colors
May Indicate Hazardous Materials


UN/NA ID Numbers
UN Class numbers
(bottom of placard)
Hazard class or ID number
on placard or orange panel

POISON
GAS
2

Symbols and colors
Name of material

1026

Military Hazardous Materials
Marking System


Class 1, Division 1

Materials that present a
mass denotation hazard


Class 1, Division 2

Presents an explosion with
fragmentation hazard


Class 1, Division 3

Materials with a
mass fire hazard


Class 1, Division 4

Materials that present
a moderate fire hazard


Special Warnings
Chemical hazards

Highly Toxic

Harassing Agents

White Phosphorus
Munitions

Special Warnings

Apply No Water

Wear Protective
Breathing Apparatus

Special Hazard
Communication Markings
Hazardous Materials Information System
PCB Labels


Pipeline Markers
Pipeline markers are
usually metal signs
placed adjacent to a
hazardous materials
pipeline right of way.


Pipeline Markers
Ownership of Line
– Name of carrier
– Phone number

Signal Word
– Caution
– Warning
– Danger

Transported Commodity

Petroleum

3

NFPA 704 Markings
Suggested method for identifying
hazardous materials
Scale of 0-4 (4 being the worst hazard)
Used only for facilities when mandated
by local ordinances

NFPA Objective 2-2.1.7.8

2

1

NFPA 704
Colors and Their Meanings
2

1. Blue = Health
2. Red = Flammability
3. Yellow = Reactivity
4. White = Special

1

_
W
4


3

HEALTH

4 - Too Dangerous to Enter -Vapor or Liquid

3

3 - Extremely Dangerous --

Use Full Protective Clothing

2 - Hazardous --

Use Breathing Apparatus

1 - Slightly Hazardous
0 - Like Ordinary Material

FLAMMABILITY

3

- Ignites at Normal
Temperatures

2

- Ignites When Moderately
Heated
- Must Be Preheated
to Burn

0

- Extremely Flammable

1

2

4

- Will Not Burn

4

1

3

- Strong Shock or Heat May
Detonate -- Use Monitors From
Behind Explosion Resistant
Barriers

2

- Violent Chemical Change
Possible -- Use Hose Streams
From Distance

1

REACTIVITY

- May Detonate -- Evacuate Area
if Materials are Exposed to Fire

- Unstable if Heated-Use Normal Precautions

0 - Normally Stable

SPECIAL
INFORMATION

W

W

OX
ALK
ACID


- Avoid Use of Water
- Oxidizer
- Used by some to Indicate
Alkaline Materials
- Used by Some to Indicate
Acidic Materials

Location of NFPA 704 Markers

4
2

3
W


Material Safety Data Sheets
Why they are necessary
– Federal Law
– Right to know
– Mandatory local communication on hazard

OSHA requirements
– Central location
– With facility manager/employer

MSDS (Basic Information)
Manufactures name and location
Name and family of chemical
Hazardous ingredients
Physical data
Fire and explosion data


MSDS (Basic Information)

Health Hazard Data
Spill or Leak Procedures
Special Protection Information
Special Precautions

MSDS Entries
–
–
–
–
–

NFPA Objective 2-2.1.

General Information
Hazardous ingredients statement
Physical data
Fire and explosion data
Spill and leak control procedures

Special Protection Information
Special Precautions (Other as necessary)
Health and Reactivity Hazard Data
–
–
–
–

Including Toxicology Information
Signs and Symptoms of Exposure
Emergency Care
Chemical Incompatibilities and its
decomposition products!

MSDS Sample Information


Shipping Papers


Shipping Paper Entries
Proper shipping name
Hazard class or division
Product Identification Number


Titles of Shipping Papers
Highway - Bill of lading/freight bill
Rail
- Waybill and consist
Water - Dangerous cargo manifest
Air
- Air bill with shippers certification
for restricted articles


Location of Shipping Papers,
Responsible Person
Highway - cab of vehicle - Driver
Rail- Engine or caboose - with conductor or
engineer
Water - Wheelhouse or pipelike container on
a barge - Captain or master
Air - Cockpit/flightdeck or attached to
package - pilot

Identification Clues
Examples of clues (other than occupancy/
location, container shape, markings/colors,
placards/labels, MSDS, and shipping papers)
that use the senses of sight, sound and odor
to indicate hazardous materials.


Using Senses to Detect
Hazardous Materials
Odor
Sight
Sound
Informal Methods


Limitations of Using Senses
Odor
Sight
Sound
Risk of Injury


Targets for Criminal or
Terrorist Activity
–
–
–
–
–
–


Places of public assembly
Public buildings
Mass transit system
Places of high economic impact
Telecommunications activities
Places of historical or symbolic significance

Indications of Terrorist or
Criminal Activity
–
–
–
–
–
–

Equipment that is not relevant to a location
Intentional releases of hazardous materials
Unexplained illness or death
Unusual odors or tastes
Irritations
Unusual security measures

Given Examples
Facility and transportation situations
involving hazardous materials, the first
responder at the awareness level shall
identify the hazardous material(s) in each
situation by name, UN/NA identification
number, or type placard applied.


Difficulties in Determining
Specific Names
Facilities
–
–
–
–
–
–

Labels or placards missing
Label or placard shows no product identifier
Mixed loads
Error in placarding or labeling
Shipping papers are not accessible
Facility Manager or MSDS’s not available

Names Sources for
ID# or Placards
Guidebook
Shipping Papers


Sources in Facilities
MSDS
Markings on containers
Emergency planning documents


Implementing The Planned
Response
Module II

Identify the basic precautions to be taken by
the awareness level responder to protect
themselves and others in a hazardous
materials incident. IAW the Emergency
Response Plan (ERP) or SOP’s.

Basic Precautions
Isolate the hazard area
– Evacuate those in danger
– Deny entry

If evacuation is not possible
– Provide in-place protection
– Keep away from doors and windows

Basic Precautions
Basic precautions to be taken by the awareness
level responder are to protect themselves and
others in a hazardous materials incident IAW
the Local Emergency Response Plan or SOP’s.


Providing Medical Care
Precautions necessary when providing
emergency medical care to victims of
hazardous materials.
Victim may be contaminated
– No PPE
– Understanding your limitations will prevent
you from becoming a victim.


Typical Ignition Sources
Heated sources
Frictional heat
Radiant heat
Smoking materials
Lighting open flames
Spontaneous ignition
Static Electricity
Chemical Reactions

Ways Hazardous Materials
are Harmful
Thermal

Corrosive

Mechanical

Asphyxiation

Poisonous

Radiation


General Routes of Entry
Contact
Absorption
Inhalation
Ingestion


Routes of Entry
for Human Exposure
Contact &
Absorption


Inhalation

Ingestion

Objectiv
Given the name, UN/NAe
identification number or
type placard, a current copy of the North American
Emergency Response Guidebook a local response
plan and standard operating procedures, and a
facility or transportation scenario including
hazardous materials, collect hazard information,
initiate protective actions, and the notification
process.

Yellow Pages
ID Number

Green Pages
Initial Isolation

Orange Pages
Guide Numbers

Blue Pages
Chemical Name

Determine The Appropriate
Guidebook Page
Four digit ID# (yellow pages)
Spelling of the product (blue pages)
Placards (table of placards)
Dealing with an unknown
– Use Guide #111

General Types of Hazards

Found on Each Guide Page
–
–
–


Fire and Explosion
Health hazard
“P” polymerization hazard

Response Information
Emergency actions from numbered guide
pages
Protective clothing
Initial isolation and protective action
distances

Protective Clothing
Recommended clothing in the North
American Emergency Response Guidebook
–
–
–
–

Street clothing
Structural fire fighter protective clothing
Positive pressure SCBA
Chemical-protective clothing

Protective Actions
Guidebook definitions
– Isolate hazard area and deny entry
– Evacuate the area
– Sheltering in-place


Initial Isolation Zone and Protective Action Zone
PROTECTIVE
ACTION ZONE
1/2 DOWNWIND
DISTANCE

INITIAL
ISOLATION
ZONE

Downwind Distance
1/2 DOWNWIND
DISTANCE

INITIAL
ISOLATION
DISTANCE

Difference between small and large spills as
found in the table of isolation distances
– Small spill
– Large spill

Circumstances under which different
distances are used


Small Spill


Large Spill

Difference Between Orange &
Green Pages
Isolation distance in the Orange pages
–
–

Used to protect from immediate hazards
Materials not highlighted

Protective action distance in the Green pages
–
–

Used for materials that present a toxic hazard.
Highlighted materials only.


Location of Emergency
Response Plans
Local Emergency Response Plan and the
Standard Operating Instructions
– Applicable to each jurisdiction
– Kept with the responsible agency


Role of the Awareness Level
First Responder
Guidelines are found in:
–
–

The local emergency response plan.
The organization’s standard operating
procedures.
– North American Emergency Response
Guidebook

Techniques Used
Techniques used to isolate the hazard area
and deny entry
–
–
–
–
–


Use a vehicle to block a road
Rope-off or barricade entrance to area
Notify law enforcement to divert traffic
Close doors to facility
Use public address system

Involving Criminal or
Terrorist Activity
– Communicate the suspicion during notification
– Isolate potentially exposed people
– Document the initial observation


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