Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft and spacecraft to support flight operations. They include communications, navigation, monitoring of aircraft systems, weather detection, collision avoidance, autopilot, radar, and management of other aircraft functions. Avionics originated from systems developed during World War 2 for functions like radar and autopilot. Modern avionics play an important role in air traffic management through improved navigation and safety systems.
Term Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology In Aerospace Engineering.
AMITY UNIVERSITY DUBAI
This presentation is about the Avionics System Standards in terms of hardware and software briefly discussing the DO-254( ) and DO-178( ) as required for basic understanding.
This document discusses avionics systems used in aircraft. It states that avionics systems are dependent on electronics and account for a significant portion of an aircraft's total cost, ranging from 30% to over 75% depending on the aircraft type. The key roles of avionics systems are to enable safe and efficient mission accomplishment for military aircraft and air traffic control and all-weather operation for civil aircraft. Important considerations in avionics system design include increased safety, reliability, maintainability, and reduction in life cycle costs. The document outlines various avionics components, subsystems, architectures, and display technologies used in aircraft.
Avionics systems include the electronic systems used on aircraft and spacecraft to manage communications, navigation, and all other onboard systems. The document discusses six key avionics systems: 1) Basic flight instruments like the altimeter, attitude indicator, magnetic compass, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator provide pilots with critical aircraft data. 2) Cabin pressurization and 3) air conditioning systems are necessary for crew and passenger safety and comfort. 4) The aircraft fuel system manages fuel storage and delivery to engines. 5) Autopilot systems use gyroscopes, servos, and controllers to automatically guide and fly aircraft without constant pilot assistance. 6) Electrical power systems use batteries for starting aircraft and emergencies.
Hardware assessment and validation are major parts of developing modern digital avionics systems. The assessment process involves fault tree analysis and failure mode effects analysis to evaluate reliability. Certification by regulatory authorities is also a key concern, particularly FAR Part 25.1309 which establishes requirements for equipment, systems, and installations to ensure safe flight. The document discusses factors like capability, reliability, maintainability, and cost that avionics systems must consider to receive certification.
Electronic pressure sensors used in aircraftLahiru Dilshan
This report is prepared using different types of pressure measuring sensors that use in aviation. There are different categories of pressure sensors and different applications.
The document provides an overview of the various instruments and displays pilots interact with when flying a fighter jet. It describes instruments that indicate speed like the airspeed indicator and machmeter. It also covers altitude instruments like the altimeter and radar altimeter. Other instruments discussed include the artificial horizon, vertical airspeed indicator, compass, gyrocompass, head-up display, and helmet-mounted display. The document also summarizes controls like the throttle and stick, as well as multifunction displays and flight data recorders.
Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft and spacecraft to support flight operations. They include communications, navigation, monitoring of aircraft systems, weather detection, collision avoidance, autopilot, radar, and management of other aircraft functions. Avionics originated from systems developed during World War 2 for functions like radar and autopilot. Modern avionics play an important role in air traffic management through improved navigation and safety systems.
Term Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology In Aerospace Engineering.
AMITY UNIVERSITY DUBAI
This presentation is about the Avionics System Standards in terms of hardware and software briefly discussing the DO-254( ) and DO-178( ) as required for basic understanding.
This document discusses avionics systems used in aircraft. It states that avionics systems are dependent on electronics and account for a significant portion of an aircraft's total cost, ranging from 30% to over 75% depending on the aircraft type. The key roles of avionics systems are to enable safe and efficient mission accomplishment for military aircraft and air traffic control and all-weather operation for civil aircraft. Important considerations in avionics system design include increased safety, reliability, maintainability, and reduction in life cycle costs. The document outlines various avionics components, subsystems, architectures, and display technologies used in aircraft.
Avionics systems include the electronic systems used on aircraft and spacecraft to manage communications, navigation, and all other onboard systems. The document discusses six key avionics systems: 1) Basic flight instruments like the altimeter, attitude indicator, magnetic compass, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator provide pilots with critical aircraft data. 2) Cabin pressurization and 3) air conditioning systems are necessary for crew and passenger safety and comfort. 4) The aircraft fuel system manages fuel storage and delivery to engines. 5) Autopilot systems use gyroscopes, servos, and controllers to automatically guide and fly aircraft without constant pilot assistance. 6) Electrical power systems use batteries for starting aircraft and emergencies.
Hardware assessment and validation are major parts of developing modern digital avionics systems. The assessment process involves fault tree analysis and failure mode effects analysis to evaluate reliability. Certification by regulatory authorities is also a key concern, particularly FAR Part 25.1309 which establishes requirements for equipment, systems, and installations to ensure safe flight. The document discusses factors like capability, reliability, maintainability, and cost that avionics systems must consider to receive certification.
Electronic pressure sensors used in aircraftLahiru Dilshan
This report is prepared using different types of pressure measuring sensors that use in aviation. There are different categories of pressure sensors and different applications.
The document provides an overview of the various instruments and displays pilots interact with when flying a fighter jet. It describes instruments that indicate speed like the airspeed indicator and machmeter. It also covers altitude instruments like the altimeter and radar altimeter. Other instruments discussed include the artificial horizon, vertical airspeed indicator, compass, gyrocompass, head-up display, and helmet-mounted display. The document also summarizes controls like the throttle and stick, as well as multifunction displays and flight data recorders.
This document provides an overview of engine monitoring instruments used in aircraft. It describes instruments such as the ammeter, cylinder temperature gauge, exhaust gas temperature gauge, oil pressure gauge, oil temperature gauge, vacuum gauge, fuel flow gauge, and fuel quantity gauge. It explains that these instruments monitor various aspects of the engine to gauge its health and send important information to pilots. The document also discusses integrating these instruments into glass cockpit displays and using engine health management systems to predict potential problems before they develop.
The document discusses aircraft instrument systems. It describes the main types of instruments including flight instruments, engine instruments, and navigation instruments. It explains that flight instruments like the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and magnetic compass provide pilots with critical flight information. Engine instruments monitor parameters like fuel, oil, temperatures, and speeds. Navigation instruments help pilots navigate along a course and for approaches. Pressure measuring instruments are also discussed, with details on how Bourdon tubes are commonly used to sense and measure pressure in aircraft.
The document provides an overview of various aircraft navigation systems throughout history, from early tools like stars, wind patterns and timekeeping to modern satellite-based systems. It discusses early radio navigation systems, celestial navigation using tools like sextants, dead reckoning through computations of speed and direction, map-matching systems, and global satellite systems like GPS. Modern area navigation systems are described as allowing aircraft flexible routing rather than direct routes between beacons, providing potential time, fuel and congestion benefits.
The document provides an overview of basic flight instruments and modern glass cockpit instruments. It discusses the airspeed indicator, attitude indicator, altimeter, turn indicator, heading indicator, vertical speed indicator as the basic flight instruments. For modern instruments, it describes the primary flight display, multi-function display, and electronic centralized aircraft monitoring display that make up an electronic flight instrument system or glass cockpit.
This document provides an overview of the course modules for an aircraft systems course. It covers 14 modules from May to July, focusing on electronic instrument systems and digital techniques. It describes the primary flight instruments, flight control surfaces, aircraft axes, navigation methods including ADF, VOR, GPS, and approaches including visual, ILS, and autopilot functions. It also outlines the cockpit layouts of the Cessna and Airbus A320, comparing traditional instruments to glass cockpit displays.
Avionics systems have evolved significantly over time. Early aircraft had no avionics, then basic systems for altitude, attitude, airspeed and direction were introduced in the 1950s. Through the 1970s, avionics grew to fill available space in cockpits. Later in the 1980s, avionics began to get smaller and more integrated. Now avionics are fully integrated into most aircraft systems and enable advanced functions like navigation, communication, monitoring and automated flight control.
Air traffic control provides services to aircraft to direct and separate air traffic to prevent collisions. Controllers in control towers direct ground and air traffic near airports, while approach and terminal controllers handle traffic within 30-50 miles of airports. Enroute controllers handle aircraft between airports up to hundreds of miles and coordinate handoffs between facilities using radar and procedural control. The goal is safe and efficient movement of air traffic.
Auto Pilot:
An Autopilot is a system used to guide a vehicle without assistance from a person.Developed by Elmer Sperry Sr.
This power point presentation contain a general information about given topic in somewhat short description & if you need detailed one , you can request or post your Email ID. Prefer an "OCR A Extended" fonts.
Air Traffic Control (ATC) manages air traffic to maintain safe distances between aircraft, prioritize emergency aircraft, and provide safety alerts. ATC separates aircraft using different procedures depending on the phase of flight, such as arrival/departure towers keeping one aircraft on the runway at a time. Controllers monitor aircraft by radar and issue clearances to ensure required distances between Instrument Flight Rule aircraft, while providing advisory services to Visual Flight Rule aircraft. Emergencies have the highest priority and ATC assists them by clearing airspace and directing them to available runways and emergency services.
An autopilot system is designed to perform some of the tasks of a pilot to reduce fatigue. There are three main types of autopilot systems - single-axis controlling ailerons, two-axis controlling elevators and ailerons, and three-axis controlling all basic flight controls. The modern autopilot system is computer-controlled, gathering data from sensors and other systems. The autopilot hydraulic unit transforms the computer commands into hydraulic and mechanical commands to operate the flight controls and maintain the aircraft's attitude or heading. Autopilot modes include heading hold and navigation tracking of VOR or TACAN radials.
The document discusses the future development of air traffic control systems. It outlines how systems will transition from radar-based to satellite-based navigation to allow more direct flight paths and increased airspace capacity. NextGen will implement satellite technology by 2025 to guide aircraft with greater accuracy. This will help controllers manage the increasing number of flights and reduce delays by allowing planes to avoid weather and fly more direct routes.
Air traffic control towers serve several purposes:
1) To provide aerodrome control service and direct pilots during takeoff, landing, and taxiing for efficient and safe runway traffic flow.
2) To monitor weather conditions and ensure the safest route of travel, contacting meteorological stations for updates.
3) To aid pilots in emergencies by maintaining contact, providing assistance, and directing emergency landings if needed.
A control system is a collection of mechanical and electronic equipment that allows an aircraft to be flown with exceptional precision and reliability. Torque tubes are often used to actuate ailerons and flaps.
Air traffic controllers like Eugene Air Traffic Controller Travis Jensen work to safely and efficiently direct aircraft through the national airspace system using radio communication and radar, which has evolved greatly from the early days of pilots navigating visually and basic flag signals. Controllers at the Eugene tower and radar approach control facility provide services to pilots flying under visual flight rules to enhance safety with advisories and assistance with navigation, terrain, and emergencies in the local airspace. Pilots are advised to communicate their requests and any aircraft issues to the controllers as early as possible to facilitate safe and optimal operations.
NTSB Air Traffic Control Specialist, Scott Durham, talks about how general aviation pilots should deal with air traffic control.
This presentation is part of the release of the NTSB General Aviation Safety Series at the FAA Safety forums during Sun 'N Fun 2012 in Lakeland FL
The document discusses air traffic control (ATC) principles and processes. It describes how ATC centers use radar, flight plan data processing, and other systems to monitor aircraft, ensure safe separation between flights, and manage airspace flow. It covers topics like radar tracking of aircraft, coordination between ATC sectors, surveillance technologies, and flight data exchange standards.
The document discusses the Air Traffic Control Communication Working Group of the Flight Safety Foundation's Approach-and-Landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) Task Force. The ALAR Task Force aims to reduce approach-and-landing accidents by 50% within 5 years by identifying equipment, operational, regulatory and training improvements. The Working Group focuses on improving communication between pilots and air traffic controllers to enhance approach-and-landing safety. Several airlines and airports have implemented successful joint pilot-controller training programs to foster shared understanding.
The document discusses air traffic control (ATC), which is a service that directs aircraft both on the ground and in the air to safely and efficiently guide air traffic. The primary goals of ATC are to prevent collisions between aircraft, organize traffic flow, and provide pilots with information. The document outlines the ATC system, different types of airspace that have varying levels of ATC, and concludes that ATC aims to prevent collisions of aircraft and objects on the ground while allowing for orderly traffic flow and pilot assistance.
Aircraft Auto Pilot Roll Control SystemSuchit Moon
This document discusses the components and functions of an aircraft roll control system for autopilot. It describes the primary flight control surfaces - ailerons, rudder, and elevators - and their purposes. It then explains the components that make up the roll control system, including the controller gain, aileron actuator, aircraft dynamics model, and gyro. The system uses these components to automatically control and maintain the aircraft's roll angle based on input from the gyro. Autopilot systems provide advantages such as reducing pilot workload and fatigue during flight.
CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS: THE TRANSITION FROM CREWED TO UNCREWED UAMiQHub
The document outlines a concept of operations for uncrewed urban air mobility (UAM). It describes key stakeholders in UAM including the flying public, regulatory agencies, and UAM industry players. The concept involves enabling infrastructure like vertiports and airspace, as well as UAM aircraft and command and control links. A steppingstone approach is proposed that evolves from current piloted UAM to eventually fully autonomous multi-vehicle operations managed remotely. Key roles and responsibilities are defined for entities involved in UAM operations. The passenger journey and nominal flight operations are illustrated from pre-flight planning through post-flight activities.
The document provides information about Shubham Sehrawat's internship at Vadodara Airport from 26 April 2016 to 7 July 2016. It discusses various facilities and operations at airports, including communication systems like ILS, DVOR, DME; navigation aids; and air traffic surveillance using AMSS. The internship covered understanding air traffic control responsibilities and various technical systems that support takeoffs and landings.
This document provides an overview of engine monitoring instruments used in aircraft. It describes instruments such as the ammeter, cylinder temperature gauge, exhaust gas temperature gauge, oil pressure gauge, oil temperature gauge, vacuum gauge, fuel flow gauge, and fuel quantity gauge. It explains that these instruments monitor various aspects of the engine to gauge its health and send important information to pilots. The document also discusses integrating these instruments into glass cockpit displays and using engine health management systems to predict potential problems before they develop.
The document discusses aircraft instrument systems. It describes the main types of instruments including flight instruments, engine instruments, and navigation instruments. It explains that flight instruments like the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and magnetic compass provide pilots with critical flight information. Engine instruments monitor parameters like fuel, oil, temperatures, and speeds. Navigation instruments help pilots navigate along a course and for approaches. Pressure measuring instruments are also discussed, with details on how Bourdon tubes are commonly used to sense and measure pressure in aircraft.
The document provides an overview of various aircraft navigation systems throughout history, from early tools like stars, wind patterns and timekeeping to modern satellite-based systems. It discusses early radio navigation systems, celestial navigation using tools like sextants, dead reckoning through computations of speed and direction, map-matching systems, and global satellite systems like GPS. Modern area navigation systems are described as allowing aircraft flexible routing rather than direct routes between beacons, providing potential time, fuel and congestion benefits.
The document provides an overview of basic flight instruments and modern glass cockpit instruments. It discusses the airspeed indicator, attitude indicator, altimeter, turn indicator, heading indicator, vertical speed indicator as the basic flight instruments. For modern instruments, it describes the primary flight display, multi-function display, and electronic centralized aircraft monitoring display that make up an electronic flight instrument system or glass cockpit.
This document provides an overview of the course modules for an aircraft systems course. It covers 14 modules from May to July, focusing on electronic instrument systems and digital techniques. It describes the primary flight instruments, flight control surfaces, aircraft axes, navigation methods including ADF, VOR, GPS, and approaches including visual, ILS, and autopilot functions. It also outlines the cockpit layouts of the Cessna and Airbus A320, comparing traditional instruments to glass cockpit displays.
Avionics systems have evolved significantly over time. Early aircraft had no avionics, then basic systems for altitude, attitude, airspeed and direction were introduced in the 1950s. Through the 1970s, avionics grew to fill available space in cockpits. Later in the 1980s, avionics began to get smaller and more integrated. Now avionics are fully integrated into most aircraft systems and enable advanced functions like navigation, communication, monitoring and automated flight control.
Air traffic control provides services to aircraft to direct and separate air traffic to prevent collisions. Controllers in control towers direct ground and air traffic near airports, while approach and terminal controllers handle traffic within 30-50 miles of airports. Enroute controllers handle aircraft between airports up to hundreds of miles and coordinate handoffs between facilities using radar and procedural control. The goal is safe and efficient movement of air traffic.
Auto Pilot:
An Autopilot is a system used to guide a vehicle without assistance from a person.Developed by Elmer Sperry Sr.
This power point presentation contain a general information about given topic in somewhat short description & if you need detailed one , you can request or post your Email ID. Prefer an "OCR A Extended" fonts.
Air Traffic Control (ATC) manages air traffic to maintain safe distances between aircraft, prioritize emergency aircraft, and provide safety alerts. ATC separates aircraft using different procedures depending on the phase of flight, such as arrival/departure towers keeping one aircraft on the runway at a time. Controllers monitor aircraft by radar and issue clearances to ensure required distances between Instrument Flight Rule aircraft, while providing advisory services to Visual Flight Rule aircraft. Emergencies have the highest priority and ATC assists them by clearing airspace and directing them to available runways and emergency services.
An autopilot system is designed to perform some of the tasks of a pilot to reduce fatigue. There are three main types of autopilot systems - single-axis controlling ailerons, two-axis controlling elevators and ailerons, and three-axis controlling all basic flight controls. The modern autopilot system is computer-controlled, gathering data from sensors and other systems. The autopilot hydraulic unit transforms the computer commands into hydraulic and mechanical commands to operate the flight controls and maintain the aircraft's attitude or heading. Autopilot modes include heading hold and navigation tracking of VOR or TACAN radials.
The document discusses the future development of air traffic control systems. It outlines how systems will transition from radar-based to satellite-based navigation to allow more direct flight paths and increased airspace capacity. NextGen will implement satellite technology by 2025 to guide aircraft with greater accuracy. This will help controllers manage the increasing number of flights and reduce delays by allowing planes to avoid weather and fly more direct routes.
Air traffic control towers serve several purposes:
1) To provide aerodrome control service and direct pilots during takeoff, landing, and taxiing for efficient and safe runway traffic flow.
2) To monitor weather conditions and ensure the safest route of travel, contacting meteorological stations for updates.
3) To aid pilots in emergencies by maintaining contact, providing assistance, and directing emergency landings if needed.
A control system is a collection of mechanical and electronic equipment that allows an aircraft to be flown with exceptional precision and reliability. Torque tubes are often used to actuate ailerons and flaps.
Air traffic controllers like Eugene Air Traffic Controller Travis Jensen work to safely and efficiently direct aircraft through the national airspace system using radio communication and radar, which has evolved greatly from the early days of pilots navigating visually and basic flag signals. Controllers at the Eugene tower and radar approach control facility provide services to pilots flying under visual flight rules to enhance safety with advisories and assistance with navigation, terrain, and emergencies in the local airspace. Pilots are advised to communicate their requests and any aircraft issues to the controllers as early as possible to facilitate safe and optimal operations.
NTSB Air Traffic Control Specialist, Scott Durham, talks about how general aviation pilots should deal with air traffic control.
This presentation is part of the release of the NTSB General Aviation Safety Series at the FAA Safety forums during Sun 'N Fun 2012 in Lakeland FL
The document discusses air traffic control (ATC) principles and processes. It describes how ATC centers use radar, flight plan data processing, and other systems to monitor aircraft, ensure safe separation between flights, and manage airspace flow. It covers topics like radar tracking of aircraft, coordination between ATC sectors, surveillance technologies, and flight data exchange standards.
The document discusses the Air Traffic Control Communication Working Group of the Flight Safety Foundation's Approach-and-Landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) Task Force. The ALAR Task Force aims to reduce approach-and-landing accidents by 50% within 5 years by identifying equipment, operational, regulatory and training improvements. The Working Group focuses on improving communication between pilots and air traffic controllers to enhance approach-and-landing safety. Several airlines and airports have implemented successful joint pilot-controller training programs to foster shared understanding.
The document discusses air traffic control (ATC), which is a service that directs aircraft both on the ground and in the air to safely and efficiently guide air traffic. The primary goals of ATC are to prevent collisions between aircraft, organize traffic flow, and provide pilots with information. The document outlines the ATC system, different types of airspace that have varying levels of ATC, and concludes that ATC aims to prevent collisions of aircraft and objects on the ground while allowing for orderly traffic flow and pilot assistance.
Aircraft Auto Pilot Roll Control SystemSuchit Moon
This document discusses the components and functions of an aircraft roll control system for autopilot. It describes the primary flight control surfaces - ailerons, rudder, and elevators - and their purposes. It then explains the components that make up the roll control system, including the controller gain, aileron actuator, aircraft dynamics model, and gyro. The system uses these components to automatically control and maintain the aircraft's roll angle based on input from the gyro. Autopilot systems provide advantages such as reducing pilot workload and fatigue during flight.
CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS: THE TRANSITION FROM CREWED TO UNCREWED UAMiQHub
The document outlines a concept of operations for uncrewed urban air mobility (UAM). It describes key stakeholders in UAM including the flying public, regulatory agencies, and UAM industry players. The concept involves enabling infrastructure like vertiports and airspace, as well as UAM aircraft and command and control links. A steppingstone approach is proposed that evolves from current piloted UAM to eventually fully autonomous multi-vehicle operations managed remotely. Key roles and responsibilities are defined for entities involved in UAM operations. The passenger journey and nominal flight operations are illustrated from pre-flight planning through post-flight activities.
The document provides information about Shubham Sehrawat's internship at Vadodara Airport from 26 April 2016 to 7 July 2016. It discusses various facilities and operations at airports, including communication systems like ILS, DVOR, DME; navigation aids; and air traffic surveillance using AMSS. The internship covered understanding air traffic control responsibilities and various technical systems that support takeoffs and landings.
The document discusses airport foreign object debris (FOD), including definitions and responsibilities of airports and airlines. It describes common sources of FOD, such as infrastructure degradation, construction materials, and jet blast. Methods for controlling FOD include training, inspections, coordinated maintenance and communication between airports and airlines. New technologies like radar and cameras can also detect FOD on runways and taxiways. The key is an active, team-based effort between all parties to identify, remove and prevent FOD to improve safety.
Air traffic control (ATC) involves ground-based air traffic controllers who direct aircraft both on the ground and in the air. Controllers coordinate thousands of aircraft to keep them safely separated and efficiently moving. ATC is divided into airport, terminal, and en-route control. Airport control uses towers to visually direct ground movements. Terminal control uses TRACON radar to manage arrivals and departures within 5-50 miles of airports. En-route control uses ARTCC radar to direct cruising flights between terminals. Technologies like radar, call signs, and software help controllers safely manage the large volume of air traffic.
This document provides information on traffic collision avoidance systems (TCAS). It begins by stating the lesson objectives are to explain the principles of TCAS operation and different types of TCAS. It then discusses TCAS I, which issues traffic advisories, and TCAS II, which provides resolution advisories that recommend vertical maneuvers to pilots. TCAS II is now required internationally on aircraft over 30 seats or 15,000 kg. The document provides details on how TCAS, TCAS I, and TCAS II function to help pilots visually locate intruder aircraft and resolve potential collisions.
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content of an avionics course. The objectives are to introduce avionics basics and subsystems, impart knowledge of avionics architecture and data buses, and gain understanding of navigation and autopilot systems. The first unit covers the introduction to avionics, including the need for avionics in civil and military aircraft, integrated avionics and weapon systems, and typical avionics subsystems and technologies. It also defines avionics and discusses the growth of avionics to replace mechanical equipment.
The seminar presentation discusses the history and uses of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It begins with an overview of the origins of UAVs in military experiments during World War I. It then discusses current military uses of UAVs, including attacking targets remotely, constant surveillance, and air support. The presentation also examines challenges for UAV integration into manned airspace and operations, which are important issues for aerospace engineers. One example discussed is the Global Hawk high-altitude long-endurance UAV used for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions.
This document provides an overview of avionics systems. It defines avionics as electronics used in aircraft and describes some key avionics subsystems including displays, communications, flight controls, sensors, navigation, and task automation. Modern avionics play an essential role in aircraft functionality and safety by enabling minimum crew operations and automated flight. Avionics can account for a significant portion of an aircraft's total costs.
Airport technical services provide for the safety of aircraft operations through air traffic services, aeronautical telecommunications, meteorology, and aeronautical information services. Air traffic services include air traffic control which prevents collisions and promotes efficient air traffic flow. Aeronautical telecommunications provides fixed, mobile, radio navigation, and broadcasting services. Meteorology services interpret weather data and provide observations. Aeronautical information services provide information on air traffic requirements and publish the Aeronautical Information Publication and notices to airmen.
Maurizio Mancini - the ansp perspectiveALIAS Network
ANSPs are concerned about the increasing integration of drones into airspace as it poses safety and regulatory challenges. Currently, ANSPs do not provide air traffic services for or have visibility into civil drone operations below 500 feet in uncontrolled airspace. However, ANSPs see a need to develop innovative infrastructure and services to safely manage the exponential growth of small drone operations in class F and G airspace through approaches like smart use of technologies like ADS-B and geo-fencing to segregate drone traffic from other aircraft. Ultimately, achieving an acceptable level of safety for all airspace users will require new procedures, rules, training and mitigations as drone operations become more prevalent.
Last four/five decades have seen revolutionary development in the field of electronics, computer and automation. Naturally avionics and C.N.S facilities also have adopted these technologies to the best of their advantage. The present paper shows how these technologies have modernized the aircraft cockpit and how C.N.S facilities have been modernised to give smooth and safe flying. The description is based on author’s observation of the development in civil aviation for the last more than four decades and future trends in this field
This document discusses heterogeneous aircraft use of airspace and the effects on accident investigation. It describes two mid-air collisions involving different types of aircraft - a helicopter and small plane collision over New Jersey in 2009, and a collision between a small plane and medical helicopter in Virginia in 2010. Both accidents highlighted limitations of visual "see and avoid" procedures when operating diverse aircraft in close proximity. The document also provides context on airspace classifications in the U.S. and regulatory efforts to safely integrate new aircraft like unmanned aerial systems into the national airspace system.
Airport engineering encompasses the planning, design, and construction of airport facilities to provide for passenger and freight air service. Airport engineers must design runways, terminals, and navigation aids while accounting for the impacts of aircraft. They use wind analysis to determine runway orientation and safety clearances. The design of airport facilities considers the characteristics of different aircraft types in order to safely and efficiently accommodate passenger and cargo air transportation needs.
Air traffic control (ATC) involves ground-based air traffic controllers directing aircraft both on the ground and in the air. The primary purposes of ATC are to prevent collisions, organize efficient air traffic flow, and provide pilots with information. Controllers operate air traffic control systems to expedite air traffic safely and prevent mid-air collisions. ATC has developed since the 1920s with the introduction of radio technology and navigation aids, and establishment of regulations and procedures. Key types of ATC services include area control, approach control, aerodrome control, flight information, and alerting services.
The document discusses airfield ground lighting (AGL) systems. It explains that AGL provides visual aids for aircraft navigation through communication, visual aids like lighting systems, and surveillance. It then defines various aeronautical terms like aerodrome and airfield. It also lists international organizations that set standards for AGL, such as ICAO, FAA, and DGCA, as well as the types of documents they publish to regulate AGL.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Amit Singh Rathore to Dr. Navneet Kumar Agrawal. It discusses Amit's training at the Maharana Pratap Airport in Udaipur under the Airports Authority of India (AAI).
The report includes sections on the functions of AAI, Communication Navigation Surveillance systems, flight plans and NOTAMs, VHF and HFRT communication, the Automatic Message Switching System, instrumentation systems like ILS and radar, and concludes with a discussion of ADS and CPDLC technologies. It provides an overview of the various communication, navigation and air traffic control systems used at Indian airports.
This document provides information on the AR190 subsonic light transport aircraft concept. It describes the types of transportation aircraft that currently exist, including airliners, cargo aircraft, military transport aircraft, and more. It then outlines some key aspects of the AR190 concept, including its advantages over existing aircraft, its business model, and technical specifications like its communication systems, flight controls, fuel system, and other components. The document aims to introduce the AR190 concept as a potential next step for subsonic light transport.
This document provides an overview of air traffic control (ATC) including:
1. It introduces ATC and its primary purposes of separating aircraft to prevent collisions, organizing traffic flow, and providing pilot support.
2. It summarizes key ATC concepts like ICAO, airspace classifications from A-G, controlled and uncontrolled airspace, and services like aerodrome/tower, area, and approach control.
3. It concludes that air traffic controllers play a vital role in safety by preventing collisions and following standardized rules and classifications to efficiently guide aircraft through the airspace.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. What Is Avionics?
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Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft, artificial satellites,
and spacecraft.
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Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and
management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are
fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions.
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These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as
complicated as the tactical system for an airborne early warning platform.
3. History of Avionics
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Many modern avionics have their origins in World War II wartime developments. For
example, autopilot systems that are prolific today were started to help bomber planes fly
steadily enough to hit precision targets from high altitudes.
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Famously, radar was developed in the UK, Germany, and the United States during the same
period.
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Modern avionics is a substantial portion of military aircraft spending. Aircraft like
the F 15E‑ and the now retired F 14‑ have roughly 20 percent of their budget spent on
avionics.
4. Modern avionics
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Avionics plays a heavy role in modernization initiatives like the Federal Aviation
Administration's (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System project in the United
States and the Single European Sky ATM Research(SESAR) initiative in Europe. The Joint
Planning and Development Office put forth a roadmap for avionics in six areas:
1) Published Routes and Procedures – Improved navigation and routing
2) Negotiated Trajectories – Adding data communications to create preferred routes
dynamically
3) Delegated Separation – Enhanced situational awareness in the air and on the ground
4) Low Visibility/Ceiling Approach/Departure – Allowing operations with weather constraints
with less ground infrastructure
5) Surface Operations – To increase safety in approach and departure
5. Aircraft avionics
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The cockpit of an aircraft is a typical location for avionic equipment, including control,
monitoring, communication, navigation, weather, and anti-collision systems.
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The majority of aircraft power their avionics using 14- or 28 volt DC electrical systems;‑
however, larger, more sophisticated aircraft (such as airliners or military combat aircraft)
have AC systems operating at 400 Hz, 115 volts AC.
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One source of international standards for avionics equipment are prepared by the Airlines
Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) and published by ARINC.
6. Communications
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Communications connect the flight deck to the ground and the flight deck to the
passengers. On board communications are provided by public-address systems and aircraft‑
intercoms.
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The VHF aviation communication system works on the airband of 118.000 MHz to
136.975MHz.Each channel is spaced from the adjacent ones by 8.33 kHz in Europe,
25 kHz elsewhere. VHF is also used for line of sight communication such as aircraft-to-
aircraft and aircraft-to-ATC. Amplitude modulation (AM) is used, and the conversation is
performed in simplex mode.
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Aircraft communication can also take place using HF (especially for trans-oceanic flights)
or satellite communication.
8. Monitoring
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A "glass" cockpit refers to the use of computer monitors instead of gauges and other analog
displays.
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Aircraft were getting progressively more displays, dials and information dashboards that
eventually competed for space and pilot attention.
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In the 1970s, the average aircraft had more than 100 cockpit instruments and controls.
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Glass cockpits started to come into being with the Gulfstream G IV private jet in 1985. One‑
of the key challenges in glass cockpits is to balance how much control is automated and how
much the pilot should do manually.
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Generally they try to automate flight operations while keeping the pilot constantly informed.
9. Aircraft flight-control systems
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Aircraft have means of automatically controlling flight. Today automated flight control is
common to reduce pilot error and workload at key times like landing or takeoff.
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Autopilot was first invented by Lawrence Sperry during World War II to fly bomber planes
steady enough to hit precision targets from 25,000 feet. When it was first adopted by
the U.S. military, a Honeywell engineer sat in the back seat with bolt cutters to disconnect the
autopilot in case of emergency.
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Nowadays most commercial planes are equipped with aircraft flight control systems in order
to reduce pilot error and workload at landing or takeoff.
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The first simple commercial auto-pilots were used to control heading and altitude and had
limited authority on things like thrust and flight control surfaces.
10. Collision-avoidance systems
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To supplement air traffic control, most large transport aircraft and many smaller ones use
a traffic alert and collision avoidance system(TCAS), which can detect the location of nearby
aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision.
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Smaller aircraft may use simpler traffic alerting systems such as TPAS, which are passive
(they do not actively interrogate the transponders of other aircraft) and do not provide
advisories for conflict resolution.
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To help avoid controlled flight into terrain (CFIT), aircraft use systems such as ground-
proximity warning systems(GPWS), which use radar altimeters as a key element. One of the
major weaknesses of GPWS is the lack of "look-ahead" information, because it only provides
altitude above terrain "look-down".
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In order to overcome this weakness, modern aircraft use a terrain awareness warning system
(TAWS).
11. Black Boxes
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Commercial aircraft cockpit data recorders, commonly known as a "black box", store flight
information and audio from the cockpit.
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They are often recovered from a plane after a crash to determine control settings and other
parameters during the incident.
12. Weather systems
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Weather systems such as weather radar and lightning detectors are important for aircraft
flying at night or in instrument meteorological conditions, where it is not possible for pilots
to see the weather ahead.
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Heavy precipitation (as sensed by radar) or severe turbulence (as sensed by lightning activity)
are both indications of strong convective activity and severe turbulence, and weather systems
allow pilots to deviate around these areas.
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Modern weather systems also include wind shear and turbulence detection and terrain and
traffic warning systems.
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Modern displays allow weather information to be integrated with moving maps, terrain, and
traffic onto a single screen, greatly simplifying navigation.
13. Aircraft management systems
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There has been a progression towards centralized control of the multiple complex systems
fitted to aircraft, including engine monitoring and management.
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Health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS) are integrated with aircraft management
computers to give maintainers early warnings of parts that will need replacement.
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The integrated modular avionics concept proposes an integrated architecture with application
software portable across an assembly of common hardware modules. It has been used
in fourth generation jet fighters and the latest generation of airliners.
14. Radar
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Airborne radar was one of the first tactical sensors. The benefit of altitude providing range has
meant a significant focus on airborne radar technologies. Radars include airborne early
warning (AEW), anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and even weather radar (Arinc708) and
ground tracking/proximity radar.
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The military uses radar in fast jets to help pilots fly at low levels. While the civil market has
had weather radar for a while, there are strict rules about using it to navigate the aircraft.
Sonar
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Dipping sonar fitted to a range of military helicopters allows the helicopter to protect shipping
assets from submarines or surface threats.
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Maritime support aircraft can drop active and passive sonar devices (sonobuoys) and these are
also used to determine the location of hostile submarines.
15. Avionics software
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Avionics software is embedded software with legally mandated safety and reliability
concerns used in avionics.
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The main difference between avionic software and conventional embedded software is that
the development process is required by law and is optimized for safety.