Hello friends i am BSc Nursing intern.This presentation of mine covers almost each and every aspect related to swine flu.Hope it will help you to increase your knowledge regarding the topic.Looking forward to your feedback.Thank you
Epidemiology of H5:N1 infections in India: Trends of disease, spatial and tem...Bhoj Raj Singh
Avian influenza is an age old disease but haunting in a big way decade after decade due to it ability to renew its artillery and amunations through continuous interactions with fellow viruses. Interaction, collaboration and exchange always yield.
Hello friends i am BSc Nursing intern.This presentation of mine covers almost each and every aspect related to swine flu.Hope it will help you to increase your knowledge regarding the topic.Looking forward to your feedback.Thank you
Epidemiology of H5:N1 infections in India: Trends of disease, spatial and tem...Bhoj Raj Singh
Avian influenza is an age old disease but haunting in a big way decade after decade due to it ability to renew its artillery and amunations through continuous interactions with fellow viruses. Interaction, collaboration and exchange always yield.
Rabies is entirely preventable, and vaccines,
medicines, tools, and technologies have long
been available to prevent people from dying of
dog-mediated rabies. Nevertheless, rabies still
kills about 60 000 people a year, of whom over
40% are children under 15, mainly in rural areas
of economically disadvantaged countries in Africa
and Asia. Of all human cases, up to 99% are
acquired from the bite of an infected dog.
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Contents
1. History
2. Trends
3. Reasons for re-
emergence
4. Types
5. Epidemiology
6. Pathogenesis
7. Clinical features
8. Investigations
9. Treatment
10. Vaccines
11. Prevention and
control
12. References
2
3. History
– First recorded in Italy -1878
– Deadly influenza pandemic in 1918 Spanish Influenza
– In 1933, the first human influenza virus isolated – Ferrets
– Fowl plague Typhus Exudatious Gallinarum HPAI (1955)
– 1957 Asian Influenza
– 1968 Hong-Kong Influenza (18 cases and 6 deaths)
– 1997-2003 HP form of Avian influenza H5N1
3
5. Introduction
– Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Egypt, India, Indonesia and Viet Nam.
– Europe - 2010 - wild birds dead in Tyva Republic of the Russian
Federation.
– By 19 August 2011, 565 human cases with 331 deaths (fatality rate
58.6%) - World Health Organization (WHO).
– India remained free from avian influenza till mid February 2006.
– First H5N1 outbreak in state of Maharashtra, Gujarat- 10.44 lakh birds
culled.
5
6. Introduction
– Human infections - direct contact or contaminated environments.
– Avian Influenza Virus Subtypes A(H5N1), A(H7N9), and A(H9N2)
and Swine Influenza Virus Subtypes A(H1N1), A(H1N2) and
A(H3N2).
– Influenza viruses – reservoir = aquatic birds.
6
7. 7Family Orthomyxoviridae
Genus Influenza virus
Types Type A Type B Type C
Sub types or
sero types
17 H and 10 N
Infect multiple species;
Human, Avian, Swine,
equine etc
No subtypes
Infect humans
No sub types
Infect humans
and pigs
Public Health
Importance
Causes Pandemics
Spanish Flu [A (H1N1)]
1918-19;
Asian Flu [A (H2N2)]
1957-59;
Hongkong Flu
[A (H3N2)] 1968-68;
“Swine Flu”
[A (H1N1)] 2009-10
Causes Epidemics,
seasonal Influenza
outbreaks and sporadic
cases.
Causes
Epidemics
Seasonal
Influenza
Causes mild
respiratory
disease
Does not Cause
epidemic
8. Influenza A Virus
Single stranded segmented RNA
16 Hemagglutinin subtypes
9 Neuraminidase Subtypes
8
10. Seasonal Flu
– Viral respiratory illness
– Occurs every year, though from year to year the strains differ
– Most people have at least some immunity to the strains of flu
circulating that cause the seasonal flu.
– Vaccination recommendation: chronic illness, children 6-23
months, pregnant women, people over age 50, and health care
workers.
– Symptoms: fever, headache, extreme tiredness, dry cough, runny
nose, sore throat, and muscle aches.
10
13. India
– 2006 – first outbreak – Navapur of Maharashtra
– 2008 – declared itself as free on 4th Nov
– Re emergence in West Bengal in Dec 2008, in Sikkim (2010),
Karnataka (2012)
– After a gap of 14 months since august 2013- outbreak in Kerala
– Latest in Kollam district of Kerala – 25.01.2015
13
14. Reasons for re-emergence
1. Can cross species barrier
2. Antigenic changes
1. Antigenic shift
2. Antigenic drift
3. Absence of cross immunity
4. Rapid mutation
14
15. Avian influenza A viruses
classification.
The categories - molecular characteristics of a virus and the virus’ ability
to cause disease and mortality in chickens in a laboratory setting
– Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses,
Show no/mild signs of diseases
– Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A viruses.
Affects multiple internal organs with mortality up to 90% to100% in chickens,
within 48 hours
15
16. Influenza A H5
– Nine known subtypes of H5 viruses: N1 to N9
– LPAI > HPAI viruses.
– Sporadic H5 virus infection of humans - Asian Lineage HPAI H5N1
viruses
– Human infection severe pneumonia and mortality > 50%
16
17. Influenza A H7
– Nine known subtypes of H7 viruses = N1 to N9
– Uncommon in humans
– Asian lineage avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses - first detected in
China in 2013 – most common
– Severe respiratory illness and death.
– Other: H7N2, H7N3, H7N7 virus infections mild to moderate
illness in people.
17
18. Influenza A H9
– There are nine known subtypes of H9 viruses: N1 to N9
– All H9 viruses identified worldwide in wild birds and poultry are
LPAI viruses.
– H9N2 virus –
– Bird populations in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
– Rare, sporadic infections - in people - mild upper respiratory tract illness
18
19. Epidemiology of Avian
Influenza
Agent factors
– Agent : Orthomyxoviridae, Influenza type A
– Reservoir : Migratory waterfowl: wild ducks
– Source of infection : case or sub-clinical case
– Incubation : 3 to 5 days (max 21 days)
19
20. Epidemiology of Avian
Influenza
Host Factors
– Age : children, elderly persons above 65 years of age
– High Risk : workers handling poultry in farms, markets and
involved in culling activity, veterinary and health workers and their
family members.
– Immunity : 7-8 days after attack, maximum 2 weeks, after 8-12
months Antibody levels drop.
20
21. Epidemiology of Avian
Influenza
Environmental Factors
– Lakes and wet lands
– Seasonality :
Extreme North India - winter
North (Delhi), Eastern and Western India - Rains
South India - cooler season, during rains.
– Overcrowding : enhances transmission
21
23. Mode of Transmission
Avian transmission Among birds Oculo-nasal discharge, faeces,
contaminated drinking water
Avian to human Direct contact with infected
poultry, or surfaces and objects
contaminated
Human to human No definite evidence Respiratory route
International spread Trade in live poultry
Migratory waterfowl Natural reservoir and also most
resistant to infection
23
24. Role of Wild Birds
– Isolates primarily from dead or dying animals
– Some isolates from predator or carrion eating birds (falcons, crows)
– Occur from spillover from infected poultry
– Contact with surfaces that are contaminated with virus from infected birds.
– Responsible for spreading virus within a country or between countries
24
26. Bird flu in humans
Not using appropriate PPE who had exposures to:
– Direct physical contact with infected birds or surfaces contaminated
by the viruses;
– Being in close proximity (within about 6 feet) to infected birds;
– Visiting a live poultry market.
Human infection with avian influenza viruses does not occur from
eating properly cooked poultry or poultry products
26
31. Signs and symptoms of Avian influenza A
virus infections in humans-
– LPAI A virus - conjunctivitis to influenza-like illness, lower respiratory
disease (pneumonia) requiring hospitalization.
– HPAI A virus - high grade fever with influenza like symptoms and sore
throat.
– Diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, chest pain, and bleeding from the
nose and gums and sometime neurological changes (altered mental
status, seizures).
– Respiratory distress, a hoarse voice, and a crackling sound during
inhalation.
31
32. Laboratory investigations
1. Specimen – nasopharyngeal aspirate (within 3 days of the onset of
symptoms)
2. Antigen detection (15-30 min)
In nasal secretions – immunofluorescence test or ELISA
3. Isolation of virus (2-3 days)
Egg inoculation or cell culture
4. Polymerase chain reaction (hours)
Primer set specific for the Haemagglutinin (HA) gene
32
33. Chest X-Ray changes
– Diffuse, multifocal or patchy infiltrates, interstitial infiltrates
– Segmental or lobular consolidation with air Bronchograms
Respiratory distress
Respiratory failure within 1 week.
33
34. In India, facilities for isolation of
the influenza virus:
1. Government of India Influenza Center, Pasteur Institute, Coonoor,
South India.
2. Haskine Institute, Mumbai.
3. School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta
4. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.
5. National reference lab – NIV Pune
6. National centre for disease control – NCDC Delhi
34
35. Other regional institutes
– National institute of communicable diseases (NICD) – Delhi
– Kings institute of preventive medicine (KIPM) – Chennai
– Virology section, dept. of microbiology – AIIMS, New Delhi
– National institute of Cholera and Enteric diseases (virus Unit) –
NICED, Kolkatta
35
37. Treatment
– Neuraminidase inhibitors - Oseltamivir and Zanamivir
– The efficacy depends on their administration within 48 hours after
symptom onset.
– M2 inhibitors - amantadine and rimantadine - pandemic influenza.
39
40. Prevention
– Vaccination and the use of antiviral drugs
– Influenza surveillance,
– Surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) and influenza
like illness (ILI).
– WHO with global health partners and agencies, including the World
Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
– Others: dept of animal husbandry, dairying and fisheries, ministry of
agriculture and farmer welfare.
42
41. KILLED VACCINES
– Most influenza vaccination programs make use of inactivated
vaccines.
– Subcutaneous route.
– A single inoculation (0.5ml)
– The protective value - 70 to 90 per cent
– Immunity for – 3 to 6 months.
– Re–vaccination on an annual basis is recommended.
– Fever, local inflammation at the site of injection
43
42. LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES
– Based on temperature–sensitive (ts) mutants
– Administered as nose drops
– Stimulate local as well as systemic immunity
44
43. Newer vaccines
– Split virus vaccine : requires several injections
– Neuraminidase specific vaccine
– Recombinant vaccine
45
44. Chemoprophylaxis
• Neuraminidase inhibitors
• Oseltamivir
• Close contacts – 75mg OD -7 days
• Community contacts – 75 mg OD –
6 weeks
• Amantadine derivatives
• Amantadine and Rimantadine
• Above 1 year
• 5 mg/kg/ day (max 150 mg) in two
divided doses – up to 9 years
• > 9 yrs- 100 mg BD daily
• 5- 8 weeks
46
45. NATIONAL INFLUENZA
PANDEMIC COMMITTEE
1. To establish institutionalized mechanism for policy development for
Avian Human Influenza.
2. Inter-sectoral command and control
3. Coordination with international agencies
4. Formulating advisories on technical matters
5. Activate the contingency plan
47
46. Constitution
1. Secretary, Ministry of Health & F.W. - Chairman
2. Secretary, Department Animal Husbandry & Dairying, - Member
3. Director General of Health Services - Member
4. Director General, Indian Council of Medical Research - Member
5. Director, National Institute of Communicable Diseases - Member
6. Animal Husbandry Commissioner, Department of Animal Husbandry,
Dairy & Fishery - Member
7. Joint Secretary (DM),Ministry of Home Affairs - Member
8. Additional Secretary (DG), MOHFW - Convener
48
NATIONAL INFLUENZA PANDEMIC
COMMITTEE
47. 1. Surveillance for suspected human cases/health checkup of
cullers/poultry worker.
2. Advice for case management, use of PPE and chemo prophylaxis.
3. Collection and transportation of samples from suspected case to
designated laboratories.
4. Do’s/Don’ts for patients, contacts, visitors, travelers and health care
providers
49
NATIONAL RAPID RESPONSE
TEAM
48. NATIONAL RAPID RESPONSE TEAM
Constitution
1. Epidemiologist (2) from NICD
2. Microbiologist from NICD
3. Virologist from NIV Pune/ other ICMR institutions
4. Clinician from central government hospital
50
49. Recognised hospitals in KA
1. Epidemic Disease Hospital, Bangalore
2. Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Chest Diseases
3. District Government Wenloke Hospital, Mangalore
51
50. What to do if a outbreak occurs
in birds???
– Chief veterinary Officer (CVO), District Animal husbandry officer
(DAHO) – each district – alert all veterinary officers – report sick or
mortality
– Ensure that all officers – PPE kits
– Visit the site within 24 hours- receipt of preliminary information
– Disease investigation officer (DIO) – clinical investigation – suspect flu
– inform director animal husbandry.
52
51. Continued…
Identification of alert zone – 10km radius
Collection of samples – high security animal disease laboratory
(NIHSADL) – Bhopal – confirmation
Restriction in alert zone
Outbreak confirmed – 3km radius – culling
Poultry shops – closure – 10km radius
Limited access to infected premises
53
52. Continued…
– Disinfection of surfaces
– Notification to health authorities
– Vaccination of birds – 3-10 km zone
– After a period of 3 weeks – trade
– Random clinical and virological and serological – fortnight – two
months
54
53. What if a human case suspected?
– Samples – with in 72 hours of illness – within 24 hours to
laboratory
– Triple packaging
– PPE while taking sample
– Chemoprophylaxis
55
54. What if human case is
confirmed??
– Isolation of case in a designated hospital
– Chemoprophylaxis for contacts and health care workers
– Strict infection control policies in Hospital
56
55. What if human to human
transmission occurs??
– Social distancing – closure of schools and other institutions – avoid
Social gathering
– If large geographical area involved – restriction of travel and
trading
57
56. Role of health education in
prevention and control
Reduce exposure risk.
Stringent sanitary measures and appropriate bio - security practices
control of human traffic and introduction of birds of unknown disease
status into the flock.
Carcasses of suspected and confirmed poultry case of Influenza should
preferably be incinerated or buried deep using lime and soil in the ratio of
1 : 3.
Not transmitted to humans through properly cooked food.
58
58. "India has declared itself free from Avian Influenza (H5N8 and H5N1)
from June 6, 2017 and notified the same to the World Organisation for
Animal Health", said the Union agriculture ministry in a statement on
Thursday.
The ministry said that all the outbreaks of Avian Influenza were notified
to the world body and the control and containment operations were
carried out as per the action plan on preparedness, control and
containment.
"Surveillance was carried out throughout the country and around the areas
of the outbreaks since completion of the operation (including culling,
disinfection and clean-up). Surveillance in the states showed no evidence
of presence of Avian Influenza virus", said the ministry while justifying
its action.
60
59. BENGALURU: One case of H5N1 Avian Influenza (bird flu) was
detected in chicken at a poultry shop in Dasarahalli on Kempapura Main
Road.
61
60. CDC Recommendations
62
– Travelers to countries with known outbreaks of Asian H5N1 influenza
should avoid poultry farms, contact with animals in live food
markets, and any contaminated surfaces.
– People should avoid wild birds and observe them only from a
distance; avoid contact with domestic birds (poultry) that appear ill or
have died; and avoid contact with contaminated surfaces.
61. – People who have had contact with infected bird(s) should monitor
their own health for possible symptoms and seek medical care.
– People who have had contact with infected birds may also be given
influenza antiviral drugs.
– Health care providers evaluating patients with possible HPAI Asian
H5N1 infection should notify their local or state health departments
which in turn should notify CDC.
63
CDC Recommendations
62. Summary - Avian Flu
– Occur naturally in wild birds (H5N1)
– The virus continues to change, or mutate
– majority of strains do not infect humans.
– can be transmitted from birds to humans and has a high death
rate in people
– no human immunity to H5N1 and no vaccine is yet available for
people
– There is no cure and in birds or people, but some antiviral
medications may be helpful to treat the virus in people.
64
63. References
1. Park K. textbook of preventive and social medicine. 24th ed.
Jabalpur (MP): m/s banarasidas bhanot; 2017. p. 163-8.
2. Bhalwar Rajiv, Vaidya Rajesh, Tilak Rina, Gupta Rajul, Kunte
Renuka. Textbook of public health and community medicine. 1st
ed. New delhi: department of community medicine armed forces
medical college Pune; 2009. p. 1113-5.
65
64. 1. Information on Avian influenza [online]. 2017April 13 [cited 2018 feb 02]; Available
from: URL :https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/index.htm
2. Influenza (avian and other zoonotic) [online]. 2018 [cited 2018 feb 02]; Available
from: URL : http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/
3. Influenza [online]. 2018 [cited 2018 feb 02]; Available from: URL :
http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/en/
4. Avian Influenza in India [online]. 2009 [cited 2018 feb 02]; Available from: URL :
H5N8 Avian Influenza in India | HealthMap.
http://www.healthmap.org/site/diseasedaily/article/h5n8-avian-influenza-india-
113016
5. Analysis of recent scientific information on avian influenza A(H7N9) virus [online].
2017 feb 10 [cited 2018 feb 02]; Available from: URL : 04/02/2018 WHO | Analysis
of recent scientific information on avian influenza A(H7N9) virus
http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/avian_influenza/riskassessme
nt_AH7N9_201702/en/
6. How Infected Backyard Poultry Could Spread Bird Flu to People [online]. 2017 feb
10 [cited 2018 feb 04]; Available from: URL :
https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pdf/avianflu/avian-flu-transmission.pdf
66References