1. Avian influenza, or bird flu, is a zoonotic disease caused by influenza A viruses that infect various bird species as well as humans on rare occasions.
2. The H5N1 strain of avian influenza has caused severe economic losses to poultry industries worldwide and poses a pandemic risk to humans due to a lack of immunity.
3. While vaccination and culling of infected flocks are used to control outbreaks, the spread of the disease is difficult to prevent due to migratory bird movements and lack of rapid detection in some countries including India.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is associated with several diseases in cattle: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), balanoposthitis, conjunctivitis, abortion, encephalomyelitis, and mastitis.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is associated with several diseases in cattle: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), balanoposthitis, conjunctivitis, abortion, encephalomyelitis, and mastitis.
A brief overview of zoonotic risk due to Avian influenza virus. Pandemic influenza virus has its origins in avian influenza viruses. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 is already panzootic in poultry, with attendant economic consequences. It continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. Therefore, H5N1 virus has rightly received attention as a potential pandemic threat. However, it is noted that the pandemics of 1957 and 1968 did not arise from highly pathogenic influenza viruses, and the next pandemic may well arise from a low-pathogenicity virus. The rationale for particular concern about an H5N1 pandemic is not its inevitability but its potential severity. H5N1 pandemic is an event of low probability but one of high human health impact and poses a predicament for public health. Here, we review the ecology and evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses, assess the pandemic risk, and address aspects of human H5N1 disease in relation to its epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.
Hydropericardium syndrome(inclusion body hepatitis)Sumeet Jyoti
This presentation has been uploaded to share knowledge about hydropericardium syndrome. various references has been taken for this presentation and it is mainly focused in nepalese context.
Thank you!!!
A brief overview of zoonotic risk due to Avian influenza virus. Pandemic influenza virus has its origins in avian influenza viruses. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 is already panzootic in poultry, with attendant economic consequences. It continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. Therefore, H5N1 virus has rightly received attention as a potential pandemic threat. However, it is noted that the pandemics of 1957 and 1968 did not arise from highly pathogenic influenza viruses, and the next pandemic may well arise from a low-pathogenicity virus. The rationale for particular concern about an H5N1 pandemic is not its inevitability but its potential severity. H5N1 pandemic is an event of low probability but one of high human health impact and poses a predicament for public health. Here, we review the ecology and evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses, assess the pandemic risk, and address aspects of human H5N1 disease in relation to its epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.
Hydropericardium syndrome(inclusion body hepatitis)Sumeet Jyoti
This presentation has been uploaded to share knowledge about hydropericardium syndrome. various references has been taken for this presentation and it is mainly focused in nepalese context.
Thank you!!!
Describes factors that are responsible for emergence of zoonoses at the interface. Besides it also includes current scenario of food borne out-breaks, emergence of AMR.
AMR challenges in human from animal foods- Facts and Myths.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
This presentation talks about ÄMR: A public health threat, a “silent pandemic”.
Infections caused by Antimicrobial-drug-resistant (AMR) pathogens caused >1.27 million deaths worldwide in 2019 (low level or no surveillance) and increasing year after year which may be > million in coming decades. Covid-19 caused ~6.8 million deaths in >3 years but now the pandemic is ending but the AMR pandemic has no timeline for its ending. Many deaths are also attributed to AMR pathogens.
More antibiotic use (irrespective of the sector) = More AMR.
This presentation also talks about ways and means to mitigate the AMR pandemic. 1. Stopping the blame game. All are equally responsible for the emergence of AMR, the share of developed and educated communities is much more than poor and un-educated communities.
2. Working together: On-Line Real-Time AST Data Sharing Platform for different diagnostic and research laboratories doing AST routinely.
3. Implementing not only antibiotic veterinary and medical stewardship but antimicrobial production and distribution stewardship too.
4. Educating for Environmental health not only human, plant, and animal health.
5. AMR's solution is not in searching for alternatives to antibiotics but in establishing environmental harmony.
6. More emphasis on AMR epidemiology than on AMR microbiology and pharmacology.
7. Development of understanding that bacteria and other microbes are more essential for life on earth than the human race. Microbes can live without humans, but humans can’t without microbes.
Global-Health is of prime importance than economic growth/ greediness.
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Supamit Chinsuttiwat
May 22, 2008
'Response to Avian Influenza and Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza: Thailand's Experience'
Bluetongue is an infectious arthropod-borne viral disease primarily of domestic and wild ruminants. Infection with bluetongue virus (BTV) is common in a broad band across the world, which until recently stretched from ~35°S to 40°–50°N. Bluetongue virus is the type-species of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The geographic restriction is in part related to the climatic and environmental conditions necessary to support the Culicoides vectors.
Genetic selection for disease resistance (animal breeding). اصلاح دامMohammad Ghaderzadeh
Mohammad Ghaderzadeh
Ph.D candidate in Animal Breeding & Genetics, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran
انتخاب ژنتیکی برای مقاومت در دام و طیور
Clostridial infections in animals in IndiaBhoj Raj Singh
Clostridial infection are rising at steady pace in India with inclusion of antibiotics in feed and intensive farming as well as indiscriminate therapeutic use of antibiotics in animals and birds.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Avian influenza in herd health and production economicsShareef Ngunguni
Avian influenza is a zoonotic and notifiable disease which occurs world wide. Different risk factors are associated with transmission of the disease to humans. It has two forms HPAI and LPAI. The disease has an impact on public health and economics of the country. In Malawi,it seems the disease appeared in 2005 where it attacked migratory birds
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Bird flu
1. Impact of Bird Flu on Animal Industry
Speaker
Dr chandan kumar
2. Overview
Introduction Impact on Poultry industry
Epidemiology Why India at risk?
Geographical distribution Status in India
Avian Influenza World Scenario
Forms of AI Human beings at risk
Transmission Preventive measures
Importance of H5N1 National and International
Clinical Signs Organizations in response to
AI
Conclusions
3. Introduction
Avian influenza/Fowl plague/Fowl pest
Zoonotic Disease (apparently)
Notifiable disease by OIE
ETIOLOGY:-
Influenza virus
Family- Orthomyxoviridae
Genera- Type-A (Poultry, Wild birds, Swine, Horses
Human beings, Sporadic cases in Cats)
Type-B
Type-C Affect only human beings
4. Epidemiology
First case in Italy (1887)
World wide distribution
RESERVOIRS:-
Free flying aquatic birds, ducks, geese. shore birds, gulls
Isolation of virus from many avian species (ducks, geese, fowl,
mynah, crow, swan, parrots, sea birds)
Pig –Mixing vessel (for avian and mammalian influenza viruses)
(Villamonds and Chandra,2001)
Cases of bird flu in cats in Thailand, Germany and Australia with
H5N1 in 2005.
(Kuiken,2006)
Cases of bid flu in dogs in U.S.A. with H5N1 in 2004 and 2005 .
(Butler,2006)
7. LPAI HPAI
Strain H1-H16 Especially H5N1
Clinical signs –less Clinical signs- more
pronounced pronounced
Very less mortality High mortality up to 100%
Not in OIE list A disease OIE list A notifiable disease
(Villamonds and Chandra,2001)
8. Animal Transmission
Initial source of infection
Other poultry, migratory water fowl, pet birds
Fecal to oral route is common mode.
Infected equipments, waterers, feeders, gunny bags,
curtains, shoes, etc.
Contaminated eggs in incubator.
No vertical transmission.
(Villamonds and Chandra,2001)
9. Human Transmission
Direct contact with infected chickens.
Inhalation of dust generated from infected
poultry faeces.
Eating of improper cooked meat and eggs.
If the virus mutates and combines with a human
influenza virus, it could be spread through
person-to-person transmission in the same way
the ordinary human flu virus spreads.
(WWW.WHO.INT)
10. Importance of H5N1
First H5N1 strain (HPAI) in geese in southern china in
1996.
It has done great economic losses in many countries.
This strain has produced fatal zoonotic disease in human
beings and can lead to global influenza pandemic.
Majority of human population has no immunity to H5N1.
From 2003 onwards the disease spread widely ,initially
through East and South East Asia in 2003-04 and then
Middle East ,Europe ,Africa and South Asia in 2005-06.
Migratory birds played major role in spread of disease.
(WWW.FAO.ORG)
11. H1
H2
N1
N2
Subtypes of Influenza A
H3 N3 Virus
H4 N4
H5 N5 Many subtypes (16H and 9N)
H6 N6 H 16 is discovered recently.
H7 N7
H8 N8 HxNy- 144 combinations
H9 N9 (Fouchier et al.,2005)
H10
Subtypes that usually infect
H11 birds but that have also
H12 caused infections in humans:
H13 H5N1, H7N7, and H9N2
(Nicholson and Lancet, 2003)
H14
H15
12.
13. Clinical Signs
Sudden death.
Lack of energy and appetite.
Decreased egg production.
Soft-shelled or misshapen
eggs.
Swelling of the head.
Purple discoloration of the
skin.
Nasal discharge.
Coughing, sneezing.
Lack of coordination and
diarrhoea.
(Villamonds and Chandra,2001)
14. Impact on poultry industry
Losses due to culling operations.
Decrease in egg and meat prices.
Loss of livelihood of small holder farmers.
Temporary shift towards other sources of proteins.
Loss of consumer confidence.
Discouragement of people towards poultry farming.
Severe demand shock for service sectors.
Shifting of trades towards cooked poultry meat.
Export ban on poultry products.
(Burgos and Burgos, 2007)
15. Why India at risk
Due to entrance of migratory birds.
Sharing of boundaries with affected countries.
Duck farming adjacent to rice farming.
Backyard farming.
(WWW.FRONTLINE.IN)
16. Status in India
Total outbreaks – 10
(WHO,2008)
Mainly 6 states are affected.
Maharashtra
Gujarat 2006
Madhya Pradesh
Manipur 2007
West Bengal
Tripura 2008
(WWW.FRONTLINE.IN)
17. Maharashtra
First outbreak in Navapur (18 feb.2006)
H5N1 strain affected 50 poultry farms at
Navapur, initially it was diagnosed as
NCD.
(WWW.WHO.INT)
Culling of 3 lakhs birds with in 3 K.M.
radius of affected area.
(Govt. of Maharashtra)
Second outbreak in Jalgaon, then spread
to Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
18. Large commercial farms were affected.
Chicken prices Rs. 32/kg to Rs.1 in Pune,Rs.5
in Mumbai and Rs. 15 in coimbatore.
Main reason of spread of disease
Affected farms did not notify the
officials in time due to commercial
reasons.
Origin of virus
Due to migratory birds
Relation with Chinese outbreak in
Dec.2005.
(WWW.FRONTLINE.IN)
19. Manipur
Confirmation of outbreak with H5N1 strain on
25 July 2007.
Culling of 1.85 lakhs birds with in range 0-5
kms from affected zone.
Entrance of virus from Myanmar through 1600
kms long porous border.
(TIMES OF INDIA,2007)
20. West Bengal
Confirmation of bird flu by HSADL, Bhopal and
National institute of virology, Pune on 15
Jan.2008.
One week time was taken to confirm the
disease.
Strain – H5N1 (HPAI)
Possibilities of origin of virus:
Through migratory birds
By movement of poultry through the
highly porous 2216 kms border with
22. Economic losses in West Bengal
Predominantly backyard poultry was affected.
Kolkata market hit
Chicken prices Rs.65/kg to Rs.40
Mutton prices Rs.180/kg to Rs.220
About 45 lakhs poultry population perished
1.5 lakhs from mortality
39 lakhs from culling operations
Total loss around Rs.150 crores.
23. >>>
1.Compensation given by Govt. of
India
Rs. 40- Hen
Rs. 30- Broiler
Rs. 10- chick, duck, duckling
Rs. 6- 1 kg poultry feed destroyed
Total compensation for 39 lakhs poultry= 6 crores
24. >>>
2.Second phase of rehabilitation
a) 7 lakhs families lost income from bird flu.
Rs. 500- each family
Rs. 500 x 7 lakhs = 35 crores
b) loans on easy terms to buy fowls.
Entire cost of this phase = 35 crores
c) Providing alternative employments
at cost of Rs.75 crores.
(State Govt. of West Bengal)
25. World Scenario
140 millions poultry culling in S.E. Asia has
caused loss of 8-12 billion US$.
1. Change in market prices:-
Egg prices - US$ 0.05 to US$ 0.03
Broiler prices - 62.5% (during first 2
months of 2004
in S.E. Asia)
15% in international prices.
(Moonke,2004)
26. >>>
2. Changes in trade
In early 2004 EU imposed import ban on
affected Asian countries.
91% in thai frozen chicken export in 2004.
23% in export of global poultry meat.
.
(Taha,2007)
27. >>>
3.Effect on GDP
1.5% GDP in S.E. Asia.
loss of 42 millions birds in Vietnam.
loss of 64 millions birds in Thailand.
loss of 3% national flock in Laos.
(Mcleod et al.,2006)
28. Human beings at risk
Potential of emergence of a new influenza virus
antigenic drift antigenic shift
Number of affected countries with avian influenza
increasing.
Number of avian and human cases increasing
The majority of the human population has no immunity.
High case fatality rate.
No 100% effective vaccine.
(WWW.WHO.INT)
29. How Human to Human Transmission
Occurs
(WWW.WHO.INT)
32. >>> Ring vaccination
2.Ring vaccination
5 Km
2Km
3Km
Depopulation
Red alert
Vaccination
33. >>>
3. Do not allow mixed farming.
4. Spraying of disinfectants in sheds.
5. In case of positive diagnosis stop complete
operation of the farm for at least 3 months after
the last case.
6. Develop effective disease surveillance.
7. Formulation of emergency response teams for
suggesting rapid control measures.
8. Quick diagnosis of disease.
34. National and International
Organizations in response to AI
NATIONAL REFERENCE CENTERS
1. National Institute of Virology, Pune
2. HSADL, Bhopal
REGIONAL REFERENCE CENTERS
1.National Institute of Communicable
Diseases, Delhi
2.King Institute of Preventive Medicine,
Chennai
3.Virology Section, AIIMS, New Delhi
4.NICED (Virus Unit), Kolkata
36. Conclusions
Bird flu has done loss of millions of dollars and
human losses in many parts of world.
It is great threat to developing countries.
Emergence of new strain of H5N1 can lead to
global pandemic.
In India there is lack of sufficient no. of
expertise, inefficient disease surveillance and
lack of rapid diagnosis to prevent the spread of
disease in its initial phase.
37. >>>
Good monitoring programmes especially during
Sept.-Feb. of year can reduce the incidence of
disease in India.
It is very difficult to control the movement of
migratory birds which are main cause of
spread of disease.
vaccination can help to bring down the levels
of infection ,thus reducing the risk of
transmission to humans and other poultry,
and can reduce the socio-economic cost of
control.
Editor's Notes
Migratory waterfowl are widely considered to be the reservoirs of avian influenza virus. Feces and respiratory secretions contain large amounts of virus, which can infect a new host through the conjunctiva or respiratory tract. Avian influenza virus can spread by aerosols when birds are in close proximity, and might also be transmitted through shared drinking water. The virus appears to be present in eggs laid by infected hens, but they are unlikely to survive and hatch. Fomites and infected birds can transmit the disease between flocks. In one outbreak in Pennsylvania, the virus may have been spread by garbage flies. Airborne dissemination may be possible as well as movement of infected poultry. In experimental studies AI viruses can be excreted in the feces and maintained in the environment and can re-emerge after a significantly stressful event. Once a flock is infected, it should be considered a potential source of virus for life.
Incubation period is from 3-14 days and is dependent on the dose of virus, the route of exposure, the species exposed. Some birds are found dead prior to observance of any clinical signs. There may be neurological signs and reduction in normal vocalizations. Depression is common as is a precipitous drop in egg production. Respiratory signs are less prominent but can include rales, sneezing and coughing. In mature chickens, the combs and wattles are often swollen and may be cyanotic. Conjunctivitis, edema of the head and neck, coughing, sneezing and nasal discharge may also be seen. Egg production in hens stops; the last eggs laid often have no shells. Death is common, but severely affected hens occasionally recover. (Photos: ISU-FAD course by Dr. Corrie Brown, showing a dead bird [top] and cyanotic comb and wattles [bottom].)