Everything you need to know about Corona Virus.Tanveer Padder
• This is one of the most comprehensive & fact based resources for Corona virus
• This Presentation covers everything Including the symptoms, diagnosis, testing ,treatment options and prevention of Corona virus.
• This Presentation will definitely help you to prevent yourself from getting the corona virus.
• This is complete guide and must have resource for everybody.
Here is the you tube Video of this presentation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ABj7xqMYS4
https://youtu.be/ZogtL23P3Pg
Corona virus disease-2019 (Covid-19 outbreak) epidemiology prevention and con...Arun Singh
This PPT is created and updated on 14 February 2020 and it is about the epidemiology of Corona Virus Disease-19, Its preventive measures were also given, useful for department of Community Medicine
Speaker : Dr. Faiza Rasheed
Public Health Specialist
General Directorate of Health Affairs Riyadh Region
Lecture held on Meeqat General Hospital,Madinah
A brief on Corona Virus, signs and symptoms and its management, virus, incubation period, medicines, treatment, mortality and severity with proper references.
Corona Virus and Reinfection(Second Time Infection)Apurv Charles
You may think that the one “positive” of testing positive for the COVID-19 causing coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) and surviving would be that you won’t get infected by that virus again.
At least not during this pandemic.
Ah, but is this assumption really true? Will you indeed be immune to the SARS-CoV2 after you’ve recovered from a COVID-19 infection?
Some reports out of Japan and China seem to suggest otherwise.
The February 14 article from Caixin, a Beijing, China-based media group, that was entitled “14% of Recovered Covid-19 Patients in Guangdong Tested Positive Again.” Umm, 14% would seem more like an “ooop” than an “ooops.”
"Remember though, these are news reports and not scientific studies yet. "
Everything you need to know about Corona Virus.Tanveer Padder
• This is one of the most comprehensive & fact based resources for Corona virus
• This Presentation covers everything Including the symptoms, diagnosis, testing ,treatment options and prevention of Corona virus.
• This Presentation will definitely help you to prevent yourself from getting the corona virus.
• This is complete guide and must have resource for everybody.
Here is the you tube Video of this presentation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ABj7xqMYS4
https://youtu.be/ZogtL23P3Pg
Corona virus disease-2019 (Covid-19 outbreak) epidemiology prevention and con...Arun Singh
This PPT is created and updated on 14 February 2020 and it is about the epidemiology of Corona Virus Disease-19, Its preventive measures were also given, useful for department of Community Medicine
Speaker : Dr. Faiza Rasheed
Public Health Specialist
General Directorate of Health Affairs Riyadh Region
Lecture held on Meeqat General Hospital,Madinah
A brief on Corona Virus, signs and symptoms and its management, virus, incubation period, medicines, treatment, mortality and severity with proper references.
Corona Virus and Reinfection(Second Time Infection)Apurv Charles
You may think that the one “positive” of testing positive for the COVID-19 causing coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) and surviving would be that you won’t get infected by that virus again.
At least not during this pandemic.
Ah, but is this assumption really true? Will you indeed be immune to the SARS-CoV2 after you’ve recovered from a COVID-19 infection?
Some reports out of Japan and China seem to suggest otherwise.
The February 14 article from Caixin, a Beijing, China-based media group, that was entitled “14% of Recovered Covid-19 Patients in Guangdong Tested Positive Again.” Umm, 14% would seem more like an “ooop” than an “ooops.”
"Remember though, these are news reports and not scientific studies yet. "
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Introspecting into Swine flu: Current updates
1. z
Introspecting into
Swine Flu:
Current updates
Speaker: Dr ARNAB NANDY
PGT, Dept. of Paediatrics
NBMC&H
Moderator: Dr SANKAR KUMAR DAS
Head of the Dept.
Dept. of Paediatrics
NBMC&H
28/02/2019
2. z
Introduction
What is SWINE FLU ?
Respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that cause
outbreaks of influenza in pigs.
How does it affect human ?
- Swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans.
- Sporadic human infections with influenza viruses that normally infect
swine can occur.
- Swine influenza virus infections in humans, now called “variant virus
infections in humans” (Example - H3N2 variant virus or “H3N2v” virus).
According to CDC (Centre for Disease Control) report - beginning in
2012, there is a jump in the number of infected cases with influenza
viruses that usually are found in pigs.
World Health Organization. Standardization of terminology of the pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 virus. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2011;86:480.
3. Why are human infections with variant viruses of concern ?
- Pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses.
- It has the potential to get infected with influenza viruses from different
species at the same time.
- It creates the opportunity for the genes of these viruses to mix and create
a new virus – Antigenic shift.
- Influenza vaccines made against human influenza viruses are generally
not expected to protect people from these variant influenza viruses.
- In 2009, when an influenza A (H1N1) virus with swine, avian and human
genes emerged in the spring of 2009 led to pandemic.
- Last Variant virus infection [A(H3N2)v] reported on 6th July,2018 in a child
at an Indian agricultural fair.
4. http://www.cdc.gov/features/animalexhibits/.
• Spread of variant influenza
virus:
- The main way is when an infected pig
(or person) coughs or sneezes, and
droplets containing virus spread through
the air. If these droplets land in the nose
or mouth, or are inhaled by another
person or pig, infection can result.
- There also is evidence that variant flu
viruses can spread by touching
something that has virus on it and then
touching the eyes, nose or mouth.
- A third way to possibly get infected is to
inhale small particles in the air that
contain variant flu virus.
5. z
Influenza Viruses
Single stranded RNA virus (eight segments)
Family – Orthomyxoviridae
Three types –
- Influenza virus A : Pandemic, Epidemic
- Influenza virus B : Epidemic > Pandemic
- Influenzae virus C : Mostly sporadic illness
Potential hosts: Pigs, Birds, Humans.
Identification of strain –
example: influenza A/Victoria/361/2011(H3N1)
6. A schematic diagram of influenza virus
Reason for high frequency of antigenic variability :
- Antigenic drift (Point mutation)
- Antigenic shift (Genetic reassortment)
Potential antigens in influenza virus:
- Hemagglutinin (HA) protein → 18 types
- Neuraminidase (NA) protein → 10 types
7. Terebuh P, Olsen CW, Wright J, et al. Transmission of influenza A viruses between pigs and people, Iowa, 2002–2004. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2010;4:387–396.
8. z
Historical aspect and seasonal trend
Pandemics had taken millions of lives away :
- 1918 [Influenzae A (H1N1)], Spanish flu
- 1957 [Influenza A (H2N2)], Asian flu
- 1968 [Influenza A (H3N2)], Hong Kong flu
- 2009 [Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09]
Every year, 3-4 influenza virus types or sub-types circulate at
community level with predominance of one amongst them.
Seasonal outbreak – spring, late autumn, winter.
9. z
Pathophysiology
Incubation period : 2-3 days
Course of illness : 1-2 weeks
Cell mediated immunity and local humoral mediated immunity plays an
important role. (TNF α, INF γ)
Viral shredding :
- One day before onset of symptoms up to usually seven days after.
- Severity of illness correlates with viral shredding.
Serum antibodies against HA : Second week of infection.
Desquamation of respiratory epithelium, loss of ciliary function,
decreased mucous production – Secondary bacterial infection.
11. z
Clinical presentation in children
Sudden and rapid onset of illness
Viral prodrome : fever, chills, body ache, malaise, irritability,
feeding difficulty.
Sore throat, non-productive cough, running nose, headache.
Cervical lymph nodes can be enlarged.
Coryza, pharyngitis and dry cough less prominent than systemic
symptoms.
Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarroea.
12. Red flag signs :
- Somnolence,
- High and persistent fever,
- Difficulty in feeding
- Convulsions,
- Shortness of breath,
- Drowsiness,
- Chest pain,
- Instability of vital signs,
- Worsening of underlying chronic condition (if any).
Complications :
Secondary bacterial infection, pneumoniae, bronchiolitis, croup, acute otitis
media, severe dehydration, myocarditis, myoglobinuria, encephalitis,
myelitis, Reye's syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, exacerbation of chronic
disease etc.
13. z
Risk population
- Children < 5 years
- Older age > 65 years
- Pregnant women
- Immunocompromised state
- Co-existing chronic illness
- Long-term immunosuppressive treatment
- Extreme obesity (BMI ≥ 40)
- American Indians, Alaska natives
- Adolescents < 19 years of age on long-term aspirin therapy
14. z
Diagnostic modalities
Prompt clinical suspicion considering epidemiological background
is the key which follows laboratory confirmation.
(A) General diagnostic work-up – Complete hemogram,
electrolytes, serum inflammatory markers, chest X-ray etc.
(B) Specific diagnostic work-up –
Specimen : Nasopharyngeal (NP) swab, Throat swab, Nasal wash, Nasal
aspirate, Bronchial wash, Endotracheal aspirate.
Transport of specimen : Kept at 4℃ in viral transport media (VTM) and
should reach laboratory with in 24 hours, if it takes longer then needs to be stored at
– 70 ℃. (STM/ NICED, Kolkata)
15. Laboratory requests :
- Patient particulars
- Name of the sending hospital and the doctor
- Relevant signs and symptoms and Categorisation
- Pregnancy status
- History of exposure to established influenza cases
Methods :
Serological tests : Not performed during acute illness.
Methods Time
Rapid influenza diagnostic tests < 30 min
Immunofluorescence (DFA/IFA) < 4hr
RT-PCR 1-6hr
Viral cell culture 3-10 days
16. z
Management guideline
Categorisation of illness is required to decide management.
Whenever strongly suspecting that dealing with a case of influenza infection
(Influenza like illness, ILI) – never wait for laboratory confirmation for starting
anti-viral therapy. (Specially during the seasons of influenza outbreak)
History of exposure, Clinical condition of the child and High risk condition gets
priority in making treatment decision.
Supportive treatment along with anti-viral treatment has an important role.
CDC. Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR
2011;60(No. RR-1).
17. Category Criteria Treatment
Category A
Patients with mild fever and
cough/sore throat with or without
other symptoms like diarrhoea,
headache, body ache
- Confinement at home and avoid
mixing-up
- No anti-viral drug
- Re-assess at 24-48 hrs
Category B (i)
Sign and symptoms of category
A but having high fever and
severe sore throat
- Advice admission
- Collection of clinical sample
- Start anti-viral drug
Category B (ii)
Sign and symptoms of category
A PLUS high risk condition*
- Clinical condition determines
need for admission.
- Domiciliary treatment receiver
should avoid mixing-up for 8-10
days
- Start anti-viral drug immediately
after collecting sample
Category C
In addition to above,
breathlessness, chest pain,
drowsiness, bluish discoloration
of nails, worsening of under lying
chronic condition and other red
flag signs
- Advice admission
- Start anti-viral after collecting
sample
- Kept in isolation
- Supportive treatment
- Ventilatory support(if required)
State Protocol for Swine flu (H1N1)), West Bengal, December 2017
18. Contact with confirmed influenza cases:
Condition Treatment as
Asymptomatic
Regular follow-up, if develops
symptom with in 7 days of exposure
dealt as Category B (ii)
Asymptomatic but high risk population Chemoprophylaxis
Symptomatic Categorise the patient and manage
Signs and symptoms for hospitalisation :
- High grade fever
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Dizziness, confusion
- Severe and persistent vomiting
Early warning signs : Fast breathing, Bluish skin discoloration, Not drinking
enough fluid, Lethargy, Irritability, High fever with rash.
19. Recommended dosage of oseltamivir as per national guideline :
Treatment doses –
Commercially available oseltamivir – 12mg/ml oral suspension.
In 2012, FDA approved use of oseltamivir in as young as two weeks.
Zanamivir not approved for use in less than 5 Years of age.
Criteria Dosage & Route Duration
< 3 Months 12 mg bd p.o. 5 Days
3 - 6 Months 20 mg bd p.o. 5 Days
> 6 Months 25 mg bd p.o. 5 Days
< 15 Kgs 30 mg bd p.o. 5 Days
15 - 24 Kgs 45 mg bd p.o. 5 Days
24-40 Kgs 60 mg bd p.o. 5 Days
> 40 Kgs 75 mg bd p.o. 5 Days
For Infants
Above infant
age group
20. Chemoprophylactic doses of oseltamivir –
Other groups of anti-viral : Adamantanes group, Wide spread resistance.
Based on age Based on
weight
Dosage &
Route
Duration
< 3 Months Not
recommended
3 - 6 Months 20 mg od p.o. 10 Days
6 - 12 Months 25 mg od p.o. 10 Days
1 - 2 Years < 15 Kgs 30 mg od p.o. 10 Days
3 - 5 Years 15 - 24 Kgs 45 mg od p.o. 10 Days
6 – 9 Years 24-40 Kgs 60 mg od p.o. 10 Days
10 – 12 Years > 40 Kgs 75 mg od p.o. 10 Days
For Infants
Above infant
age group
21. z
Prevention better than cure
Strengthen surveillance system to detect influenza outbreak
Timely notification and disease preparedness
Early implementation of infection control precautions to minimize
nosocomial and household spread through – Vaccination,
Personal protective devices (PPE), Standard operating
procedures (bio-medical waste), Chemoprophylaxis, Isolation.
Public awareness
Early identification and follow-up of cases and those having high
risk
22. Vaccines :
- Influenza vaccination is the best means of preventing the illness (efficacy → 50-80%)
- Types of vaccines : 1. Inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV), i.m. route
2. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), nasal spray, preferred
3. Recombinant hemagglutinin influenza vaccine, egg free, injectable
- LAIV recommended for children of 2 years or more with special precaution between 2-8
years of age
- Good safety profile
- Trivalent or quadrivalent, depending upon availability
- Side effects : Soreness, redness, swelling of the injection site, nasal congestion after
nasal spray
- Frequency of vaccination – yearly (late summer and early fall of each year)
- Vaccine takes 2-3 weeks for development of immunity
- For 2017-18, Indian Council of Medical Research recommended trivalent vaccine
containing : Influenza A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pmd09 like virus
Influenza A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2) like virus
Influenza B/Brisbane/60/2008 like virus
https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/nasalspray.htm
23. - For the 2018-2019 flu season, the Advisory Committee on Immunization
Practices (ACIP) recommends annual influenza vaccination for everyone 6 months
and older with any licensed age-appropriate flu vaccine including inactivated
influenza vaccine (IIV), recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4) or live attenuated
influenza vaccine (LAIV4) with no preference expressed for any one vaccine over
another.
- All nasal spray flu vaccines for the 2018-2019 season will contain four flu
viruses: an influenza A (H1N1) virus, an influenza A (H3N2) virus and two influenza
B viruses.
Has the child
ever received
influenza
vaccine?
Yes
Did the child
receive a total of
2 or more doses
of seasonal
influenza
vaccine since
July 1, 2010
Yes
1 Dose
No/Don’t
know
2 Doses
No/Don’t
know
2 Doses
- Different types of influenza
vaccines have different age specific
recommendation which needs to be
checked before their administration.
- Contraindications and condition needs
precaution also need to be checked.
CDC. Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza:
recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR
2011;60(No. RR-1).
Influenza vaccine dosing
algorithm for children 6
months to 8 years
24. Some people should not get the nasal spray flu vaccine (LAIV):
- Children younger than 2 years
- Adults 50 years and older
- Pregnant women
- People with a history of severe allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine or to a previous
dose of any influenza vaccine
- Children 2 years through 17 years of age who are receiving aspirin- or salicylate-containing
medications.
- People with weakened immune systems (immunosuppression)
- Children 2 years through 4 years who have asthma or who have had a history of wheezing in the
past 12 months.
- People who have taken influenza antiviral drugs within the previous 48 hours.
- People who care for severely immunocompromised persons who require a protected environment
(or otherwise avoid contact with those persons for 7 days after getting the nasal spray vaccine).
In addition, the following conditions are precautions to the use of the nasal spray influenza vaccine
(LAIV):
- Asthma in people aged 5 years and older.
- Other underlying medical conditions that can put people at higher risk of serious flu complications.
- These include conditions such as lung disease, heart disease (except isolated hypertension),
kidney disease (like diabetes), kidney or liver disorders, neurologic/neuromuscular, or metabolic
disorders.
- Moderate or severe acute illness with or without fever.
- Guillain-Barré Syndrome within 6 weeks following a previous dose of influenza vaccine
25. Personal protective devices :
Triple layer surgical mask
- Screening area
- Isolation ward
- Ambulance staff
- Community health
worker
N 95 face respirator mask
- Critical care facility
- Laboratory
Do-s and Don’t-s need to be strictly adhered to regarding use of masks and other
PPE
26. Few important facts regarding domiciliary care :
- Laid for category A and some of category B (ii) patients
- Stay at home for seven days in a well ventilated room preferably isolated
- Wear mask all the time (Triple layer surgical mask)
- Family members should also use masks
- Maintain an arm’s length (one meter) at least whenever communicate
with others
- If mask not available use handkerchief
- Discard mask or handkerchief after six hours or if it gets wet
- Proper hand washing and maintenance of hygiene
- Monitoring for worsening of symptoms
Chemoprophylaxis is not routinely recommended for influenza unless
- Unvaccinated person at high risk of developing influenza complications
- Vaccine is contraindicated or having low-effectiveness
- Exposure to confirmed cases of influenza who considered under high risk
population
- Institutional influenza outbreaks