Sympathetic System- Introduction, Definition, Classification, Receptor (with its types & location & action), neurotransmittor present in it.
[Classification, chemical name, chemical structure (of compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names of all the drug mentioned below]
A)Sympathomimetic Agents:
1. Direct Acting: Nor Epinephrine*, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Dopamine*, Terbutaline, Salbutamol (Albuterol), Naphazoline*, Tetrahydrozoline.
2. Indirect Acting Agents: Hydroxy Amphetamine, Pseudoephedrine.
3. Agents With Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol
B) Adrenergic Antagonists:
1.Alpha Adrenergic Blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin.
2. Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Propranolol *, Atenolol *, Carvedilol
Cholinergic System- Introduction, Definition, Classification, Receptor (with its types & location & action), neurotransmittor present in it, Cholinesterase & its general introduction & action.
A) Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents: Classification, chemical name, chemical structure (of compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names)
1. Direct Acting Agents: Acetylcholine*, Carbachol, And Pilocarpine,
2. Cholinesterase Inhibitors:
Neostigmine*, Edrophonium Chloride, Tacrine Hydrochloride, Pralidoxime Chloride, Echothiopate lodide
Diuretics: Definition, Classification, Types of Edema
(Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names)
Acetazolamide,
Frusemide*,
Bumetanide,
Chlorthalidone,
Benzthiazide,
Metolazone,
Xipamide,
Spironolactone
CNS-Definition, Classification, Different classes of drug acting on CNS
General Anesthetic- Definition, Stages of anesthesia, Classification
Anesthetic drug- Thiopentone sodium, Ketamine, Propofol detailed study
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood
to meet the metabolic demand of the body and also unable to receive it back because every time after a systole.
Diuretics: Definition, Classification, Types of Edema
(Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names)
Acetazolamide,
Frusemide*,
Bumetanide,
Chlorthalidone,
Benzthiazide,
Metolazone,
Xipamide,
Spironolactone
CNS-Definition, Classification, Different classes of drug acting on CNS
General Anesthetic- Definition, Stages of anesthesia, Classification
Anesthetic drug- Thiopentone sodium, Ketamine, Propofol detailed study
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood
to meet the metabolic demand of the body and also unable to receive it back because every time after a systole.
Ophthalmic dosage are the preparation designed for application to the eye:-
For treatment
For symptomatic release of symptoms
For diagnostic purpose
As aid to surgical procedures
They are the sterile products meant to instillation in to the eye in the space between eye lid and the eye ball
They are also prepared as parenteral product. Example
Eye drops, Eye lotion, Eye ointment, Eye suspension, Contact lens solution
1)Arrhythmia- definition, types
2) Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs:
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with * mark) uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
Quinidine Sulphate, Procainamide Hydrochloride, Verapamil, Phenytoin Sodium*, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Lorcainide Hydrochloride, Amiodarone and Sotalol
BP- Definition
3) Ranges of BP
4) Hypertension –Definition, classification
5) Anti-Hypertensive Agents: –Definition,
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with * mark) uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
Propranolol*, Captopril*, Ramipril, Methyldopate Hydrochloride,Clonidine Hydrochloride, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nifedipine
6)Angina Pectoris-Definition
7) Anti-anginal Agents: Definition, Classification
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with* mark) uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
Isosorbide Dinitrate
Biosynthesis of Histamine,Storage and release,Histamine H1-Receptor ,Histamine H1-Receptor Antagonists,Differences between first generation & second generation antihistamines,H2 receptor blockers
Introduction.
Methods of Administration of Local Anaesthetics
Classification .
Drugs used in local anaesthetics.
Mechanism of action and SAR.
Structure and Synthesis.
Adverse Drug Reactions and Uses.
Reference
Expt. 6 Bioassay of histamine using guinea pig ileum by matching methodVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of histamine standard solution
Preparation of Tyrode solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
Ophthalmic dosage are the preparation designed for application to the eye:-
For treatment
For symptomatic release of symptoms
For diagnostic purpose
As aid to surgical procedures
They are the sterile products meant to instillation in to the eye in the space between eye lid and the eye ball
They are also prepared as parenteral product. Example
Eye drops, Eye lotion, Eye ointment, Eye suspension, Contact lens solution
1)Arrhythmia- definition, types
2) Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs:
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with * mark) uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
Quinidine Sulphate, Procainamide Hydrochloride, Verapamil, Phenytoin Sodium*, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Lorcainide Hydrochloride, Amiodarone and Sotalol
BP- Definition
3) Ranges of BP
4) Hypertension –Definition, classification
5) Anti-Hypertensive Agents: –Definition,
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with * mark) uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
Propranolol*, Captopril*, Ramipril, Methyldopate Hydrochloride,Clonidine Hydrochloride, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nifedipine
6)Angina Pectoris-Definition
7) Anti-anginal Agents: Definition, Classification
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with* mark) uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
Isosorbide Dinitrate
Biosynthesis of Histamine,Storage and release,Histamine H1-Receptor ,Histamine H1-Receptor Antagonists,Differences between first generation & second generation antihistamines,H2 receptor blockers
Introduction.
Methods of Administration of Local Anaesthetics
Classification .
Drugs used in local anaesthetics.
Mechanism of action and SAR.
Structure and Synthesis.
Adverse Drug Reactions and Uses.
Reference
Expt. 6 Bioassay of histamine using guinea pig ileum by matching methodVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of histamine standard solution
Preparation of Tyrode solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
1.salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin)- the molecular formula of salbutamo.pdfaquacare2008
1.salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin):- the molecular formula of salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin) is
(C13H21NO3)2 • H2SO4
o Mechanism of action:- It stimulates 2 adrenergic receptors. It has a bronchodilator effect. It
causes the activation of enzyme adenyl cyclase, adenyl cyclase enzyme form cyclic AMP
(adenosine-mono-phosphate) from ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate). Bronchial smooth relaxes in
the prsence of high level of cyclic AMP by which airway resistance decreases by lowering
intracellular ionic calcium concentrations. Release of bronchoconstrictor mediators such as
histamine, leukotreine from the mast cells in the airway inhibited by the high level of cyclic
AMP.
o side effects/adverse effects :-Its side effects/adverse effects depends on its dosage and route of
administration. The most common side effects of salbutamol is found a fine tremor of skeletal
muscle of hands and nervousness. Palpitation, tachycardia, chest discomfort, headache, muscle
cramps, hypokalemia, difficulty in micturition and paradoxical bronchospasm also caused by
salbutamol.
o potential medication interactions:- It can be given as tablet, syrup, inhaler, nebulizer solution
and intramuscular or intravenous injectable form. The medication of oral salbutamol is 2 to 4 mg
three times a day in adult and 1 to 2 mg three times a day in children. As per the requirement the
One to two puffs (100 to 200 microgram) of salbutamol metered dose inhaler is inhaled. As
nebulizer solution 1 to 2 ml of salbutamol nebulizer solution should be diluted with normal
saline to final volume of 2-4 ml is inhaled from a nebulizer. In severe acute attack, 5 to 10 ml
(each ml contain 50 microgram) of salbutamol injection can be given by intramuscularly or
intravenously.
2.Advair Diskus:- It is a combination of a corticosteroid and a beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator.
Mechanism of action:- It contains both fluticasone propionate and salmeterol. They both have
seprate mechanism of action given below:-
For Fluticasone Propionate:- It has anti-inflammatory activity and it is a synthetic trifluorinated
corticosteroid .In vitro it exhibit a binding affinity for the human glucocorticoid receptor.
Asthma caused by inflammation, Corticosteroids acts on actions on multiple cell types like, mast
cells, etc.
For Salmeterol Xinafoate:- It is is a selective LABA.In vitro, it is 50 times more selective for
beta2-adrenoceptors than albuterol. They are predominant adrenergic receptors found in
bronchial smooth muscle. And in heart beta1-adrenoceptors are predominant, it is comprising
10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenoceptors. The beta2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs contains
salmeterol, stimulates the intracellular adenyl cyclase, adenyl cyclase enzyme form cyclic AMP
(adenosine-mono-phosphate) from ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate). Higher level of c-AMP
causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and release of mediators is inhibited by immediate
hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. salmeterol is a potent.
Adrenergic drugs have many uses. They are used to increase the output of the heart, to raise blood pressure, and to increase urine flow as part of the treatment of shock. Adrenergics are also used as heart stimulants.
Tuberculosis- causative agent
Anti-Tubercular Agents- definition, classification
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
INH*,
Ethambutol,
Para Amino Salicylic Acid,
Pyrazinamide,
Rifampicin,
Bedaquiline,
Delamanid,
Pretomanid*
Urinary Tract Anti-Infective Agents: Definition, Classification
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
Norfloxacin
Ciprofloxacin,
Ofloxacin*,
Moxifloxacin,
Hypoglycemic agents : Definition,
Diabetes mellitus- definition, types
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
Insulin and Its Preparations, structure & types
Metformin*,
Glibenclamide*,
Glimepiride,
Pioglitazone,
Repaglinide,
Gliflozins,
Gliptins
Impurities in pharmaceutical substancesShaliniBarad
Impurities definition
Sources of impurities
Effect/ type of impurities
Limit test definition
Limit test Importance,
Principle & procedure of Limit test for iron, chloride, sulphate, arsenic & heavy metals.
Blood & Tissue definition, Blood component, Blood cell- types, Formation, Diseases related to it, Urine normal & abnormal Component, Various pathological condition like hematuria, glycosuria, albinonurea, etc.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENT- introduction to blood physiology
Autonomic Nervous system
1. DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Presented by:- Shalini N. Barad
Lecturer,
Appasaheb Birnale College
of Pharmacy
2. Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with
respect classification, chemical name, chemical structure
(compounds with * mark) uses, stability and storage conditions,
different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
A) Sympathetic System
1. Sympathomimetic Agents:
a) Direct Acting: Nor Epinephrine", Epinephrine, Phenylephrine,
Dopamine*, Terbutaline, Salbutamol (Albuterol), Naphazoline*,
Tetrahydrozoline.
b) Indirect Acting Agents: Hydroxy Amphetamine,
Pseudoephedrine.
c) Agents With Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol
2. Adrenergic Antagonists:
1) Alpha Adrenergic Blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine,
3. B) Parasympathetic System
1. Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents:
a) Direct Acting Agents: Acetylcholine*, Carbachol, And
Pilocarpine,
b) Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Neostigmine*,
Edrophonium Chloride, Tacrine Hydrochloride,
Pralidoxime Chloride, Echothiopate lodide
24. Adrenergic Drugs:-
These are the drugs which mimics the action like
sympathetic Nervous system.
Drug which produces similar action to adrenaline are called
as
Sympathomimetics
Adrenergic
Adrenomimetics
Adrenergic stimulants
25. Classification of Adrenergic Drugs :-
Catecholamine :- Adrenaline, Nor-adrenaline.
Non catecholamine :-
1. Containing Phenylethylamine group:-
a) With Phenolic group :- salbutamol, Phenylethyline.
b) Without Phenolic Hydroxy group :- Ephedrine.
Aliphatic group :- Cyclopentamine.
Imidazoline group :- Naphazoline.
26.
27. 1. Nor-Epinephrine (Nor-Adrenaline) : Nor-Epinephrine is a
naturally occurring catecholamine hormone that functions as a
neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system.
MF: C8H11O3
Structure:
Chemical Name: 1-(3,4 Dihydroxy phenyl)-2-amino ethanol
28. Uses:
1) To treat life threatening blood pressure in myocardial shock.
2) As vasoconstrictor in some local anaesthetic solutions for dental
use.
3) Used during CPR (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation)
Stability and storage: Solutions of nor-epinephrine can be store up
to two months (avoid light). The brand Levophed solution store
temperature (20°C to 25°C) and protect from light.
Formulation: Injection, 1 mg/ml concentrate solution for Infusion.
Brands Name: Levarterenol, Levophed bitartrate.
29. 2. Epinephrine (Adrenaline):
MF: C9H13O3
Uses:
1) Used to treat very serious allergic reactions to insect stings/bites,
foods other substances.
2) It acts quickly to improve breathing, stimulate the heart, raise a
dropping blood pressure.
3) Use on reverse hives, and reduce swelling of the face, lips, and
throat.
4) It is used in inhibiting uterine contraction.
5) It is used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma.
Stability and storage: It should be stored in a cool and dark place at
room temp between 15-25°C. Store in an insulated wallet if the
temperature is warmer than than 25°C or colder than 15°C or if they are
carried in a bag which can get warmer than 25°C colder than 15°C.
Formulation: Topical Cream, Solution, Eye drop.
Brand Name: Adrenalin, EpiPen,, Auvi-Q, EpiPen 2-Pak, Glaucon,
30. 3. Phenylephrine:
Molecular Formula: C9H13NO2
Uses:
1) It is used to relieve nasal congestion (discomfort caused by colds,
allergies, and hay fever)
2) It can be used topically to prevent symptoms of hemorrhoids.
3) It is used as an eye drop as mydriatic (to dilate the pupil to
facilitate visualization of the retina).
Stability and Storage:
It gradually darkens on exposure to air & light. Presence of metal
also causes discolouration.
Hence it is stored in tightly-closed light resistant container.
33. Uses:
1) For the treatment of hypotension, low cardiac output,
2) Used to increase mean arterial pressure in septic shock
patients.
3) It improves blood flow to the kidneys.
Storage and stability: Dopamine hydrochloride 0.5 mg/ml in
isotonic glucose solution is stable when protected from light
for 1 week at 25 °C or 60% relative humidity and
for 3months at 4°C/ambient humidity in Codan and Braun
syringes.
Formulation: Dopamine Hydrochloride Injection USP.
Brands Name: Intropin, Dopastat, Revimine.
34. 5. Terbutaline
Stability and Storage :It gradually darkens on exposure to air
and light. Presence of metal an discolouration. Hence, it is stored
in tightly-closed, light-resistant container.
Pharmaceutical formulation: TAB/INJ :- USP
Uses:
1) It is used to treat bronchospasm in bronchial asthma and in
chronic bronchitis. Or (It is used to prevent and treat wheezing,
shortness of breath, and chest tight caused by asthma, chronic
bronchitis, and emphysema).
2) In emergency, treat cardiotoxic shock states, heart block or
severe bradycardia.
Brand Names: Bricanyl, Terbutaline, Bricarex. Misthaler,
Bricanyl.
35. 6. Salbutamol (Albuterol)
Stability and Storage : It is light-sensitive and hence it is stored in
well-closed, light-resistant containers.
Uses:
1) It is mainly used to treat bronchospasm in bronchial asthma and
in chronic bronchitis.
2) In emergency, it is used to treat cardiotoxic shock states, heart
block or severe bradycardia.
3) It is also used in the prevention of premature labour.
Formulations: Tab:-BP, Syrup:- BP, Aerosol:- BP, Inj :- BP
Brand Names: Asthalin, Bronkolax, Albutamol, Croysal, Ventrolin.
36. 7. Naphazoline:
MF: C14H14N2
Structure:
Chemical Name : 2-(1-naphthylmethyl)-2-imidazoline nitrate.
Storage: Store in dropper bottle at room temperature between 20-
25oC away from moisture & sunlight.
37. Uses:
1) It is used for their vasoconstrictive effects as nasal and
ophthalmic deconge
ii) Naphazoline is indicated for use as OTC eyedrops for ocular
vasoconstrictor nasal preparation for nasal congestion.
Pharmaceutical Formulations : solution, Eye drops, Ear drops,
ointment
Band Names: Privine, Naphcon, Naphcon A, Opcon-A, Vasocon,
Visine-A
38. 8. Tetrahydroyzoline:
Storage & Stability: Drops should be generally stored in a cool
dry places.
Uses:
(1) It is used as an ocular and nasal decongestant.
(ii) Tetrahydroyzoline is found in a wide array of over-the-counter
eye drops
(iii) It is also found in combination products with other lubricants and
spray.
Formulations : Eye & Ear drops
Brands: Tyzine, Visine
39. Indirect Acting:
1. Hydroxy amphetamine:
Molecular Formula: C9H13NO
Storage and stability: Store at 20 to 25°C and protect from light
Exclude the reach of children.
Uses:
(1) It is indirect sympathomimetic agent which causes dilation of the
eye pupil before diagnostic test.
(ii) As eye drop is the diagnosis of Horner's syndrome which is
characterized by nerve lesions.
Formulations : Eye drops and Ointments
Brand Name :Paremyd.
40. 2. Psuedoephedrine:
MF: C10H15NO
Stability and Storage : It gradually decomposes on exposure to
light. Hence, it should be stored in tigh closed, light-resistant
containers.
Uses: It is used as:
(1) Nasal decongestant (to treat nasal congestion).
(ii) Bronchodilator in bronchial asthma.
Pharmaceutical Formulations :elixir, tablets, capsules, syrup,
cream, gel, ointments.
Brand Name: Actifed, Advil, Claritin, Tylenol
41. Mixed Acting:
1.Ephedrine:
MF: C10H16NO
Stability Storage:
It is stored in tightly closed, light-resistant containers.
Used: It is used to treat
1) Asthma (due to bronchodilator action).
2) Nocturnal enuresis in children (as it constrict urinary bladder)
3) Nasal congestion.
4) Narcolepsy (tendency to go to sleep)
Formulations: Injection, Tablets, Capsule
Brand names: Ephedrex, Asthamcure
42. 2. Metaraminol:
MF: C9H13NO2
Uses :
(1) It is used parenterally as a vasopressor in the treatment and
prevention of the acute hypotensive state occurring with spinal
anaesthesia.
(ii) It also has been used to treat severe hypotension brought on by
other traumas that induce shock.
(iii) It works by reducing swelling and constricting blood vessels in the
nasal passages and widening the lung airways.
Storage: Store at 25°C excursions permitted to 15-30°C. Store
container in carton until contents have been used. Protect from light
and freezing.
Formulations: Injection.
Brand Name: Aramine
43. Anti-adrenergic drugs :-
Drug which block the adrenergic receptor, doesn’t
allowed to bind the adrenaline or noradrenalin are
called as anti-adrenergic drugs.
Adrenergic blockers :-
α antagonist -
β antagonist
44. Alpha (a)-Adrenergic Blockers: These drugs inhibit adrenergic
responses mediated through the a-adrenergic without affecting
those mediated through B-receptors.
1. Equilibrium type
B-Haloalkyl amines: Phenoxybenzamine.
2. Equilibrium type (competitive)
(a)Non selective:
Imidazolines: Tolazoline, Phentolamine
(b) al selective: Prazosin,
(c) a2 selective: Yohimbine
45. Cholinergic drugs
Cholinergic drugs which produces similar action of
acetylcholine are called as cholinergic drugs.
Cholinergic drugs
Parasympathomimitics
Cholinomimetics
50. Anticholinesterase:-
There are two types of cholinesterase i.e.
acetylcholinestearase and butylcholinestarase.
The enzyme, cholinesterase, catalyze the hydrolysis of
acetylcholine to choline & acetic acid at or near the
site of libration.
Thus acetylcholine is deactivated.
The drug that inhibit the action of cholinesterase and
prolong the life of acetylcholine are called as
anticholinesterase .
These drugs produce similar Pharmacological effect to
that of acetylcholine, hence they are called indirect
51. Classification of cholinergic drugs:-
A) Cholinergic agonist :- (Direct acting)
Esters of choline – acetylcholine, carbachol
Alkaloids - pilocarpine
B)Indirect acting cholinergic agonist (cholinesterase
inhibitors or anticholinesterase):- Neostigmine,
Physostigmine.
53. • Uses
1) Used to obtain miosis of the iris in seconds after
delivery of the lens in cataract surgery.
2) Used in penetrating keratoplasty (especially corneal
transplantation.), iridectomy (the surgical removal of
part of the iris of the eye.)
3) It is also used in anterior segment surgery where
rapid miosis may be required.
• Storage and stability:
Acetylcholine solution stored at 25°C was stable for
about 28 days, after such time, modest breakdown
occurs.
At a temperature of 50°C, ACh showed a rapid
56. 2. Carbachol :
• Uses:
1) It is used to reduce intraoccular pressure
elevations in the first 24 hours after cataract
surgery.
2) Carbachol is a miotic and has been used to reduce
the intraoccular tension of glaucoma.
3) Carbamoylcholine is used to induce miosis for
surgery.
4) Carbachol is used during ocular surgery,
• Pharmaceutical Formulations :
(i) Carbachol Tablet.
(ii) Carbachol Liquid.
(iii) Carbachol Solution.
57. Brand Name: Carbastat and Miostat.
Storage & Stability: Store in refrigerator at 4oC.
Stock solution are stable for 6 month at 4oC
58. 3) Pilocarpine:
• Stability:- hygroscopic, affected by light, with acid &
alkali undergo epimerization stable at pH 4-5.
• Storage :- Stored in Well tightly Closed Amber colour
Container.
Uses: It is used as
1) Miotics (counteract mydriasis).
2) Reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma.
3) For diagnosis of Adie’s pupil.
4) For adjustment of near vision of eye .
5) To counteract anticholinergic side effect (dryness of
mouth, constipation, and impaired vision of eye)
62. Stability :- affected by light and atmospheric O2.
• Storage :- WTC Amber Container.
• Uses: It is used to treat-
1) Myasthenia gravis.
2) Paralytic ileus.
3) Post operative urinary retention.
4) To promote expulsion of intestinal flatus before
radiography of kidney, uterus.
5) To antagonize muscular relaxation due to curare like
drugs or muscle relaxants used in anesthesia.
6) To diagnose myasthenia gravis.
65. 2) Edrophonium Chloride:
• Uses:
(1) Edrophonium chloride is recommended for
diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.
(i) Edrophonium chloride brings about a rapid increase
in muscle strength with significant side effects.
(iii) It may also be used for evaluating emergency
treatment in myasthenic crises
(iv) To treat neuromuscular blockade
(v) To treat respiratory depression.
66. Storage and stability: should be stored controlled
room temperature 15-30oC
Formulations: Injection, Ointment
Brands Name: Reversol, Tensilon,
67. 3) Tacrine:
• Use:
1. For the treatment of mild to moderate dementia
including Alzheimer's type
• Storage and stability: should be stored in well
closed air tight container at controlled room
temperature 20-25oC
• Pharmaceutical Formulations: Tacrine
hydrochloride capsule, tablet
• Brand Names: THA Cognex, Sugamadex
68. 4) Pralidoxime Chloride:
• Uses:
1) Pralidoxime chloride is used as an antidote for poisoning by parathion
and related pesticides.
2) It may be effective against some phosphates that have quaternary
nitrogen.
3) It is also an effective antagonist for some carbamates, such as
neostigmine, methyl sulfate and pyridostigmine bromide.
• Storage: Store in well closed air tight container (protected from
moisture).
70. 5) Echothiopate lodide:
• Uses:
(i) It is used in the treatment of subacute or
chronic angle-closure glaucoma
(ii) It is also used as a miotic in the treatment of
glaucoma.
(iii) To correct accomodative esotropia,
• Storage: Store under refrigeration (2° to 8°C)