for pharmacy students.

1. Miss.Chandrika sidar [M.Pharm]
Dept. of Pharmaceutical chemistry
SLT Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences,GGV,Bilaspur[C.G.]

2. 
 EXPECTORANT:- are drugs employed to aid in the relief of
congestion in the lower respiratory tract below the epiglottis,in
the trachea,bronchi,or lungs and therefore,they are helpful in
the treatment of cough.
 ANTITUSSIVE:- are agent that are employed invariably in
the symptomatic control of cough by way of depressing the
cough centre strategically situated in the medulla.
DEFINITION

3. 
 Sedative expectorants:- Acetylcyteine, Bromhexine
Hydrochloride,Ammonium Chloride,Prepared
Ipecacuanha,Potassium iodide.
 Stimulant [irritant] expectorants:-
Cresote,Guaifensin,Eucalyptol,Terpin hydrate,Sulfogaiacol.
 Centrally Acting Antitussive Agents:-
Benzonatate,Carbetapentane Citrate, Noscapine,
Levopropoxyphene napsylate,Dextromethorphan
hydrobromide, Pholcodine.
CLASSIFICATION

4.  1.Acetylcyteine:- is used to reduce the viscosity of pulmonary
secretions and thereby help their removal.
 Strucutre:-
 Synthesis:-
 MOA:-it is usually incorporated as an adjuvant in preparations
meant for bronchopulmonary disorders when mucolysis is sought
for.
 Dose:-direct instillation,1 to 2ml of a 10 or 20% solution every 1-4
hrs.
Sedative expectorants

5. 
 2.Bromhexine hydrochloride:- structure-
 MOA:-Synthetic derivative of vasicine. Thinning and
fragmentation mucopolysaccharide fibers.
Dose:-Usual,adult,8 to 16 mg 3 or 4 times per day;for children
below 5 years ,4 mg 2times per day.
CONTINUED…..

6.  3.Ammonium chloride:-
It is used as an ingredient of expectorant cough mixtures.
Dose-300mg to 1g.
 4.Cocillana:- Grape bark;guapi bark,it has been employed as
a substitute for ipecacuanha in the treatment of coughs.
Dose-0.5 ml to 1 ml.
 5.Potassium Iodide:-KI
It is used as an expectorant and also in the treatment of
cutaneous lymphatic sporotrichosis.
Dose:-250 to 500mg.
CONTINUED…

7. 
 Drugs in this category usually induce healing in chronic
inflammatory processes of the mucous membranes of the
respiratory tract.
 1.Cresote:-a mixture of phenols obtained from fractional
distillation of wood tar consisting mainly of
cresol,guaicol,phlorol.
It has expectorant actions and been used in bronchitis and
bronchiectasis.
Dose:-0.12 to 0.6ml.
STIMULANT EXPECTORANTS

8. 
 2.Guaifensin:-it finds extensive use
as an expectorant.It is reported to lower the viscosity of the
tenacious secretions by enhancing the volume of the respiratory
tract fluid.
Dose:-100mg every 3-4 hrs.
 3.Eucalyptol:- It may be conveniently separated
From the purified volatile oils by making use of its
features of forming crystals on being subjected to a low
temperature.
It is used locally for its antisceptic action in inflammation of
nose and throat.
CONTINUED…

9.  These drugs specifically act by depressing the medullary cough
centre in the central nervous system to suppress cough reflex
.They are mostly narcotics.
 1.Benzonatate:-
 It is a potent antitussive agent.It usually acts by inhibiting
transmission of impulses of the cough reflex in the vagal nuclei
of the medulla and predominantly depresses polysynaptic
spinal reflexex.
 Dose:-100-200mg.
CENTRALLY ACTING ANTITUSSIVE
AGENTS

10. 
 2.Noscapine:-It is isolated from opium in which
 Concentration ranges from 3-10%.
Noscapine is invariably employed in the control and
management of cough due to bronchial asthama and pulmonary
emphysema.
Dose:-15-30 mg 3-4 times per day.
 SIDE EFFECTS OF EXPECTORANTS AND
ANTITUSSIVES
Dizziness,headache,upset stomach ,nausea,constipation
nervousness.
CONTINUED…

11. 