Pharmaceutical Chemistry F.Y. D.Pharm

1. Drugs Acting on ANS
Prepared by,
Ms. Gunjegaonkar Manjushree B.

2. Autonomous nervous system
Which controls involuntary activities
Divided into
1. Sympathetic nervous system/ Adrenergic
Neurotransmitter: Adrenaline
2. Parasympathetic nervous system/Cholinergic
There are two types of adrenergic receptors
1. alpha receptors
alpha 1 and alpha 2
2. beta receptors
beta 1, beta 2, beta3

3. Action on stimulation
1. stimulation of alpha 1 receptor:
• constriction of vascular muscle ---vasoconstriction
• Constriction of radial muscle—used as mydriatic
• Inhibitory effect on intestinal muscle
2. stimulation of alpha 2 receptor: Prevent release of nor-epinephrine
3. stimulation of beta 1 receptor: Cardiac stimulation
4. stimulation of beta 2 receptor:Bronchodilation--- bronchial asthama
5. stimulation of beta 2 receptor:Lipolysis --- treat obesity

4. Classification of adrenergic
Adrenergic drugs:
Drugs that produce similar effect like adrenaline or nor –adrenaline or which brings
about stimulation of adrenergic nerves are called as adrrnergic drugs/
sympathomimetics/ adrenomimetics/adrenergic stimulants.
1. Catecholamine: E.G. Adrenaline, Nor-adrenaline, Isoprenaline
2. Non-catecholamine
A. Containing Phenyl Ethylamine Skeleton:
I. With Phenolic Group E.G. Salbutamol, Phenyephrine
II. Without Phenolic Hydroxy Group E.G. Ephidrine
B. Aliphatic Amine E.G. Cyclopentamine
C. Imidazoline Derivative E.G. Naphazoline

5. Adrenaline(Epinephrine)
Chemical name: 1- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl), 2-methylamino ethanol

6. Adrenaline(Epinephrine)
Stability & storage:
• Contain catechol nucleus so oxidized readily with air/ O2 to give pink
colour/red coloured complex
• Darkens on exposure to light & air
• Adrenaline reacts with sodium bisulphite/sodium metabisulphite to give
sulphonic acid derivatives---inactive. So excess of adrenaline added to
sodium metabisulphite as antioxidant as it reduces biological activity.
• Sol. of adrenaline can be stabilized by addition of boric acid which
chelates adrenaline and prevents formation of sulphonic acid
derivatives.

7. Adrenaline(Epinephrine)
Uses:
1. Relieve bronchial spasm in acute asthma
2. Treat heart block
3. Treat acute allergic reaction
4. Control superficial hemorrhage of nose & throat
5. With local anaesthetic to prolong local anaesthetic effect
Formulation:
• Adrenaline Tartarate injection
• Adrenaline eye drop
• Adrenaline solution
• Adrenaline and atropine spray
Brand name:
• Inhalant, medicreme, adrena

8. Nor-Adrenaline(Nor-Epinephrine)
Structure:
Chemical Name:1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl), 2-amino ethanol
or
1-(3,4 dihydroxy phenyl) 2-amino ethanol

9. Nor-adrenaline(nor-epinephrine)
Uses:
1. Treat heart block
2. Control superficial hemorrhage of nose & throat
3. With local anaesthetic to prolong local anaesthetic effect
4. In peripheral vasomotor collapse
5. To maintain B.P.
Formulation:
• Nor-adrenaline injection
• Nor-adrenaline solution
Brand name:
• Levophed, adenor, nordrin

10. Dopamine
Chemical Name:4-(2-aminoethyl) benzene-1,2-diol.

11. Dopamine
• DA is classified as a catecholamine neurotransmitter based on its
catechol nucleus and is derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
• Tyrosine is transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the
brain, where it is then taken up by dopaminergic neurons.
• Condition affecting tyrosine transport into the brain significantly impact
DA formation.
• Once L-tyrosine enters the dopaminergic neuron, it is converted to L
dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOP the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),
which is the rate-limiting step in the DA synthesis.

12. Dopamine
• DA itself does not cross the BBB; however, L-DOPA crosses via the large
neutral amino carrier.
• (DA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) differs from NE in lacking of 1-OH
group. It i immediate precursor of NE and is a central NT particularly
important in the regulation of movement.
• As a catechol and primary amine, DA is rapidly metabolized by COMT
and I and has a short DOA with no oral activity.

13. Dopamine
Uses:
1. It is used intravenously in the treatment of cardiogenic or septic shock
and se CHF wherein it increases BP and urine outflow.
2. For the correction of hemodynamic to imbalances present in the
shock syndrome
(i) Trauma,
(ii) Endotoxic Septicemia,
(iii) Open-Heart Surgery,
(iv) Renal Failure, and
(v) Chronic Cardiac decompensation as in congestive failure

14. Dopamine
Pharmaceutical Formulations:
Dopamine Injection.
Brand Names: Intropin ,Dopacard, Myocard, DOPAcard

15. Naphazoline
Structure
IUPAC Name: 2-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole
or
2-(1-naphtylmethyl)-2-imidazoline.

16. Naphazoline
Stability and Storage :
It should be stored at room temperature between 68°F and 77°F (20°C and
25°C). A 1% aqueous solution of naphazoline hydrochloride has a pH of about
6.2. It should be stored in air tight containers.
Uses:
• Naphazoline is a decongestant used to relieve redness, puffiness, and
itchy/watering eyes due to colds, allergies, or eye irritations (smog,
swimming, or wearing contact lenses).
• It is known as a sympathomimetic (alpha receptor agonist) that works in the
eye to decrease congestion.
• Naphazoline ophthalmic (for the eye) is for the temporary relief redness or
discomfort caused by minor irritants.

17. Naphazoline
Pharmaceutical Formulations :
• Naphcon Eye Drops.
• Naphazoline nitrate Eye Preparation.
• Naphazoline nitrate Nasal Solution.
Brand Names:
Rohto, Eucoo, Privine.

18. Sr. No. Drug Stability and
Storage
Uses Formulation Brand Name
1 Terbutaline Darkens on
exposure to light
& air
Presence of
metal causes
discoloration
• Bronchospasm in
bronchial asthma &
chronic bronchitis
• Cardiotoxic shock
• Heart block
• Severe bradycardia
• Aerosol
Inhalation
• Elixir
• Bricanyl
• Terbutaline
Sulphate
• Brethaire
• Brethine
2 Salbutamol Light sensitive Same as terbutaline • Aerosol
Inhalation
• Tablet
• Injection
• Asthalin
• Bronkolax
• Albutamol
3 Tetrahydrozoline Store in tightly
closed container
at temp/ 15-25
• Decongestant
• Use to alleviate
redness in eye
• Nasal
Solution
• Eye Solution
• Eye Drop
• Tyzine
• Visine
• Optihist
• Opti-Clear

19. Indirectly Acting Agent
Drug Stability and
storage
Uses Formulation Brand name
Hydroxy
amphetamine
Volatilized slowly
at room temp.
Store at temp.
20-25 oc
• Causes
dilatation of
pupil
• Relaxing eye
muscle
• Eye Drop
• Eye ointment
• Paremyd
Psuedoephidrine Gradually
decomposes on
exposure to light
• Bronchodilator
in bronchial
asthma
• Nasal
congesion
• Elixer
• Tablet
• Nasal drop
• Oral solution
• Alergin
• Asmapax
• Depot
• Bronolax

20. Agent With Mixed Mechanism
Drug Stability and
storage
Uses Formulation Brand name
Ephedrine Gradually
decomposes
on exposure
to light
• Asthma
• Nocturnal enuresis
• Nasal congestion
• Narcolepsy
• Tablet
• Elixer
• Nasal drop
• Ephrdrex
• Asthmacure
• Cofsedyl
Metaraminol Hygroscopic • Treatment &
prevention of
hypotensive state
occurring with spinal
anaesthesia
• Sever Hypotension
• Injection • Aramine
• Sandoz

21. Adrenergic Antagonist
Adrenolytics: The drugs that decreases the sympathetic activity are called
• Classification
1. Alpha adrenergic blocker:
E.g. Tolazoline, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin
2. Beta adrenergic blocker:
e.g. Propranolol, Atenolol, Practolol, Carvedilol

22. Alpha Adrenergic Blocker
Drug Stability and
storage
Uses Formulation Brand name
Tolazoline Affected by
light
• Peripheral vascular
disorder
• Stimulate gastric
secretion
• Tablet • Priscol ,
priscophen
Phentolamine Affected by
light
• Treatment of
hypertensive episode
• To treat impotence
• To counteract
Vasoconstriction
• Injection • Fentanor
• Rogitine
• Oraverse

23. Alpha Adrenergic Blocker:
Drug Stability and
storage
Uses Formulation Brand name
Phenoxybenza
mine
Stable • Controlling Episodes of
rise in B.P.
• Preoperative
management of Patient
with
Pheochromocytoma
• Raynaud's Phenomenon
• Capsule
• Tablet
• Injection
• Dibezyline
• Biophenox
• Fenoxene
Prazosin Affected by
light
• Treatment of
Hypertension
• Help to improve urine
flow rate
• Raynaud's Phenomenon
• Capsule
• Tablet
• Minipress
• Minizide
• Prazopres

24. Beta Adrenergic Blocker:
Propranolol
Structure
Chemical name: 1-isopropylamino,3-(1-naphthoxy) propan-2-ol

25. Propranolol
Stability & storage: Affected by light
Uses:
1. Cardiac Arrhythmia, auricular fibrillation
2. Angina pectoris
3. Arterial Hypertension
4. Hyperthyroidism in children
5. Symptoms of anxiety
Formulation:
• Propranolol tablet
• Propranolol Injection
Brand Name: Ciplar, Procard, Inderal, Betabloc

26. Atenolol
Structure
Chemical name:
1-(p-carbamoyl methyl, phenoxy) 3-isopropyl amino-2-propanol
2-(4-(2-hydoxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)phenyl)acetamide

27. Atenolol
Uses
• (i)Management of hypertension
• (ii) Management of angina pectoris associated with coronary atherosclerosis.
• (iii) Management of acute myocardial infarction
• (iv)Management of heart failure.
• (vi) Management of atrial fibrillation.
• (vii) Management of supraventricular tachycardia.
• (viii) Management of ventricular arrhythmias.
• (ix) Management of symptomatic thyrotoxicosis.
• (x) Prophylaxis of migraine headaches.
• (xi) Management of alcohol withdrawal.

28. Atenolol
Pharmaceutical Formulations :
• Atenolol Tablets
Brand Names:
• Betacard,
• Aten,
• Tenormin,
• Tenoclor,
• Tenoric,
• Altol,
• Atcardil,
• Atecor,
• Lonol and Tenole

29. Carvedilol
Uses
• Treating Hypertension
• Treat Congestive heat failure
• Used in left ventricular Dysfunction after myocardial infraction
Pharmaceutical Formulations :
• Carvedilol Tablets
Brand Names:
• Oricar
• Carvil
• Carloc
• Carvas
• Coreg