Atom, atomic theory & elements by Shaze Ali
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- An atom is the basic unit of an element, composed of subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. Atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds. - Dalton's atomic theory from the 19th century proposed that matter is made of tiny particles called atoms, atoms of the same element are identical, and atoms combine in fixed ratios to form compounds. - The modern atomic theory states that atoms of the same element share the same number of protons, called the atomic number, and electrons occupy quantized energy levels in orbits around the nucleus.
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Daltons atomic theory
Dalton's atomic theory proposed that:
1) Matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms.
2) Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass and properties.
3) Atoms of different elements vary in size, mass and properties.
The theory had limitations such as not explaining Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes or the nature of atomic bonding.
Modern atomic theory has updated that:
1) Atoms can be subdivided into smaller particles like electrons and protons.
2) Atoms are destructible through nuclear processes converting mass to energy.
3) Atoms of a given element can differ in mass and properties as
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John Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is composed of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms. He hypothesized that atoms of the same element are identical, while atoms of different elements differ in their properties. Dalton also suggested that atoms combine in fixed ratios to form compounds. His atomic theory provided an explanation for laws such as the law of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions. Dalton's experiments helped establish the idea that atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter.
Atoms, Molecules, And Matter
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that contains protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements are substances made of a single type of atom that combine to form molecules, which are made of two or more atoms joined together. Molecules such as water, written as H2O with two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, are the smallest particles that combine without chemical change to form all matter in the world.
Atoms & molecules
1. Atoms bond together through ionic or covalent bonding to form molecules. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms, while covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons.
2. Polar covalent bonding results in a molecule with slight positive and negative regions due to the unequal sharing of electrons. Hydrogen bonding, a weak attraction between polar molecules like water, is important for properties such as water's high boiling point and ability to dissolve many other substances.
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John Dalton developed the first modern atomic theory which stated that elements are made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms. Atoms of a given element are identical but differ from atoms of other elements. Atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds.
Niels Bohr contributed the Bohr model of the atom which depicted electrons traveling in discrete orbits around the nucleus. He also developed the shell model which explained an element's chemical properties based on its outermost electrons. Bohr received the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics for his investigations into atomic structure and radiation. He played an important role in the development of quantum mechanics and nuclear physics.
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Daltons atomic theory
Dalton's atomic theory proposed that:
1) Matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms.
2) Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass and properties.
3) Atoms of different elements vary in size, mass and properties.
The theory had limitations such as not explaining Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes or the nature of atomic bonding.
Modern atomic theory has updated that:
1) Atoms can be subdivided into smaller particles like electrons and protons.
2) Atoms are destructible through nuclear processes converting mass to energy.
3) Atoms of a given element can differ in mass and properties as
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An atom is the smallest particle of an element that contains protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements are substances made of a single type of atom that combine to form molecules, which are made of two or more atoms joined together. Molecules such as water, written as H2O with two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, are the smallest particles that combine without chemical change to form all matter in the world.
Atoms & molecules
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these PPT is Atomic Structure. you can use this one to learn aout chemistry especially atomic chapter
Atoms, elements and compounds
This document provides an overview of atoms, elements, molecules, and compounds. It discusses how everything is made up of atoms, which contain subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons. Elements are organized in the periodic table according to their properties and atomic structure. Atoms can bond together to form molecules, which are made of one or more elements. Compounds are molecules made of two or more different elements bonded together. The properties of compounds are different from the individual elements.
Basic Science of Materials-1 (9).ppt
- Atoms are the smallest particles that make up elements and exhibit their properties. They are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Electrons determine electrical, magnetic, and chemical properties. Their distribution in orbits or shells differs for each element.
- The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged while neutrons have no charge. Electrons are negatively charged and have negligible mass compared to protons and neutrons.
- Elements are pure substances made of one type of material that cannot be broken down further. There are over 120 known elements. Metals conduct electricity well and are hard, heavy solids.
Whole lesson ppt
The document summarizes the history and development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It discusses early atomic models proposed by philosophers like Democritus and scientists like Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford. It then explains atomic structure including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. The periodic table is introduced as a way to organize the elements based on their atomic structure and properties. Key aspects of the periodic table like atomic number, mass number, groups and periods are defined.
Whole lesson ppt
The document summarizes the history and development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It discusses early atomic models proposed by philosophers like Democritus and scientists like Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford. It then explains atomic structure including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. The periodic table is introduced as a way to organize the elements based on their atomic structure and properties. Key periodic table terms like atomic number, mass number, groups, and periods are defined.
CBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 4- structure of atom
This document discusses the structure of atoms and the development of atomic models over time. It covers John Dalton's early atomic theory that atoms are indivisible and different for each element. J.J. Thomson's plum pudding model described atoms as electrically neutral spheres. Rutherford determined atoms have a small, dense nucleus through alpha particle scattering experiments. Niels Bohr incorporated quantum theory, proposing electrons orbit in discrete energy levels. The document also discusses atomic number, mass number, isotopes, electron configuration, and valency.
Periodic table
1. An atom is the basic unit of all matter and is made up of a nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
2. Early atomic theories from Democritus to J.J. Thomson contributed to scientists' understanding of atoms as tiny indivisible particles and that atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons.
3. The periodic table organizes all known elements based on their atomic structure and properties, with the atomic number indicating the number of protons and electrons and atomic weight reflecting total protons and neutrons.
Chapter 4 notes
The Rutherford gold foil experiment discovered the atomic nucleus. In this experiment, Rutherford beamed particles at a gold foil and observed some particles bouncing back at large angles, indicating a small, dense nucleus at the center of the atom. Dalton's atomic theory proposed that atoms of different elements can combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds. Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, giving them the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers. The periodic table arranges elements into groups based on repeating properties and allows easy comparison of elemental properties.
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General Biology. LECTURE 2. THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION OF LIFE.pptx
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NOTES OF ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES GRADE 5.pptx
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How do elements and compounds combine to form all types of matter
How do elements and compounds combine to form all types of matter
Elements, compounds, molecules and subatomic particles
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
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Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
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Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
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Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
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Graininfestation
Directdamage
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We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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Atom, atomic theory & elements by Shaze Ali
- 1. ATOM, ATOMIC THEORY & ELEMENTS LET’S GO!
- 2. ATOM • Basic Piece of an Element that Maintains the Identity of that Element. • Derivation: ‘Latin’ word ‘Atomos’ meaning “indivisible”. • Composition: Subatomic particles known as Electrons, Protons & Neutrons etc. • SIZE: So small to be seen with naked eye. • Building blocks of matter.
- 3. ATOMIC THEORY • In 19th century different scientists presented atomic theories. • English Scientist first stated atomic theory in 1808. Dalton’s Atomic Theory • Matter is made from tiny particles called Atoms. • Atoms of a given element are identical. • Atoms combine in whole-number ratio to form compounds. • Atoms are indivisible in chemical reaction.
- 4. DISCOVERY OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES Subatomic particles • Electron; firstly discovered tiny subatomic particle with a negative charge. • Represented as e−. • Proton; more massive subatomic particle with positive charge. • Represented as p+. • Neutron; having same mass as proton but with no charge. • Represented as n, n0.
- 5. Name Symbol Mass(kg) Electron e− 9.10938×10–31 Proton p+ 1.6726219×10–27 Neutron n, n0 1.674929×10–27
- 6. STRUCTURE OF ATOM • In 1910, Ernest Rutherford in England presented nuclear model of atom. • Protons & Neutrons reside in core of atom called Nucleus. • Electrons revolve around the nucleus of the atom. • Circular path followed by electrons around an atom’s nucleus are called Orbits.
- 7. MODERN ATOMIC THEORY • Atoms of single element are identical while atoms of different elements are different. • Atoms of same element share a fundamental characteristic that is number of Protons. • Number of protons present in atom of an element is called Atomic Number represented by Z. • Each orbit has a fixed energy that is quantized.
- 8. ELEMENT • “Substances made up of same type of atoms having same atomic no. and cannot be decomposed into simpler chemical substances by ordinary chemical means”. • About 118 elements are known, out of which 88 are naturally occurring. • Oxygen accounts for about 20% of earth’s atmosphere and found virtually in rocks, sand and soil in earth’s crust. • Each element has a unique symbol examples are; C for Carbon, H for Hydrogen, Ca for Calcium etc.
- 9. ELEMENTS IN LIVING MATTER BIO ELEMENTS • Chemical elements found in molecules & compounds that make up a living organism. • Following elements constitute about 99% of total body. • Oxygen 65% • Carbon 18.5% • Hydrogen 9.5% • Nitrogen 3.3% • Calcium 1.5% • Phosphorus 1.0% TRACE ELEMENTS • Elements present in relatively small amount (collectively 0.1%) but are crucial for life. • For Example; Chromium helps the body use sugars to provide energy. • Following are some trace elements; • Arsenic • Chromium • Copper • Fluorine • Iodine
- 10. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE • Solids: Majority 76 elements like sodium, copper, zinc, gold etc. • Liquids: Very few (only 3) elements exist such as mercury and bromine etc. • Gases: Few elements 11 suchlike nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine etc. • Further divided into Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids. • About 80% of elements are metals.
- 11. JFF! SOME SURPRISE ELEMENTS!