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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
2. NICE/RCOG GUIDELINES – JUNE
2010
Pregnancy is a normal physiological
process & any interventions offered should
have known benefits & be acceptable to the
pregnant women
Current models of ante-natal care originated in
the early 20th century.
The pattern of visits recommended at that time
(monthly until 30 wks, then fortnightly to 36 wks
and then weekly until delivery) is still
recognisable today
3. AIMS OF ANTENATAL CARE
Monitoring the progress of pregnancy
with minimum interference
Guidance to the expectant mother
Early detection of any deviation from
normal
Institution of corrective measures
wherever possible
Preparation of the mother for labour &
delivery
4. PRENATAL CARE
The ideal initial prenatal care visit occurs before
conception with a pre-conceptive visit.
A pre-conceptive visit allows modification of
behavioral choices, medication, and optimizing
medical concerns before conception.
5. FIRST VISIT – 10 WEEKS
ANC BEGINS AS SOON AS PREGNANCY IS
CONFIRMED
CONFIRMATION OF PREGNANCY – UPT
HISTORY TAKING
GENERAL & SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS – Hb, RBS, Ur, Blood Group, HIV,
VDRL, HbsAg , Sickling Test
USG –Confirming viability & number
Estimation of GA & EDD (10–13wks)
6. Advice - Do’s And Dont’s
DIET
WORK & EXERCISE – Continue working till the end & moderate
exercise
COMMON SYMPTOMS – Morning sickness, Heartburn, LBA,
Frequency, Vg Discharge, Constipation
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE – safe
MEDICATIONS – Folic acid & calcium
ALCOHOL INTAKE - <1-2 UK units/wk (1 u= half a pint of ordinary
strength lager/beer, or one shot [25 ml] of spirits. One small [125
ml] glass of wine =1.5 UK units)
SMOKING – Quit-LBW, IUGR
DRIVING & TRAVEL – Car (seat belts) & Air travel (36wks), travel
abroad & related vaccinations
8. SCREENING FOR MATERNAL
DISEASES
ANEMIA – Booking – 11 gm%
28wks – 10.5 gm%
No need for routine Iron supplements
SICKLE CELL DISEASE - Sickling test
ALLO-ANTIBODIES - ICT - Routine anti-D
prophylaxis at 28 & 36 wks to all non-sensitised
pregnant women
Women should be screened for atypical red cell
allo antibodies (Kidd, Duffy, Anti-C) in early
pregnancy & at 28 weeks, regardless of their
rhesus D status
9. SCREENING FOR FETAL ANOMALIES
DOWN’S SYNDROME- Nuchal Thickness -
performed end of first trimester (13w0d-13w6d) –
increased >6 mm
COMBINED TEST – NT + HCG + PAPP-A (11w-
13w6d)
TRIPLE/QUADRUPLE TEST 15-20wks.
CONTINGENT SCREENING measuring free β-
hCG & PAPP-A in all pts at 10 wks -those with low
risk are screened negative- remainder NT - 13 wks -
low risk are screened negative-others offered marker
assays & diagnostic tests.
ANOMALY SCAN - 18w 0d-20w 6d – Optional
10. TRIPLE MARKER TEST
Performed between the 15th & 18th wk.
AFP (fetus), HCG (placenta), and Estriol
(both)
High AFP levels - neural tube defects,
anencephaly, mistaken dates.
Low AFP & Estriol & High HCG -Trisomy 21
(Down) Trisomy 18 (Edwards) or any other type
of chromosome abnormality.
11. QUADRUPLE TEST
Pts registering in late 2nd trimester-22wks
AFP (fetal liver), Estriol (placenta+fetal
liver),HCG (placenta),Inhibin-A (placenta)
High AFP levels - open neural tube defect,
mistaken dates or twins.
Low AFP levels - high risk for Down syndrome.
High HCG and Inhibin-A levels - increased
risk Down syndrome.
Low Estriol - high risk for Down syndrome
12. SCREENING FOR INFECTIONS
Asymptomatic bacteriuria - persistent bacterial
colonisation of the urinary tract without symptoms.
After the initial screening, patients only need to be
screened for UTI infections if they are symptomatic
HIV – MTCT- more than 35% reduced to 5% with
ART with ZT(300mg)+NVP(200mg)+3TC(150mg)
twice daily-14 wks till BF & 6wks for infant after BF
The combination of ART, LSCS and avoiding breast
feeding can further reduce the transmission to 1%.
Latest guidelines – Continue ART + Breast feeding
13. SCREENING FOR INFECTIONS
HEPATITIS–B - Screening for HBsAg, new
sample-confirmatory testing & testing for e-markers
to know if baby will need Ig along with vaccine
postnatally
RUBELLA - susceptibility screening offered early to
identify women at risk of contracting rubella
infection and vaccinate in the postnatal period.
SYPHILLIS- TPHA if VDRL is positive
Mother-to-child transmission is associated with
neonatal death, congenital syphilis, stillbirth and
preterm birth
14. SCREENING FOR CLINICAL
CONDITIONS
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
RBS at booking - less than 130 mg/dl or 7.2 mmol/l
OGCT - 1 hr after 50 gm of glucose - 24wks – h/o
GDM–16wks-< 140mg/dl or 7.8 mmol/l
GTT– 75 gm of glucose and 03 days of diet rich in
carbohydrates.
Fasting – 104 mg/dl or 5.8 mmol/l
2 hr after glucose – 140 mg/dl or 7.8 mmol/l
A 2 hr 75 g OGTT is used as the gold standard
diagnostic test and is assumed to be 100%
sensitive and specific
15. PRE-ECLAMPSIA
Pre-eclampsia is a complex disorder with
widespread endothelial damage in all organs, thus
presenting signs and symptoms may be more varied
than just high BP & proteinuria
Blood pressure measurement and urinalysis
for protein–each visit.
Hypertension single diastolic BP of 110 mmHg or
any consecutive readings of 90 mmHg on more than
one occasion at least 4 hours apart.
Proteinuria 02 clean catch samples-4 hours apart
with 2+ proteinuria by dipstick are significant.
300 mg protein in a 24 hour sample
16. PLACENTA PREVIA
Low-lying placentae - not an uncommon finding
on early trimester scans
Most low-lying placentae detected at the routine
scan generally resolve by the time the baby is
born.
Only a woman whose placenta extends over the
internal cervical os should be offered another
trans-abdominal scan at 32 weeks.
If the trans-abdominal scan is unclear, a trans-
vaginal scan should be performed.
17. MONITORING FETAL WELL BEING
Clinical Examination – Symphysis-Fundal height
– after 24wks (difference of more than 2 cms is
significant)
Daily Fetal Movement Count – DFMC–10/12 hrs
or 3 in one hr – one hr post meals.
Ultrasound – not accurate in assessing fetal growth
in later trimesters
Doppler Studies - in suspected IUGR
CTG/NST– valid only after 32 weeks
Biophysical Profile – Movement, tone, HR (NST),
Breathing, AFI – Normal score 8 or more
Modified Biophysical Profile – NST + AFI
18. VACCINATIONS
Tetanus Toxoid - 02 doses
Killed/Inactivated/Toxoids can be given .
Live vaccines are contraindicated
Not Given - BCG, Cholera, Japanese Encephalitis,
Measles , Mumps, Rubella, Typhoid, Varicella
Give only if essential as safety in pregnancy has
not been documented - Hepatitis A & E
Influenza
Meningococcal
OPV
Rabies
Diphtheria
Yellow fever
19. MANAGEMENT OF COMMON
SYMPTOMS IN PREGNANCY
NAUSEA & VOMITTING
More in primigravidas & multiple pregnancies
Cause - First/Increased exposure to HCG
No harm to fetus - Generally settles by 16-20wks
Diet - Avoid oily & spicy food
Small frequent meals
Home remedies – Ginger & lemon
Medications - T. Pyridoxine - twice daily
Severe cases – Inj. Metoclopramide
20. HEARTBURN
Effect of progesterone - reduced tone of
lower esophageal sphincter
Diet modifications – reduce spicy food & eat
small and frequent meals at short intervals
Postural modifications – avoid bending &
lying down immediately after meals
Medications–H2 receptor blockers - Ranitidine
Proton Pump Inhibitors - Omez ®
Antacids - Gelusil®
21. CONSTIPATION
Effect of Progesterone – Relaxes musculature
reduces tone & motility of smooth muscles
Diet modification – High fibre diet
Plenty of water
More fruits & vegetables
Medications – Mild Laxatives–Lactulose
Herbolax ®
Liquid Paraffin
22. VAGINAL DISCHARGE
Due to vascular congestion & increased activity
of cervical mucus secreting glands
No treatment required
Watch for – Change of colour
Foul Smell
Associated Pruritis
Painful or burning micturition
Above signs indicate infection in which case the
same will have to be treated accordingly
23. BACKACHE
Initially due to pelvic organ congestion & later
due to strained pelvic supports & exaggerated
lumbar lordosis
Lifestyle – as active as possible
Support- Lower back when sitting
Abdominal bump when lying down
Non-pharmacological - Back massage
- Hot fomentation
Drugs - Unrelenting cases - Analgesics
- Balms/gels for LA
24. HAEMORRHOIDS & VARICOSE
VEINS
Due to vascular congestion
Effect of Progesterone
No effective treatment in pregnancy
Avoid constipation
Diet advice – high fibre, plenty of water
Leg elevation & avoid prolonged periods of
standing
Compression stockings
Medications – Laxatives, creams & Flavinoids
Hirudoid cream
25. INTERVENTIONS NOT ROUTINELY
RECOMMENDED
Repeated maternal weighing.
Breast or pelvic examination.
Iron or vitamin A supplements.
Routine Doppler ultrasound in low-risk pregnancies.
Ultrasound estimation of fetal size for suspected LGA
Routine screening for preterm labour.
Routine screening for cardiac anomalies using NT.
Routine fetal-movement counting.
Routine auscultation of the fetal heart.
Routine antenatal electronic cardio-tocography.
Routine ultrasound scanning after 24 weeks