A little history of the ATARI ST and the Operating System with the Desktop interface GEM from Digital Research.
This presentation has been shown at the Meetup "Une Histoire d’O(S) du CP/M à aujourd'hui" by the french magazine Programmez! the September 11th 2018.
The document discusses different types of processors made by Intel. It provides details on Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors which are designed for mainstream desktops and laptops. It also mentions Intel Celeron, Atom and Pentium processors which are more affordable and used in budget laptops and desktops. The document further discusses other Intel processors like Core 2 Duo, Xeon and Core Extreme which are used for more intensive workloads and applications.
The document provides an introduction to the x86 architecture. It discusses that x86 is based on the Intel 8086 CPU from 1978 and has evolved over numerous enhancements. The core components of x86 include 8 general purpose registers, 6 segment registers, 1 flags register, and an instruction pointer. x86 CPUs operate in either real or protected mode, with protected mode supporting a flat 32-bit memory model or multi-segmented memory model using segment registers.
The Pentium processor introduced in 1993 features a superscalar architecture that allows multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously. It has separate 8KB instruction and data caches and a 64-bit data bus. The Pentium uses dynamic branch prediction and out-of-order execution to further improve performance through superscalar design.
8086 Interrupts & With DOS and BIOS by vijayVijay Kumar
This document discusses interrupts in microprocessors and provides examples of their use. It defines an interrupt as an event that temporarily halts normal program execution to service another event, like an I/O device requiring attention. Interrupts provide an alternative to polling that allows a CPU to serve multiple devices simultaneously. The document then gives examples of using interrupts to control a robot's movement in response to sensors as compared to polling, and provides overviews of DOS and BIOS interrupts for I/O functions like reading keyboards, displaying to screens, and communicating with serial ports.
The document discusses UART communication and data transmission. It describes the TX, RX, and GND pins used for serial communication between devices and how data is transmitted without a clock signal. Each data packet contains a start bit, 5-9 data bits, an optional parity bit, and 1-2 stop bits to synchronize the transmission and reception of bits between UARTs.
PCI Express is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard that was created to replace older standards like PCI, PCI-X, and AGP. It provides dedicated bandwidth to devices through the use of lanes and is commonly used as the interface for graphics cards, hard drives, and other peripherals. PCIe has gone through several generations that have increased its maximum bandwidth. It uses a layered protocol architecture and is designed for compatibility while providing scalable bandwidth and other advantages over older standards.
This document summarizes the flags register in 8086 processors. It has two main sections. The first section explains that the flags register is 16 bits wide and contains status and control flags that indicate the current state of the processor. The second section details the different types of flags, including status flags like carry, parity, zero, and overflow flags, and control flags like trap, interrupt, and direction flags. It provides details on the purpose and location of each individual flag in the 16-bit register.
This document summarizes key characteristics of internal memory, including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical type, organization, and hierarchy. It discusses the following memory types: registers, cache, main memory, external memory, backing store. Specific topics covered include memory access times, cycle times, transfer rates, physical implementations (semiconductor, magnetic, optical), organization, error correction, cache design principles, mapping functions, and write policies. Newer RAM technologies like SDRAM that improve performance are also overviewed.
The document discusses different types of processors made by Intel. It provides details on Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors which are designed for mainstream desktops and laptops. It also mentions Intel Celeron, Atom and Pentium processors which are more affordable and used in budget laptops and desktops. The document further discusses other Intel processors like Core 2 Duo, Xeon and Core Extreme which are used for more intensive workloads and applications.
The document provides an introduction to the x86 architecture. It discusses that x86 is based on the Intel 8086 CPU from 1978 and has evolved over numerous enhancements. The core components of x86 include 8 general purpose registers, 6 segment registers, 1 flags register, and an instruction pointer. x86 CPUs operate in either real or protected mode, with protected mode supporting a flat 32-bit memory model or multi-segmented memory model using segment registers.
The Pentium processor introduced in 1993 features a superscalar architecture that allows multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously. It has separate 8KB instruction and data caches and a 64-bit data bus. The Pentium uses dynamic branch prediction and out-of-order execution to further improve performance through superscalar design.
8086 Interrupts & With DOS and BIOS by vijayVijay Kumar
This document discusses interrupts in microprocessors and provides examples of their use. It defines an interrupt as an event that temporarily halts normal program execution to service another event, like an I/O device requiring attention. Interrupts provide an alternative to polling that allows a CPU to serve multiple devices simultaneously. The document then gives examples of using interrupts to control a robot's movement in response to sensors as compared to polling, and provides overviews of DOS and BIOS interrupts for I/O functions like reading keyboards, displaying to screens, and communicating with serial ports.
The document discusses UART communication and data transmission. It describes the TX, RX, and GND pins used for serial communication between devices and how data is transmitted without a clock signal. Each data packet contains a start bit, 5-9 data bits, an optional parity bit, and 1-2 stop bits to synchronize the transmission and reception of bits between UARTs.
PCI Express is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard that was created to replace older standards like PCI, PCI-X, and AGP. It provides dedicated bandwidth to devices through the use of lanes and is commonly used as the interface for graphics cards, hard drives, and other peripherals. PCIe has gone through several generations that have increased its maximum bandwidth. It uses a layered protocol architecture and is designed for compatibility while providing scalable bandwidth and other advantages over older standards.
This document summarizes the flags register in 8086 processors. It has two main sections. The first section explains that the flags register is 16 bits wide and contains status and control flags that indicate the current state of the processor. The second section details the different types of flags, including status flags like carry, parity, zero, and overflow flags, and control flags like trap, interrupt, and direction flags. It provides details on the purpose and location of each individual flag in the 16-bit register.
This document summarizes key characteristics of internal memory, including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical type, organization, and hierarchy. It discusses the following memory types: registers, cache, main memory, external memory, backing store. Specific topics covered include memory access times, cycle times, transfer rates, physical implementations (semiconductor, magnetic, optical), organization, error correction, cache design principles, mapping functions, and write policies. Newer RAM technologies like SDRAM that improve performance are also overviewed.
This document provides an introduction to AVR microcontrollers. It discusses the history of microcontrollers beginning in 1971 and components like CPU, ROM, RAM and I/O. AVR microcontrollers were introduced in 1996 and range from 1 to 256KB with 8 to 100 pins. They are cheaper and slower than microprocessors but are useful for specialized applications. The document outlines the AVR architecture and family as well as development tools and support for AVR microcontrollers.
The document traces the evolution of Intel processors from 4-bit to modern 64-bit processors. It discusses the key developments including the 4004 (1971), the first commercial microprocessor, the 8086 (1978) which introduced the x86 architecture, the 80386 (1985) which was the first 32-bit processor, and the Core i7 (2008) which is one of Intel's top consumer processors today. The document highlights increasing transistor counts, clock speeds, memory addressing and capabilities with each generation to show Intel's leadership in driving the advancement of microprocessor technology over the past 50 years.
Pin Description Diagram of Intel 80386 DX MicroprocessorRaunaq Sahni
Introduction to 80386 Microprocessor Architecture.
Pin Description Diagram of Intel 80386 DX Microprocessor.
All signal groups and individual pins of 80386 Microprocessor explained. Function of the Significant Pins. This presentation was made for my College Project, Computer Science.
Pin diagram 8085 microprocessor(For College Seminars)Naman Joshi
The document describes the pin diagram and functions of the 8085 microprocessor. It has 40 pins and an 8-bit data bus with a 16-bit address bus. Key pins include the crystal oscillator inputs X1 and X2, the RESET pin for resetting the processor, interrupt pins like TRAP and INTR, the IO/M pin to indicate I/O or memory operations, and control pins like ALE, RD and WR for address latching and read/write operations. The HOLD and HLDA pins are used for DMA transfers to relinquish control of the buses.
This document provides an introduction to microcomputers and microprocessors. It discusses how a microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer. A microcomputer system consists of a CPU (microprocessor), memory, and input/output devices connected by buses. The document then traces the evolution of microprocessors from the first 4-bit Intel 4004 in 1971 to more advanced 32-bit and 64-bit processors over subsequent decades. It provides details on characteristics of important processors like the Intel 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium series. The document concludes with information on the internal structure of the Intel 8085 microprocessor.
PCIe is a standard expansion card interface introduced in 2004 to replace PCI and PCI-X. It uses serial instead of parallel communication and is scalable, allowing for higher maximum system bandwidth. The presentation discusses the history of expansion card standards leading to PCIe, including ISA, EISA, VESA, PCI, and PCI-X. It also covers key aspects of PCIe such as the root complex, endpoints, switches, lanes, bus:device.function notation, enumeration, and address spaces such as configuration space.
The document discusses the Intel 80486 microprocessor chip. It was a 32-bit chip containing over 1.2 million transistors that operated between 20-100 MHz and was capable of 70 million instructions per second. The 80486 had 32-bit registers and data bus. It provided significantly improved performance over the 80386 through its 32-bit architecture and internal design.
The document provides an overview of Intel Core i3, i5, i7, and i9 processors. It discusses the key features of each processor type, including the number of cores, cache size, clock speeds, and advantages and disadvantages. The core i3 is a dual-core processor with 3-4MB of cache and speeds up to 3.5GHz. The core i5 is a dual-core or quad-core processor with cache sizes from 3-6MB and speeds up to 3.8GHz. The core i7 has 4-8 cores with larger cache sizes and speeds up to 3.7GHz. The high-end core i9 was introduced in 2018 with up to 18 cores, large
Magnetic disks remain the most important component of external memory. Data is recorded on disks through magnetic read and write heads. Disks are organized into tracks and sectors for efficient data access. RAID systems provide data redundancy or higher performance through striping and mirroring across multiple disks. Optical disks like CDs and DVDs store data through microscopic pits and lands read by lasers, and use constant linear velocity to increase storage capacity toward the disk edge.
Visit https://www.vlsiuniverse.com/
https://www.vlsiuniverse.com/2020/05/complete-asic-design-flow.html
This is the standard VLSI design flow that every semiconductor company follows. The complete ASIC design flow is explained by considering each and every stage.
The document discusses the different modes of the 80386 processor: Real Mode which allows direct access to memory and I/O but no protection; Protected Mode which allows features like virtual memory and paging for increased security and multi-tasking by enabling descriptor tables and the PE bit; and Virtual Mode which allows real mode applications to run on protected mode systems by virtualizing memory.
The document discusses interrupts in a computer system. It defines an interrupt as a signal that breaks the normal sequence of program execution to handle an event that requires immediate attention, like input from a device. There are two main types of interrupts: hardware interrupts caused by external devices, and software interrupts caused by exceptional conditions in a program like division by zero. The document outlines how interrupts work, including how the processor saves the state of the interrupted program, services the interrupt, and then restores the original program context. It also discusses interrupt priorities and how interrupts can be disabled or deferred based on priority.
Designed a fully customized 128x10b SRAM by constructing schematic & virtuoso layout of memory cell array (6T cell), row & column decoder, pre-charge circuit, write circuit and sense amplifier using Cadence. Manually placed and routed all components, performed DRC & LVS debugging of constructed schematic and layout and ran PEX to generate the final Netlist, Hspice Spectre simulation of final design for verification of the correct functionality and analysis of best read, best write cycles & the worst case timing for read and write. Timing and power consumed is analyzed through STA-Primetime (Static timing Analysis)
The 80386 microprocessor has two versions - the 80386DX with a 32-bit address and data bus, and the 80386SX with a 24-bit address bus and 16-bit data bus. The 80386SX was developed later for applications not requiring the full 32-bit bus of the 80386DX. It supports up to 4GB of virtual memory address space using segmentation and paging. The 80386 architecture includes a central processing unit, memory management unit, and bus interface unit. It has numerous features that enhance performance such as cache, pipeline processing, and floating point unit.
The document discusses the key components and functions of a motherboard. It describes how a motherboard provides electrical connections for the CPU, memory, drives, and peripherals to communicate. It explains that the microprocessor's supporting chipset determines the motherboard's features and capabilities. Form factor, common motherboard parts like expansion slots and memory sockets are described. Factors to consider when selecting a motherboard are also outlined.
This document introduces Arduino, an open-source electronics prototyping platform. It discusses that Arduino is intended for artists, designers, hobbyists to create interactive objects. It then describes the Arduino hardware, including the microcontroller, I/O pins, and official and third party boards. It also covers the Arduino programming environment and language, and provides examples of common tasks like reading buttons and displaying to serial. Finally, it discusses common sensors, motors, and modules used with Arduino and points to the active Arduino community for support.
The document discusses the architecture of the Intel 80386 microprocessor, including its salient features such as supporting 32-bit data and addressing as well as virtual memory capabilities. It describes the functional blocks of the 80386 including the central processing unit, memory management unit, and bus control unit. Details are provided on the pin layout and specifications of the 80386 as compared to the earlier 8086 processor.
Embedded systems are computer systems designed for a specific function within a larger mechanical or electrical system. They are typically based on microcontrollers for low power consumption and fixed time constraints. Embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks, have real-time operation, limited size and cost, and prioritize reliability and safety over flexibility. Common examples include digital watches, traffic lights, MP3 players, appliances, phones, engine controllers, medical devices, and defense technologies. Key components are processors and memory, while programming is typically done in languages like C/C++ using compilers and simulators.
The document discusses various operating systems including proprietary, Unix-like, and Mac OS systems. It provides details on early systems like ACORN, ARX, MOS, and RISC OS. It also covers AmigaOS, Apple systems like Lisa, Macintosh and their operating systems. It discusses the evolution of Mac OS from System 1 to Mac OS X.
- The document provides a history of various versions of the Windows operating system from Windows 1.0 in 1985 to Windows NT 3.51 in 1995. It discusses the system requirements, new features, and programs included for each major version. The document also briefly mentions some other common operating systems like macOS and Linux.
This document provides an introduction to AVR microcontrollers. It discusses the history of microcontrollers beginning in 1971 and components like CPU, ROM, RAM and I/O. AVR microcontrollers were introduced in 1996 and range from 1 to 256KB with 8 to 100 pins. They are cheaper and slower than microprocessors but are useful for specialized applications. The document outlines the AVR architecture and family as well as development tools and support for AVR microcontrollers.
The document traces the evolution of Intel processors from 4-bit to modern 64-bit processors. It discusses the key developments including the 4004 (1971), the first commercial microprocessor, the 8086 (1978) which introduced the x86 architecture, the 80386 (1985) which was the first 32-bit processor, and the Core i7 (2008) which is one of Intel's top consumer processors today. The document highlights increasing transistor counts, clock speeds, memory addressing and capabilities with each generation to show Intel's leadership in driving the advancement of microprocessor technology over the past 50 years.
Pin Description Diagram of Intel 80386 DX MicroprocessorRaunaq Sahni
Introduction to 80386 Microprocessor Architecture.
Pin Description Diagram of Intel 80386 DX Microprocessor.
All signal groups and individual pins of 80386 Microprocessor explained. Function of the Significant Pins. This presentation was made for my College Project, Computer Science.
Pin diagram 8085 microprocessor(For College Seminars)Naman Joshi
The document describes the pin diagram and functions of the 8085 microprocessor. It has 40 pins and an 8-bit data bus with a 16-bit address bus. Key pins include the crystal oscillator inputs X1 and X2, the RESET pin for resetting the processor, interrupt pins like TRAP and INTR, the IO/M pin to indicate I/O or memory operations, and control pins like ALE, RD and WR for address latching and read/write operations. The HOLD and HLDA pins are used for DMA transfers to relinquish control of the buses.
This document provides an introduction to microcomputers and microprocessors. It discusses how a microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer. A microcomputer system consists of a CPU (microprocessor), memory, and input/output devices connected by buses. The document then traces the evolution of microprocessors from the first 4-bit Intel 4004 in 1971 to more advanced 32-bit and 64-bit processors over subsequent decades. It provides details on characteristics of important processors like the Intel 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium series. The document concludes with information on the internal structure of the Intel 8085 microprocessor.
PCIe is a standard expansion card interface introduced in 2004 to replace PCI and PCI-X. It uses serial instead of parallel communication and is scalable, allowing for higher maximum system bandwidth. The presentation discusses the history of expansion card standards leading to PCIe, including ISA, EISA, VESA, PCI, and PCI-X. It also covers key aspects of PCIe such as the root complex, endpoints, switches, lanes, bus:device.function notation, enumeration, and address spaces such as configuration space.
The document discusses the Intel 80486 microprocessor chip. It was a 32-bit chip containing over 1.2 million transistors that operated between 20-100 MHz and was capable of 70 million instructions per second. The 80486 had 32-bit registers and data bus. It provided significantly improved performance over the 80386 through its 32-bit architecture and internal design.
The document provides an overview of Intel Core i3, i5, i7, and i9 processors. It discusses the key features of each processor type, including the number of cores, cache size, clock speeds, and advantages and disadvantages. The core i3 is a dual-core processor with 3-4MB of cache and speeds up to 3.5GHz. The core i5 is a dual-core or quad-core processor with cache sizes from 3-6MB and speeds up to 3.8GHz. The core i7 has 4-8 cores with larger cache sizes and speeds up to 3.7GHz. The high-end core i9 was introduced in 2018 with up to 18 cores, large
Magnetic disks remain the most important component of external memory. Data is recorded on disks through magnetic read and write heads. Disks are organized into tracks and sectors for efficient data access. RAID systems provide data redundancy or higher performance through striping and mirroring across multiple disks. Optical disks like CDs and DVDs store data through microscopic pits and lands read by lasers, and use constant linear velocity to increase storage capacity toward the disk edge.
Visit https://www.vlsiuniverse.com/
https://www.vlsiuniverse.com/2020/05/complete-asic-design-flow.html
This is the standard VLSI design flow that every semiconductor company follows. The complete ASIC design flow is explained by considering each and every stage.
The document discusses the different modes of the 80386 processor: Real Mode which allows direct access to memory and I/O but no protection; Protected Mode which allows features like virtual memory and paging for increased security and multi-tasking by enabling descriptor tables and the PE bit; and Virtual Mode which allows real mode applications to run on protected mode systems by virtualizing memory.
The document discusses interrupts in a computer system. It defines an interrupt as a signal that breaks the normal sequence of program execution to handle an event that requires immediate attention, like input from a device. There are two main types of interrupts: hardware interrupts caused by external devices, and software interrupts caused by exceptional conditions in a program like division by zero. The document outlines how interrupts work, including how the processor saves the state of the interrupted program, services the interrupt, and then restores the original program context. It also discusses interrupt priorities and how interrupts can be disabled or deferred based on priority.
Designed a fully customized 128x10b SRAM by constructing schematic & virtuoso layout of memory cell array (6T cell), row & column decoder, pre-charge circuit, write circuit and sense amplifier using Cadence. Manually placed and routed all components, performed DRC & LVS debugging of constructed schematic and layout and ran PEX to generate the final Netlist, Hspice Spectre simulation of final design for verification of the correct functionality and analysis of best read, best write cycles & the worst case timing for read and write. Timing and power consumed is analyzed through STA-Primetime (Static timing Analysis)
The 80386 microprocessor has two versions - the 80386DX with a 32-bit address and data bus, and the 80386SX with a 24-bit address bus and 16-bit data bus. The 80386SX was developed later for applications not requiring the full 32-bit bus of the 80386DX. It supports up to 4GB of virtual memory address space using segmentation and paging. The 80386 architecture includes a central processing unit, memory management unit, and bus interface unit. It has numerous features that enhance performance such as cache, pipeline processing, and floating point unit.
The document discusses the key components and functions of a motherboard. It describes how a motherboard provides electrical connections for the CPU, memory, drives, and peripherals to communicate. It explains that the microprocessor's supporting chipset determines the motherboard's features and capabilities. Form factor, common motherboard parts like expansion slots and memory sockets are described. Factors to consider when selecting a motherboard are also outlined.
This document introduces Arduino, an open-source electronics prototyping platform. It discusses that Arduino is intended for artists, designers, hobbyists to create interactive objects. It then describes the Arduino hardware, including the microcontroller, I/O pins, and official and third party boards. It also covers the Arduino programming environment and language, and provides examples of common tasks like reading buttons and displaying to serial. Finally, it discusses common sensors, motors, and modules used with Arduino and points to the active Arduino community for support.
The document discusses the architecture of the Intel 80386 microprocessor, including its salient features such as supporting 32-bit data and addressing as well as virtual memory capabilities. It describes the functional blocks of the 80386 including the central processing unit, memory management unit, and bus control unit. Details are provided on the pin layout and specifications of the 80386 as compared to the earlier 8086 processor.
Embedded systems are computer systems designed for a specific function within a larger mechanical or electrical system. They are typically based on microcontrollers for low power consumption and fixed time constraints. Embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks, have real-time operation, limited size and cost, and prioritize reliability and safety over flexibility. Common examples include digital watches, traffic lights, MP3 players, appliances, phones, engine controllers, medical devices, and defense technologies. Key components are processors and memory, while programming is typically done in languages like C/C++ using compilers and simulators.
The document discusses various operating systems including proprietary, Unix-like, and Mac OS systems. It provides details on early systems like ACORN, ARX, MOS, and RISC OS. It also covers AmigaOS, Apple systems like Lisa, Macintosh and their operating systems. It discusses the evolution of Mac OS from System 1 to Mac OS X.
- The document provides a history of various versions of the Windows operating system from Windows 1.0 in 1985 to Windows NT 3.51 in 1995. It discusses the system requirements, new features, and programs included for each major version. The document also briefly mentions some other common operating systems like macOS and Linux.
RT-11 was a small, single-user real-time operating system for DEC PDP-11 computers. It supported variants with different levels of multitasking and was written in assembly language. BKUNIX is an operating system for Soviet Elektronika BK computers based on the LSX UNIX kernel and licensed under the GPL. It supports up to three tasks and mounting up to three file systems. MICRODOS/OS-80 was an early disk operating system for the TRS-80 that was faster than TRSDOS and could run on 16K systems.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. ANDOS
2. MK-DOS
3. MicroDOS
4. CSI-DOS
5. BKUNIX
6. LoseThos
7. Extremely Reliable Operating System
8. AROS Research Operating System
9. ANDOS
10. BKUNIX
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that connects all the physical components including the CPU, RAM, hard drive, optical drive, and expansion cards. It controls the data flow between these components and includes important features like processor sockets, memory slots, expansion slots, input/output ports, chipsets, and connectors for power and peripheral devices. Common motherboard form factors are AT and ATX.
The document provides an overview of computer motherboards, including:
- Definitions of a motherboard and its various names
- Examples of common motherboard components like the CPU, RAM, and expansion slots
- A brief history of motherboard development from the 1980s to 2000s as more functions were integrated onto the boards
- Explanations of different types of motherboards based on factors like integrated vs non-integrated components, form factor, and intended use for desktops, laptops or servers
- Descriptions of the main functions served by motherboards in connecting system components and providing interfaces
- Some of the top motherboard manufacturers
- Diagrams and explanations of specific motherboard components and their functions
This document defines abbreviations and terms related to computing. It provides definitions for common computer hardware, software, file formats and networking terms. Some key terms defined include CPU, RAM, ROM, BIOS, modem, mouse, Windows, Word, Excel, USB, Internet, virus, firewall, GIF, JPEG, ZIP and more. The document acts as a reference guide for understanding computing terminology from A-Z.
Windows 3.0 was a major release of the Windows operating system that improved performance and graphics over previous versions. It included new programs like Program Manager and File Manager, supported 16-color graphics, and could run on 80286 and 80386 processors. Windows 3.0 was widely adopted and helped Microsoft become a powerful rival to Apple and Commodore in the GUI market.
Comptia A+ Exam Notes for Core 1 and . Core 2anandsoft0
Comptia A+ exam cram notes is free and useful for candidates preparing for the exam. The advantages of a+ cram notes are given below:
Time efficiency: Culling key points into concise notes allows you to review a large amount of information quickly, especially helpful for last-minute revision.
Targeted learning: Focusing on core concepts and neglecting less relevant details can be useful for prioritizing material in limited time.
Improved recall: Writing key points and summarizing information can aid in memorization and short-term recall for the exam.
Stress reduction: Creating structured notes can provide a sense of accomplishment and control, potentially reducing anxiety before exams.
This document discusses the key components of a computer system including input, output, processing, storage, and networking devices. It provides details on common computer hardware such as the monitor, motherboard, CPU, RAM, expansion cards, power supply, disk drives, and input devices. It also covers software types including operating systems and applications. Memory and storage measurements and technologies are defined. The roles of components like graphics cards, motherboards, CPUs and memory are explained. Output devices such as printers and speakers are also outlined. Networking methods for connecting computers are described.
The document discusses the history and key releases of the Microsoft Windows operating system from 1985 to 2013. It describes early versions like Windows 1.0, 3.0, and NT 3.1. Major releases are covered such as Windows 95, 98, ME, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 8.1. Each new version brought performance improvements, expanded features, and support for newer hardware. The document provides an overview of the evolution of Windows over time from its early graphical beginnings to its modern incarnations.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a software development system. It describes how a microcomputer is used to develop software for a particular microprocessor. It includes a large read/write memory, disk storage, and a video terminal with keyboard to manage input/output, files, and programs through an operating system. Common components of software development systems are then outlined such as the keyboard, monitor, memory, disk controllers and drives for data storage and access.
This document provides a product catalog for Perk Exports' Electronics Products Division. It includes detailed specifications for various desktop and laptop computers, computer components, and accessories. The company vision emphasizes quality products, reliability, flexibility, competitive pricing and timely delivery. Specifications are provided for several series of desktop and laptop PCs with varying processor, memory, storage and display options. Additional items described include computer components, laptop bags, projectors and other electronics. Contact details are listed at the end.
The motherboard is the main circuit board in computers that connects all internal components. It determines the capabilities of the system. Some key components include the CPU, RAM slots, BIOS, and expansion slots. Common motherboard types include ATX, Micro-ATX, Mini-ITX, and E-ATX. Modern ATX motherboards offer advantages like more power phases for stable power delivery and clearance for large CPU coolers. The motherboard is the central component in a computer system.
Microsoft Corporation is a leading software and technology company headquartered in Redmond, Washington. It develops and sells the widely used Windows operating system, which has evolved over several versions from Windows 1.0 in 1985 to the current Windows 10. Microsoft also produces other popular software like Office and was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen.
The document summarizes the basic components of a computer system. It describes the logical structure, which includes the BIOS, CPU, memory, hard disk, input/output devices, and communication channels. It then discusses each component in more detail, explaining what they are, their functions, and examples of different types. The key components covered are the BIOS, CPU, memory, hard disks, motherboard, input/output interfaces, power supply, and computer case.
CIT NI221 Laboratory - Lesson 01
Fundamentals of Computer
Credit goes to Mrs. Elena Dumangas for the slide presentation. Updates and some additional info contibuted by me.
No copyright infringement intended. For educational purposes only.
Windows was developed by Microsoft and macOS was developed by Apple. Windows was first launched in 1985 while macOS was first launched in 2001. Both operating systems allow for multitasking and have strong networking capabilities. However, Windows generally has better compatibility with third-party hardware and software while macOS has stronger security features and integration with other Apple devices.
The document provides an overview of computer hardware and software components. It describes how a computer system consists of hardware, software, and data. The hardware includes components like the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input/output ports, and peripheral devices. Software includes operating systems and programs. Data is the raw information input and output of the computer. Key components like CPUs, memory types, storage media, ports, expansion boards, and input/output devices are explained.
This document defines abbreviations and terms commonly used in computing. It provides definitions for hardware components, software programs, file formats, network protocols, and other technical terms from A-Z. The definitions are brief explanations of what each term refers to in the context of computers and technology.
Threat Modelling and managed risks for medical devicesFrédéric Sagez
In the development of cybersecurity strategy that follows FDA and MDCG recommendations for the commercialization of medical imaging software devices, threat modeling helps customers to manage better risks.
This document provides instructions for creating a maintenance plan in MS SQL Server to manage database maintenance tasks such as updating statistics, reorganizing indexes, shrinking databases, and running backups. It recommends setting up standard SQL Server maintenance plans to automate these tasks. The plan outlined involves creating jobs to run cleanup stored procedures on Hopex databases, and a maintenance plan that checks database integrity, rebuilds indexes, updates statistics, shrinks databases, and generates reports on a scheduled basis.
Rendez-vous AFUP autour de "mini conférences PHP" le jeudi 26 janvier 2017, dès 18h30 dans les locaux de Deezer.
Présentation sur l'utilisation de Logs, de librairies loggers tels que Log4php, Monolog, KLogger et Analog et cas pratique d'utilisations avec des outils. (SPLUNK, KIBANA et AppDynamics)
Présentation aux équipes VSCT de la Task Force que j'ai mis en place afin de résorber toutes les problématiques lié au portail E-Commerce Junior & Cie.
Présentation de l'Architecture de Développement du projet TRANS@ctionsFrédéric Sagez
Présentation de l'Architecture de Développements ainsi que des processus de développement dans les différents environnements:
- Coeur de Métier,
- Transactions Métier,
- Portail Web,
- Web Services.
Présentation de la méthodologie Domain Driven Design.
Ce document est rattaché à la présentation http://fr.slideshare.net/fredericsagez/asfa-mthodologie-organisation
ASFA - Organisation et Méthodologie du projet COLSAFrédéric Sagez
Suite au nouveau schéma directeur pour 2016 du comité de direction, l’Association Nationale pour la Formation Automobile (OPCA basée à Sèvres qui organisme et finance les formations pour les entreprises situées dans le secteur automobile) a demandé à son service support, l’ASFA de veiller à la mise en œuvre et à la cohérence du SI pour les prochaines opérations de collecte de taxe d’apprentissage et de formation continue.
J’interviens dans le cadre de la mise en place du projet de refonte des applicatifs du SI en y apportant de la méthodologie, de l’organisation avec comme première mission d’unifier le Back Office avec les différentes entités. (ASFA, ANFA et le GNFA)
Cette présentation à pour but de décrire la futur organisation pour le développement de nouvelles applications dans le SI tout en privilégiant le Métier.
Suite au nouveau schéma directeur pour 2016 du comité de direction, l’Association Nationale pour la Formation Automobile (OPCA basée à Sèvres qui organisme et finance les formations pour les entreprises situées dans le secteur automobile) a demandé à son service support, l’ASFA de veiller à la mise en œuvre et à la cohérence du SI pour les prochaines opérations de collecte de taxe d’apprentissage et de formation continue.
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GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
2. Meetup #2 – Histoire d’O(S) du CP/M à aujourd’hui
Vincent Rivière
September 2018
Frédéric Sagez
3. A little history of the ATARI ST
Jack Tramiel - the ousted founder of Commodore - secured funding to buy Atari’s consumer
division from Warner and acquired it in July 1984 with the intent of producing a new
computer. Many engineers and executives from Commodore followed Tramiel to the new
Atari Corporation.
In 1985 Atari Corporation introduced its new 16-bit computer system called the 520ST, the
successor to the Atari 8-bit family computers at the Consumer Electronics Show in January
1985.
"ST" means Sixteen-Thirtytwo, because of the MC68000 Motorola
CPU has 16-bit data bus and 32-bit internals.
Atari licensed GEM from Digital Research which was also used on
some PCs and the Atari ST was the first personal computer with a
full color graphical user interface.
Atari ST computers run GEM on top of the TOS much as early versions of Windows ran on
top of MS-DOS. Atari developed TOS as a fast, DOS-like environment with a hierarchical file
system.
4. Hardware Specifications
PROCESSOR Motorola 68000 16/32bit @ 8 MHz. 16-bit data bus/32-bit internal/24-bit address bus
COPROCESSORS MFP 68901 for interrupt handling, Shifter for the video, GLUE and MMU for the memory, YM-2149 for the
sound
RAM 512kb (1mb for the 1040ST models)
SOUND Yamaha YM2149F with 3 voices square wave plus 1 voice white noise mono Programmable Sound Generator
DISK DRIVE Single-sided 3½ inch floppy disk drive with 360kb of capacity
1040ST had double-sided drives which had a capacity of 720kb
DISPLAY 60 Hz NTSC, 50 Hz PAL, 71.2 Hz monochrome
RESOLUTION Low Resolution - 320×200 (16 colors) with a palette of 512 colors
Medium resolution - 640×200 (4 colors)
High resolution – Mono - 640×400
PORTS TV out (on ST-M and ST-FM models, NTSC or PAL standard RF modulated)
RS-232 serial, Centronics parallel (printer)
Monitor (RGB or Composite Video colour and mono, 13-pin DIN)
Extra Disk drive port (15-pin DIN)
DMA port (ACSI port, Atari Computer System Interface) for hard disks and Atari Laser Printer
Joystick and Mouse ports (Atari standard)
MIDI "IN" and "OUT/THRU"
5. The Operating System
The TOS is stored in onboard
ROM chips, though early
versions of the Atari ST came
with TOS on floppy disks
6. About The Operating System
The operating system in the Atari ST is called TOS which simply means
"The Operating System“ - and not the “Tramiel Operating System”
The Atari ST has an extremely complex operating system consisting of
several groups of routines that comprise several different levels of
interaction with the machine
It combines the GEM GUI and the underlying GEMDOS, a DOS-like
operating system by Digital Research which originally developed GEM
as a graphic layer on top of MS-DOS
Because it’s stored on ROM chips it boots up instantly!
7. TOS - The Operating System
The ST's OS can be divided into three large groups of routines:
• BIOS, XBIOS and Line A libraries. These libraries control machine
dependent functions (like controlling the peripherals) and basic I/O.
• GEM (Graphics Environment Manager) contains two libraries, the AES
and VDI routines. GEM is responsible for the windowing environment
and the desktop that makes using the ST more intuitive. The AES is
concerned mostly with windows and dialogs, things that the user
interacts with. The VDI routines handle complex text display and high
level graphics manipulations.
• GEMDOS (GEM Disk Operating System) are the machine independent
routines for handling files and tasks (programs) and doing "high" level
I/O.
Both TOS and GEM are stored entirely in the system's ROM
8. TOS - The Operating System
AES: Application Environment Services
VDI: Virtual Device Interface
GEM: Graphics Environment
Manager
BIOS: Basic Input/Output System
LINE-A: Low-level high-speed graphics callsXBIOS: Extended BIOS (Peripherical management)
EXTENSION
GDOS: Graphics Device
Operating System
MetaDos: block-oriented
devices
GEMDOS: GEM
Disk Operating
System
Devices
10. GEM - Graphics Environment Manager
The Graphics Environment Manager is a machine independent with set
of routines that enable the programmer to use windows, dialogs, the
mouse, buttons, and sliders to interface with an end user.
GEM also allows you to present complex
graphics and output them to a number
of different devices. It is built so that
these features can be defined, accessed,
and used with a relatively small number
of routines. It also allows limited
multitasking through desk accessories.
GEMView
11. GEM - Graphics Environment Manager
The desktop uses icons to represent devices and files and has windows and
dialog boxes. The standard desktop has a trashcan and two floppy disk icons.
On the top part is a drop down menu. It changes its contents depending on
the application (much like on a Macintosh), though applications are not
required to even use the menu in which case it is removed.
TOS can execute a variety of different filetypes identified by their extensions:
o .ACC - Desktop accessory (loaded automatically)
o .PRG and .APP - Executable program (often GEM programs)
o .TOS - Programs that only uses GEMDOS and not the GEM system to work.
o .TTP - TOS Takes Parameters. Opens up a dialog box in which you can add arguments
for the program.
If the floppy is inserted into the drive when the computer boots, it will
bypass the GEM desktop and boot the program contained in an AUTO folder.
This is used by many demos and most games
13. MAC
Soft : Aladin
Hardware : Spectre GCR
Atari STF surnamed « Jackintosh »
GEMDOS which makes easy the transition from the PC to the ST and is compatible
with the DOS calls of the PC (int 21h)
IBM PC
Soft : PC DITTO
Hardware : SuperCharger
System compliance and emulations
14. Evolution of the Atari ST OS
Version Name Date Support GEMDOS AES Model
1.00 Mushroom 20.06.1985 RAM 0.13 1.01 ST
1.00 Old TOS 06.02.1986 ROM 0.13 1.20 ST/STF
1.02 Blitter 22.04.1987 ROM 0.13 1.40 MEGA/STF
1.04 Rainbow TOS 22.02.1989 ROM 0.15 1.40 MEGA/STF/STACY
1.06 STE TOS 19.06.1989 ROM 0.15 1.40 STE
1.62 STE TOS 11.01.1990 ROM 0.17 1.40 STE
1985 1990
MUSHROOM
BLITTER
RAINBOW TOS
STE TOS
OLD TOS
KAOSROM TOS
MEGA TOS
16. • Stable and not memory hungry
• The System resides in ROM and It doesn't utilize the system RAM
• It doesn't support multitasking
• Memory can be upgraded to 12mb
• The system switches the CPU time between those seven tasks if they interact with the
GEM (parallel architecture)
• The System and the keyboard supports 12 languages
• It doesn't support big logical drives (need to make several partitions)
• Atari TOS is based on GEMDOS which uses a modified FAT12 on floppies (360ko to
900ko) or FAT16 on hard disks file system (partition is about 512 MB)
• GEMDOS disc file systems can be read on PC using DOS or Windows
TOS – Pros and Cons
18. Atari TOS versions
Official TOS versions for Atari computers:
• 1985-1990: TOS 1.x (ST / STf / Mega ST / STe)
• 1990-1991: TOS 2.x (Mega STe)
• 1990-1991: TOS 3.x (TT)
• 1992-1993: TOS 4.x (Falcon)
Always fully contained in ROM
New versions mainly add support for new hardware
A few minor evolutions (XBIOS, AES, Desktop)
19. Atari TT (1990), TOS 3.06
•Up to 1280x960
in monochrome
•Also supports
640x480 16 colors
320x480 256 colors
20. Atari Falcon 030 (1992), TOS 4.04
• 640x480, VGA
• 2, 4, 16 or 256 colors
• Also supports
16-bit High-Color
in 320x240
21. TOS for Atari clones
• Medusa Computer Systems
T40 (1995), Hades 040/060 (1996)
Modified TOS 3.06
• MILAN-Computersystems GbR
Milan 040/060 (1998)
Modified TOS 4.04 (4.05 – 4.08)
Those companies got contracts with Atari
to redistribute modified TOS
22. Patched TOS binaries
• CT60 TOS by Didier Méquignon (2001-2011)
Falcon TOS 4.04 patched to support CT60/CT63/CTPCI accelerator boards:
68060 CPU, FastRAM, extension port.
Even more modified as FireTOS for the FireBee and its ColdFire processor.
• TOS 1.04 & 1.62 updates by PP (2018)
Bugfixes, improved FAT support for bigger partitions,
virtual floppy support, and much more.
23. Alternate OS: Geneva (1993) by Gribnif Software
• Cooperative
multitasking
• Best used
with NeoDesk
desktop
• Open-sourced
in 2018
24. Alternate OS: MagiC (1992) by A. Kromke, S. & W. Behne
•Preemptive
multitasking
•New desktop:
MAGXDESK
•Also available
on Mac, PC
•Successor AtariX
open-sourced
in 2018
25. But let’s go back in time
for the real revolution…
26. • Preemptive multitasking kernel
• Works on top of TOS
• Device drivers support
• Alternate file system support (MINIX, ext2, FAT32)
• Long File Names support (VFAT)
• Extends the TOS API (GEMDOS) with UNIX-like features
• Includes TCP/IP stack
MiNT: MiNT is Not TOS (1990) by Eric R. Smith
27. MiNT: Seen from ROM Desktop
•Unified U:
virtual drive
as single root
•Contains links
to partitions
•UNIX-like
pipe, proc, shm
directories
28. • Support for major compilers: Pure C, C68, GCC...
• Provide POSIX API on top of TOS/MiNT
• Translate POSIX calls at runtime
To MiNT system calls if available
Otherwise to TOS system calls
• Binaries can automatically take advantage of MiNT
features at runtime, when available.
• Most GNU / Linux software can be built out of the box
MiNTLib: C standard library
29. MiNT + MiNTLib: POSIX environment
• Translation of
paths between
DOS-like and
UNIX-like
• Example: /tmp
= u:tmp
Old MiNT setup on ST (1995)
30. Atari MultiTOS (1992)
• Atari hired Eric R. Smith
• MultiTOS = MiNT kernel
+ multitasking AES (user interface)
+ multitasking desktop
• Nice but a bit slow, needs RAM
• Mainly for high-end TT / Falcon or clones
• MiNT kernel was renamed to “MiNT is Now TOS”
32. FreeMiNT (2000…)
•Continuation of MiNT kernel, as Free Software
•Put into CVS in 2000, then Git in 2017
•Actively supported by the community
based around the MiNT Mailing List
•Automatic builds
with GitHub, Travis CI and Bintray
•Shipped with XaAES graphical user interface
33. XaAES: multitasking AES for FreeMiNT
•FreeMiNT kernel
behind the scenes
•XaAES windowed
environment
•Tera Desktop
•All of them:
Free Software
34. SpareMiNT distribution (2000~2010)
• FreeMiNT kernel
• GCC + MiNTLib
• RPM packages (Red Hat)
• Huge efforts to provide a full UNIX-like environment:
many, many Free packages, mostly from GNU/Linux.
• Can be installed with EasyMiNT installer
36. EmuTOS (2001…)
• New operating system compatible with Atari TOS
• Implemented as Free Software, GPLv2 license
• Based on open-sourced old Digital Research GEM sources
• Does not contain any code from Atari company (still copyrighted)
• Gaps were filled by the EmuTOS development team
• Reimplementation of all layers:
BIOS, GEMDOS (BDOS), VDI, AES, Desktop
• Available in many variants: ROM, PRG, floppy, cartridge…
• Supports all Atari computers, all 680x0 CPU, ColdFire CPU,
and even non-Atari hardware
39. History of GEM on PC
• 1984: Digital Research Inc.
• 1991: Novell (bought Digital Research Inc.)
• 1996: Caldera, Inc. (bought DR-DOS from Novell)
• 1998: Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. (subsidiary of Caldera, Inc.)
• 1999: Lineo (new name of Caldera Thin Clients, Inc.)
• 1999: GPL (by Caldera/Lineo)
Full history: Wikipedia
Archive (including downloads): GEM Contents
And also: John Elliott’s GEM pages, FreeGEM, OpenGEM
41. Emulators + EmuTOS + FreeMiNT
• Modern platform, TOS compatible + UNIX-like
• 100% Free Software
• Standard emulators: Hatari and Steem SSE
• Extended emulator: ARAnyM
Improved block device support
Access to host filesystem
Extended video modes
Network bridge
OS support through EmuTOS, fVDI and FreeMiNT drivers
Note : the Atari ST arrived in June 1985, the Amiga 1000 in July 1985...
GEM vous permet également de présenter des graphiques complexes et de les afficher sur différents périphériques.
Il est conçu pour que ces fonctionnalités puissent être définies, consultées et utilisées avec un nombre relativement restreint de routines.
Il permet également le multitâche limité grâce aux accessoires de bureau.
« Jackinstosh » - System 6.0.3
Questions :
Qui est la première et la dernière version du TOS pour le ST ?
Ceux qui ne sont pas de vrai TOS ?
Lequel est un TOS non officiel ?
You can have up to 16 logical drives, 14 of them can be hard disk partitions. Each one is limited to 32766 data clusters, up to 16384 bytes each. It means, that the maximum capacity of a partition is about 512 MB.
// = cela signifie, en gros que les différents coprocesseurs agissent parallèlement les uns aux autres.
Ils ont de ce fait des rapports directs et peuvent communiquer sans passer par le chef, le 68000 !
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