This document discusses interrupts in microprocessors and provides examples of their use. It defines an interrupt as an event that temporarily halts normal program execution to service another event, like an I/O device requiring attention. Interrupts provide an alternative to polling that allows a CPU to serve multiple devices simultaneously. The document then gives examples of using interrupts to control a robot's movement in response to sensors as compared to polling, and provides overviews of DOS and BIOS interrupts for I/O functions like reading keyboards, displaying to screens, and communicating with serial ports.
Pipelining is an speed up technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution on a processor. It is an important topic in Computer Architecture.
This slide try to relate the problem with real life scenario for easily understanding the concept and show the major inner mechanism.
Pipelining is an speed up technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution on a processor. It is an important topic in Computer Architecture.
This slide try to relate the problem with real life scenario for easily understanding the concept and show the major inner mechanism.
Memory reference instructions used in computer architecture is well demonstrated with examples. It will probably help you understand each referencing instructions.
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
Memory reference instructions used in computer architecture is well demonstrated with examples. It will probably help you understand each referencing instructions.
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
Customizable Microprocessor design on Nexys 3 Spartan FPGA BoardBharat Biyani
- Designed a 4 stage pipelined, 16-bit customizable microprocessor in VHDL which can execute instructions (direct & memory mapped addressing modes), handle interrupts (IVT based), communicate with IO devices including keyboard and VGA monitor and facilitates with a single port BLOCK RAM for Stack, Instruction , Data & IVT memory. Keyboard and VGA controller provides input-output interface gives user flexibility of keying in the instructions through Keyboard that is interfaced with Nexys 3 through USB 2.0; VGA interface to display the output. Keyboard and VGA controllers are also coded in VHDL.
- Implemented the VHDL code on Nexys 3 Spartan FPGA board which involved simulation, synthesis and bit file generation using Xilinx ISE,programming the FPGA with Digilent Adept.
- Employed the debug mode to make the design more user friendly
Best-embedded-corporate-training-in-mumbaiUnmesh Baile
Vibrant Technologies is headquarterd in Mumbai,India.We are the best Embedded System training provider in Navi Mumbai who provides Live Projects to students.We provide Corporate Training also.We are Best Embedded System Programming classes in Mumbai according to our students and corporators
This slide deals with the Input-Output Channel of an IBM 370 computer. It includes three Block diagrams of the I-O channels as well as the Memory Unit with the Description of each and every diagrams.
Interrupts are particularly useful when interfacing I/O devices that provide or require data at relatively low data transfer rates .
If the person using the keyboard typed one character per second. The software of the Processors waited an entire second between each key stroke for the person to type another key .
Embedded Application : An Autonomous Robot or Line Follower BotEr. Raju Bhardwaj
This ppt describe the how to make a "Autonomous Robot" based on "Embedded Application". its also describe how to work on AVR Micro controller and software uses for it in sample and effective way.
we can make at home an autonomous robot or line following robot with the help of this ppt.
Origin of Microprocessor and Classification of Microprocessor Vijay Kumar
This Presentation have information about the topics are
Microprocessors evolution,
Introduction to 8085,
Basic terms,
Types of Processors,
Microprocessor Based System,
Origin of Microprocessor,
Classification of Microprocessor,
Memory,
Input and Output Devices and
Technological Improvements on Microprocessor.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
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In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
2. When your phone rings during a lecture, what will happen?
When you are studying then your cell phone rings – what will you do?
When you finish talking on the phone then you will continue with
your study
Now your phone rings again and someone also knocking at your door
then what will you do?
When being interrupted, you will perform some pre-defined action
Interrupt has priority – some interrupt is more important than the
others. For example, asking your phone is more important than opening
the door
3. Introduction
An interrupt is used to cause a temporary halt in the execution of
program.
The meaning of ‘interrupts’ is to break the sequence of operation.
While the Microprocessor is executing a program, an ‘interrupt’
breaks the normal sequence of execution of instructions, diverts
its execution to some other program called Interrupt Service
Routine (ISR).
After executing ISR, IRET returns the control back again to
the main program. Interrupt processing is an alternative to
polling.
4. Need for Interrupt:
Interrupts are particularly useful when interfacing I/O
devices, that provide or require data at relatively low data
transfer rate.
Three types of interrupts sources are there:
1. An external signal applied to NMI or INTR input pin( hardware
interrupt)
2. Execution of Interrupt instruction( software interrupt)
3. Interrupt raised due to some error condition produced in 8086
instruction execution process. ( divide by zero, overflow errors
etc)
Sources of Interrupts:
5. Use of interrupt
How to get key typed in the keyboard or a keypad?
Polling :-
The CPU executes a program that check for the available of
data If a key is pressed then read the data, otherwise keep waiting
or looping!!!
Interrupt:-
The CPU executes other program, as soon as a key is pressed,
the Keyboard generates an interrupt. The CPU will response to the
interrupt – read the data. After that returns to the original program.
So by proper use of interrupt, the CPU can serve many devices at the
“same time”
6. Polling Vs Interrupt
The keyboard controller can hold only a single keystroke.
Therefore, the keyboard controller must be freed before the next
keystroke arrives.
The keystroke is passed to the CPU by putting it in the
keyboard buffer. So, the keyboard controller keeps on passing the
keystroke input to the CPU,
but how does the CPU attend to it?
The CPU is not at the disposal of the keyboard controller; it is
usually busy doing several other operations. So, we need
some mechanism to indicate to the CPU that a keystroke has
arrived. How is this done? There are two approaches to making
sure that the CPU pays attention:
Polling-based
Interrupt-based
8. Figure 2: Polling-based interrupt handling
Polling
The CPU executes a program that check for the
available of data If a key is pressed then read the data,
otherwise keep waiting or looping!!!
10. Interrupt-based approach
Interrupt-based systems
The CPU executes other program, as soon as a key is
pressed, the Keyboard generates an interrupt. The CPU
will response to the interrupt – read the data. After
that returns to the original program. So by proper use
of interrupt, the CPU can serve many devices at the
“same time”
11. Example of interrupt
How to control a robot that has sensors to detect
obstacles and makes a turn
Controlling a robot by using Polling & Interrupt
12. Interrupt
Keeping moving until interrupted by the sensor
Interrupt received then do pre-defined operation
After finishing the interrupt service return to normal
operation i.e keep moving forward again
Polling
Move forward in a pre-defined unit
Check sensor reading
Do nothing if no obstacle or turn if obstacle detected
Loop back and move forward again
13. Polling Vs Interrupt Control of a robot
Move forward
Check sensor
Y
Stop or turn
Move forward
interrupt
N
57. 8086 INTERRUPT TYPES
256 INTERRUPTS OF 8086 ARE DIVIDED IN TO 3 GROUPS
1. TYPE 0 TO TYPE 4 INTERRUPTS-
These Are Used For Fixed Operations And Hence Are Called
Dedicated Interrupts
2. TYPE 5 TO TYPE 31 INTERRUPTS
Not Used By 8086,reserved For Higher Processors Like 80286
80386 Etc
3. TYPE 32 TO 255 INTERRUPTS
Available For User, called User Defined Interrupts These Can
Be H/W Interrupts And Activated Through Intr Line Or Can Be
S/W Interrupts.
58. Type – 0 Divide Error Interrupt
Quotient Is Large Cant Be Fit In Al/Ax Or Divide By Zero
Type –1 Single Step Interrupt
Used For Executing The Program In Single Step Mode By Setting Trap Flag
To Set Trap Flag PUSHF
MOV BP,SP
OR [BP+0],0100H;SET BIT8
POPF
Type – 2 Non Maskable Interrupt
This Interrupt Is Used For Executing Isr Of Nmi Pin (Positive Egde Signal). Nmi
Cant Be Masked By S/W
Type – 3 Break Point Interrupt
Used For Providing Break Points In The Program
Type – 4 Over Flow Interrupt
Used To Handle Any Overflow Error After Signed Arithmetic
61. INT 21h is provided by DOS. When MS-DOS is loaded into the
computer, INT 21H can be invoked to perform some extremely useful
functions. These functions are commonly referred to as DOS INT 21H
function calls. Data input and output through the keyboard and
monitor are the most commonly used functions. Below are two
examples that use DOS interrupts.
1. Display the message defined with variable DATA_ASC DB ‘the
earth is but one country’,’$’
MOV AH,09 ;option 9 to display string of data
MOV DX, OFFSET DATA_ASC ;DX= offset address of data
INT 21H ; invoke the interrupt
2. Inputting a single character, with echo.
MOV AH, 01 ;option 01 to input one character
INT 21H ;invoke the interrupt
DOS interrupts
62. DOS (Disk Operating System) Interrupts
1. Function Call 01: Read The Key Board
Input Parameter Ah = 01 Read A Character From Keyboard.
Echo It On CRO Screen and Return The ASCII Code Of The Key
Pressed in Al Output Parameter: Al = ASCII Code Of Character
2. Function Call 02h: Display On CRT Screen
Input Parameter: Ah = 02
Dl = ASCII Character To Be Displayed On CRT Screen
3. Function Call 03: Read Character From Com1
Input Parameter: Ah = 03h
Function: Reads Data From Com Port
Output Parameter: Al = ASCII Code Of Character
4. Function Call 04: Write Character To Com1
Input Parameter: Ah = 04h Dl = ASCII Code Of Character To
Be Transmitted
Function: Writes Data To Com Port
63. DOS INTERRUPTS
5. Function Call 05: Write To Lpt1
Input Parameter: Al = 05H
Dl = Ascii Code Of Character To Be Printted
Function: Print The Character Available In Dl On Printer Attached To Lpt1
6. Function Call 09: Display A Character String
Input Parameter: Ah = 09,ds:dx= Address Of Character String
Function: Displays The Characters Available In The String To Crt Till A $
7. Function Call 0ah: Buffered Key Board Input
Input Parameter: Ah = 0ah
Ds:dx = Address Of Keyboard Input Buffer
Function: The ASCII Codes Of The Characters Received From Keyboard
Are Stored In Keyboard Buffer From 3rd Byte. 1st Byte Of Buffer =
Size Of Buffer Upto 255. It Receives The Characters Till
Specified No.Of Characters Are Received Or Enter Key
Is Presses Which Ever Is Earlier
64. INT 10H subroutines are burned into the ROM BIOS of the
8086 based and compatibles and are used to communicate with the
computer user screen video. Much of the manipulation of screen text
or graphics is done through INT 10H. Among them are changing the
color of characters or background, clearing screen, and changing the
locations of cursor. Below are two examples that use BIOS interrupts.
1. Clearing the screen:
MOV AX, 0600H ;scroll entire screen
MOV BH, 07 ;normal attribute
MOV CX, 0000 ;start at 00,00
MOV DX, 184FH ;end at 18, 4F
INT 10H ;invoke the interrupt
BIOS interrupt
65. BIOS (Basic Input/output System) INTERRUPTS
INT 10h:Video Service Interrupt
It Controls The Video Display
(a) Function Call 00: Select Video Mode
Input Parameter: Al = Mode Number
Ah = 00h
Function: It Changes The Display Mode And Clears The Screen
Al = 00 40 X 25 Black And White
Al = 04 320 X 200 Color
Al = 10h 640 X 350 X 16 Color
(b) FUNCTION CALL 03: READ CURSOR POSITION
Input Parameter: Ah = 03
Bh = Page Number
Function: Reads Cursor Position On Screen
Output Parameters: Ch = Starting Line
Cl = Ending Line
Dh = Current Row
Dl = Current Column
66. BIOS INTERRUPTS
( C) Function Call 0E:Write Character On CRT Screen And Advance Cursor
Input Parameter:Ah = 0eh
Al = ASCII Code Of The Character
Bh = Page(text Mode)
Bl = Color(graphics)
Function: Display Character Available In Al On Screen
INT 11h: Determine The Type Of Equipment Installed. Register Ax Should Contain
FFFFh And Instruction INT 11h To Be Executed. On Return, Register Ax Will
Indicate The Equipments Attached To Computer
INT14h: Control The Serial Communication Port Attached To The Computer. Ah
Should Contain The Function Call
(a) Function Call 00:initialize The Com Port
(b) Function Call 01: Send A Character
(c) Function Call 02:receive A Character
INT 16h: Keyboard Interrupt
Ah Should Contain The Function Call
(a) Function Call 00: Read Keyboard Character, It Will Return Ascii Code Of The
Character
(b) Function Call 01: Get Key Board Status