Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a lightweight concrete building material cut
into masonry blocks or formed larger planks and panels. Aerated concrete is relatively
homogeneous when compared to normal concrete, as it does not contain coarse aggregate
phase, yet shows vast variation in its properties. The properties of aerated concrete depend on
its microstructure (void± paste system) and composition, which are influenced by the type of
binder used, methods of pore-formation and curing. Although aerated concrete was initially
envisaged as a good insulation material, there has been renewed interest in its structural
characteristics in view of its lighter weight, savings in material and potential for large scale
utilization of wastes like pulverized fuel ash. Many researchers have been done in the last few
years however a deeper understanding is still needed to improve the quality of autoclaved
aerated block in the construction industry by studying the current market behavior. The aim
of this study is to get the latest information and to identify the key factors that affect on
autoclaved aerated block. Data’s are collected through questionnaires and distributed to
respondents who work on various projects in wide areas in the charotar region of central
Gujarat. Respondents were required to rate and analyze using their experience and the factors
were identified from past researches, which affects the project performance and then the level
is measured based on their effect. The data collected are analyzed using Microsoft Excel or
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics 17.0) software which is analytical
software.
My research is focused on the development and characterization of stimuli (e.g. electric field/magnetic field) responsive smart polymeric materials.
I worked with dielectric elastomer (e.g. VHB F9473PC, VHB 4905 , PDMS) to yield electric field actuated smart structures. Then I started working with PVDF-based polymers . My study includes lab scale casting of thin films, electrical & mechanical characterization of polymer/elastomer, realization of smart structures using electroactive polymers(EAPs) and analytical modelling of smart materials.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.
11(4) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articlesdrboon
Research papers 2020 Behavioral finance; Personality traits; Behavioral factors; Overconfidence bias; Locus of control; Decision-making; Biased behavior Carbon (CO2) emissions; Economic Growth; Energy consumption; Trade; ARDL Approach; Granger Causality; Energy use Pedestrian start-up time; Street crosswalk, Pedestrian traffic signals; Pedestrians traffic lights; zebra crossings; Intersection crossings Service Attributes; Relationship quality; Relationship outcomes; Banking services; Electronic Customer Relationship Management; Virtual relationships; eBanking; eCRM College town landscape; College town character; Campus community; Urban identity; College town space; Sense of a place; Public Space; University gardens; Cultural identity; Campus identity; Businesses in college towns Emotional quotient; Self-emotional appraisal; Workplace Advice Network (WAN) Centrality; Service Sector Organizations; Sociometric matrix; Interconnectivity of nodes
My research is focused on the development and characterization of stimuli (e.g. electric field/magnetic field) responsive smart polymeric materials.
I worked with dielectric elastomer (e.g. VHB F9473PC, VHB 4905 , PDMS) to yield electric field actuated smart structures. Then I started working with PVDF-based polymers . My study includes lab scale casting of thin films, electrical & mechanical characterization of polymer/elastomer, realization of smart structures using electroactive polymers(EAPs) and analytical modelling of smart materials.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.
11(4) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articlesdrboon
Research papers 2020 Behavioral finance; Personality traits; Behavioral factors; Overconfidence bias; Locus of control; Decision-making; Biased behavior Carbon (CO2) emissions; Economic Growth; Energy consumption; Trade; ARDL Approach; Granger Causality; Energy use Pedestrian start-up time; Street crosswalk, Pedestrian traffic signals; Pedestrians traffic lights; zebra crossings; Intersection crossings Service Attributes; Relationship quality; Relationship outcomes; Banking services; Electronic Customer Relationship Management; Virtual relationships; eBanking; eCRM College town landscape; College town character; Campus community; Urban identity; College town space; Sense of a place; Public Space; University gardens; Cultural identity; Campus identity; Businesses in college towns Emotional quotient; Self-emotional appraisal; Workplace Advice Network (WAN) Centrality; Service Sector Organizations; Sociometric matrix; Interconnectivity of nodes
ITJEMAST5(2): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
An After-Stay Satisfaction Survey of Residents Living in Prefabricated Concrete Structures in Thailand
Hydrothermal Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Water Hyacinth for Electrochemical Capacitors Electrodes
Group Technology Paves the Road for Automation
Effect of Laser Priming on accumulation of Free Proline in Spring Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) under Salinity Stress
Livable Public Open Space for Citizen’s Quality of Life in Medan, Indonesia
October 2021: Top Read Articles in Soft Computingijsc
Soft computing is likely to play an important role in science and engineering in the future. The successful applications of soft computing and the rapid growth suggest that the impact of soft computing will be felt increasingly in coming years. Soft Computing encourages the integration of soft computing techniques and tools into both everyday and advanced applications. This Open access peer-reviewed journal serves as a platform that fosters new applications for all scientists and engineers engaged in research and development in this fast growing field.
March 2021: Top Read Articles in Soft Computingijsc
Soft computing is likely to play an important role in science and engineering in the future. The successful applications of soft computing and the rapid growth suggest that the impact of soft computing will be felt increasingly in coming years. Soft Computing encourages the integration of soft computing techniques and tools into both everyday and advanced applications. This Open access peer-reviewed journal serves as a platform that fosters new applications for all scientists and engineers engaged in research and development in this fast growing field.
Educational Data Mining is a growing trend in case of higher education. The quality of the Educational
Institute may be enhanced through discovering hidden knowledge from the student databases/ data
warehouses. Present paper is designed to carry out a comparative study with the TDC (Three Year Degree)
Course students of different colleges affiliated to Dibrugarh University. The study is conducted with major
subject wise, gender wise and category/caste wise. The experimental results may be visualized with
Scatterplot3D, Bubble Plot, Fit Y by X, Run Chart, Control Chart etc. of the SAS JMP Software.
A VALUE ADDED STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAWMATERIA...A Makwana
Engineering structures are composed of materials. These materials are known as
engineering materials. It is necessary for an engineer to become conversant with the
properties of such materials. The service condition of buildings demand a wide range of
materials and various properties are to be studied before making final selection of any
building material for a particular use. Various building materials form the living environment
of human beings, which reflects the cultural and scientific features of each era, becoming an
important symbol of humans’ material civilization. Building materials develop with the
improvement of the productivity and living standards. Variety of materials are used for
building construction. Strength and stability of any building depends upon construction
material. Building construction cost includes cost of material. As per type of finishing
material and interior decoration this cost may extend up to 55% or more. Generally locally
and easily available materials are used in construction work. Transportation cost of material
may increase the cost of material.
INGENIOUS STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAW MATERIALS ...A Makwana
In the field of construction and particularly in civil engineering, raw materials are
essentially perceived as bonding additives. A basic function of civil and construction
engineering is to provide and maintain the infrastructure needs of society. The infrastructure
includes buildings, water treatment and distribution systems, waste water removal and
processing, dams, and highway and airport bridges and pavements. Although some civil and
construction engineers are involved in the planning process, most are concerned with the
design, construction, and maintenance of facilities. The common denominator among these
responsibilities is the need to understand the behavior and performance of materials.
Although not all civil and construction engineers need to be material specialists, a basic
understanding of the material selection process, and the behavior of materials, is a
fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing design,
construction, and maintenance.
A STUDY ON READY MIXED CONCRETE USING INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST THROUGH SPSS ...A Makwana
The Indian Construction industry has been traditionally labour oriented. The pace of
mechanization in the past was very slow due to the availability of cheap and abundant labour,
lack of capital investment and highly fragmented nature of the construction sector. The Ready
Mixed Concrete is a dynamic resource for the construction industry, which must periodically
re-evaluate its position in relation to the economy, the nation, local industry, and especially
with the customer. Highly-developed economies bring changes in market conditions. A
change which has been occurring is the change from a product to a service-related market.
This change occurs earlier in mass consumer products and lags behind in more static products
like those in the construction industry. This conversion from product to service is taking
place now in the construction industry. The Ready Mixed Concrete Industry has traditionally
made its profit for Infrastructural development. Objective of this research paper is to prove
that Ready Mixed Concrete utilization is beneficial compare to Conventional Mixed Concrete
in Charotar Region of Central Gujarat. During this research work various factors interrelated
to Ready Mixed Concrete are being identified and converted into questionnaire to carry out
surveys. Software like Microsoft Excel and SPSS Statistics (Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences) are adopted to evaluate the responses collected from the people by Independent-
Samples T Test.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
UNIFIED APPROACH FOR ENHANCING READY MIXED CONCRETE UTILITY BY ANALYTIC HIERA...A Makwana
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is very useful in involving several decisionmakers
with different conflicting objectives to arrive at a consensus decision. This method
was developed by Dr. Thomas L. Saaty in 1970s as a tool to help with solving technical and
managerial problems. Concrete is a mixture of three basic ingredients: sand, gravel (crushed
stone) and cement, as well as chemical compounds known as admixtures. Combining this
mixture with water causes the cement to undergo an exothermic chemical reaction called
hydration, turning cement into a hard paste that binds the sand and gravel together. Ready
Mixed Concrete: Concrete which is mixed with water at a plant and transported directly to a
construction site. Ready Mixed is a perishable product that needs to be delivered within an
hour and a half before it becomes too stiff to be workable. Concrete is also very cheap for its
weight. Present Approach of Ready Mixed Concrete selection has certain shortcomings.
Present Approach does not consider multiple objectives and not collect sufficient data to
evaluate the Ready Mixed Concrete. These shortcomings were improved by application of
scientific technique such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).
ITJEMAST5(2): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
An After-Stay Satisfaction Survey of Residents Living in Prefabricated Concrete Structures in Thailand
Hydrothermal Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Water Hyacinth for Electrochemical Capacitors Electrodes
Group Technology Paves the Road for Automation
Effect of Laser Priming on accumulation of Free Proline in Spring Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) under Salinity Stress
Livable Public Open Space for Citizen’s Quality of Life in Medan, Indonesia
October 2021: Top Read Articles in Soft Computingijsc
Soft computing is likely to play an important role in science and engineering in the future. The successful applications of soft computing and the rapid growth suggest that the impact of soft computing will be felt increasingly in coming years. Soft Computing encourages the integration of soft computing techniques and tools into both everyday and advanced applications. This Open access peer-reviewed journal serves as a platform that fosters new applications for all scientists and engineers engaged in research and development in this fast growing field.
March 2021: Top Read Articles in Soft Computingijsc
Soft computing is likely to play an important role in science and engineering in the future. The successful applications of soft computing and the rapid growth suggest that the impact of soft computing will be felt increasingly in coming years. Soft Computing encourages the integration of soft computing techniques and tools into both everyday and advanced applications. This Open access peer-reviewed journal serves as a platform that fosters new applications for all scientists and engineers engaged in research and development in this fast growing field.
Educational Data Mining is a growing trend in case of higher education. The quality of the Educational
Institute may be enhanced through discovering hidden knowledge from the student databases/ data
warehouses. Present paper is designed to carry out a comparative study with the TDC (Three Year Degree)
Course students of different colleges affiliated to Dibrugarh University. The study is conducted with major
subject wise, gender wise and category/caste wise. The experimental results may be visualized with
Scatterplot3D, Bubble Plot, Fit Y by X, Run Chart, Control Chart etc. of the SAS JMP Software.
A VALUE ADDED STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAWMATERIA...A Makwana
Engineering structures are composed of materials. These materials are known as
engineering materials. It is necessary for an engineer to become conversant with the
properties of such materials. The service condition of buildings demand a wide range of
materials and various properties are to be studied before making final selection of any
building material for a particular use. Various building materials form the living environment
of human beings, which reflects the cultural and scientific features of each era, becoming an
important symbol of humans’ material civilization. Building materials develop with the
improvement of the productivity and living standards. Variety of materials are used for
building construction. Strength and stability of any building depends upon construction
material. Building construction cost includes cost of material. As per type of finishing
material and interior decoration this cost may extend up to 55% or more. Generally locally
and easily available materials are used in construction work. Transportation cost of material
may increase the cost of material.
INGENIOUS STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAW MATERIALS ...A Makwana
In the field of construction and particularly in civil engineering, raw materials are
essentially perceived as bonding additives. A basic function of civil and construction
engineering is to provide and maintain the infrastructure needs of society. The infrastructure
includes buildings, water treatment and distribution systems, waste water removal and
processing, dams, and highway and airport bridges and pavements. Although some civil and
construction engineers are involved in the planning process, most are concerned with the
design, construction, and maintenance of facilities. The common denominator among these
responsibilities is the need to understand the behavior and performance of materials.
Although not all civil and construction engineers need to be material specialists, a basic
understanding of the material selection process, and the behavior of materials, is a
fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing design,
construction, and maintenance.
A STUDY ON READY MIXED CONCRETE USING INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST THROUGH SPSS ...A Makwana
The Indian Construction industry has been traditionally labour oriented. The pace of
mechanization in the past was very slow due to the availability of cheap and abundant labour,
lack of capital investment and highly fragmented nature of the construction sector. The Ready
Mixed Concrete is a dynamic resource for the construction industry, which must periodically
re-evaluate its position in relation to the economy, the nation, local industry, and especially
with the customer. Highly-developed economies bring changes in market conditions. A
change which has been occurring is the change from a product to a service-related market.
This change occurs earlier in mass consumer products and lags behind in more static products
like those in the construction industry. This conversion from product to service is taking
place now in the construction industry. The Ready Mixed Concrete Industry has traditionally
made its profit for Infrastructural development. Objective of this research paper is to prove
that Ready Mixed Concrete utilization is beneficial compare to Conventional Mixed Concrete
in Charotar Region of Central Gujarat. During this research work various factors interrelated
to Ready Mixed Concrete are being identified and converted into questionnaire to carry out
surveys. Software like Microsoft Excel and SPSS Statistics (Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences) are adopted to evaluate the responses collected from the people by Independent-
Samples T Test.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
UNIFIED APPROACH FOR ENHANCING READY MIXED CONCRETE UTILITY BY ANALYTIC HIERA...A Makwana
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is very useful in involving several decisionmakers
with different conflicting objectives to arrive at a consensus decision. This method
was developed by Dr. Thomas L. Saaty in 1970s as a tool to help with solving technical and
managerial problems. Concrete is a mixture of three basic ingredients: sand, gravel (crushed
stone) and cement, as well as chemical compounds known as admixtures. Combining this
mixture with water causes the cement to undergo an exothermic chemical reaction called
hydration, turning cement into a hard paste that binds the sand and gravel together. Ready
Mixed Concrete: Concrete which is mixed with water at a plant and transported directly to a
construction site. Ready Mixed is a perishable product that needs to be delivered within an
hour and a half before it becomes too stiff to be workable. Concrete is also very cheap for its
weight. Present Approach of Ready Mixed Concrete selection has certain shortcomings.
Present Approach does not consider multiple objectives and not collect sufficient data to
evaluate the Ready Mixed Concrete. These shortcomings were improved by application of
scientific technique such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON IMPORTANCES OF FLY-ASH BRICKS AND CLAY BRICKS IN CONST...A Makwana
With the change of habits, choice as well as the change of the society the demand of Fly- Ash Bricks are gradually
increasing day by day in the metropolitan cities. Fly-ash bricks are slow but surely replacing conventional clay bricks for
constructions. It is green and environmentally friendly material. The fly ash bricks are comparatively lighter in weight and
stronger and less costly than common clay bricks. Fly- ash Bricks is low value and high volume product and transporting it
over long distances is uneconomical. But due to less awareness of fly ash bricks the different agencies of the construction
wing using clay bricks. This research paper presents a comparison of fly-ash bricks and clay bricks. Based on Fly-ash
bricks and clay bricks data collected, then analysis can be done by using statistical methods (SPSS SOFTWARE).Such a
research study may prove to be beneficial to all the agencies involved in construction and also act as a foundation for future
research studies.
Design and Analysis of Prosthetic Foot using Additive Manufacturing TechniqueYogeshIJTSRD
Prosthetic feet are designed for an individuals foot at a particular activity level. Prosthetic foot is a style for people that cannot walk, the performance is basically cosmetic. For people who square measure most actively, a prosthetic foot should mimic a traditional foot throughout the act of walking. The fabric for prosthetic feet varies by varied use of foot and by varied application. Wood, plastic and foam are sometimes found in feet designed for people who have low activity levels and need stability. Carbon fiber feet meet the purposeful wants for shock absorption and energy potency, and square measure light weight further. a variety of metals square measure used for prosthetic limbs Al, Titanium, Magnesium, Copper, Steel, and lots of additional. titanium was discovered within the late eighteenth century. Its a typical metal used for medical and engineering applications due to its several favorable properties. its sensible strength to weight quantitative relation, guck strength to density quantitative relation, glorious corrosion resistance, density and its light weight. So, perform static and model analysis on existing prosthetic foot to seek out stresses, total deformation. Then replace the fabric with the 3D printing additive producing technique. And find out the analysis result and compare the prevailing. Then experimental testing may be carried out to validate the result. Mr. Akshay Dashrath Mule | Prof. Dr. P. M. Bagade "Design and Analysis of Prosthetic Foot using Additive Manufacturing Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45044.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/45044/design-and-analysis-of-prosthetic-foot-using-additive-manufacturing-technique/mr-akshay-dashrath-mule
The VIKOR (the Serbian name is ‘Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno
Resenje’ which means multi-criteria optimization (MCO) and compromise solution) method
was mainly established by Zeleny (2002) and later advocated by Opricovic and Tzeng (2004;
2007). Concrete is the most widely used composite construction material. Ready mixed
concrete can enhance the speed of construction and improve the quality of concrete
components. The enormous advances in concrete technology now make it possible to obtain
Ready Mixed Concrete with high strengths. The constituent materials of Ready Mixed
Concrete (RMC), especially the fine aggregate, play a very important role for imparting
better properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened state. Quality of construction is the
most important aspect under consideration in the construction sector. Factory manufactured
items always play a vital role in the quality of products. Ready Mixed Concrete is a major
part of any concrete construction project. It is a convenient and efficient tool for building.
The concrete is delivered to the site mixed and ready to be cast which saves time and money.
Human body blockage effect on wireless network performance for outdoor coverageIJECEIAES
The rapid development in the field of communications and growing numbers of the population every year stimulate telecommunications companies to develop communications systems to accommodate all users. In this paper, we will study the blockage effect of the student body on the propagation of the signals in the external wireless network. We took various numbers of the student density on the campus to know the extent it affects especially in crowded environments. The student body structure and buildings are designed in the college according to the real dimensions by Wireless InSite software. We compared scenarios for the different numbers of student density, we noticed that whenever an increase in the student density in the college will lead to increased path loss and delay spread time. In addition, note there is a gradual decrease in the received power (RP) if there is no student density highest RP is -28.2 dBm, when there are 300 students highest RP is -34.7 dBm, and when there are 600 students highest RP is -36.5 dBm. The reasons are that signals path spread inside the college will be passing through several collisions whether student body blockage or buildings that are built from different materials.
June 2020: Top Download Articles in Advanced Computational Intelligenceaciijournal
Advanced Computational Intelligence: An International Journal (ACII) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of computational intelligence. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced computational intelligence concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Soft Computing: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block using Chi-Square Test throu...A Makwana
Achieving an economy in Construction nowadays takes a lot of effort. Various researches are being made to improve the quality of Concrete block so that it can achieve high strength in low weight. One such product was invented known as an Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block. Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block is attributed with properties such as a load-bearing, lightweight, high-insulating, and durable. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block consists of basic materials that are widely available including Sand, Cement, Fly Ash, Lime, Gypsum, Aluminium Powder Paste, Water and an Expansion agent. The major volume in Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) is covered by silica sand and it is one of the world’s most abundant natural resources. The finished product is up to five times the volume of the raw materials used, with an air content of 70% to 80% which makes them lightweight. The effort is made to fulfil the framed objective of this analytical research is to study, Engineer, Consultants and Trader’s perceptions towards the use of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block in construction projects and to analyse, the data collected as per questionnaire survey of targeted respondents study. This objective was achieved by a deriving conclusion about whether the AAC blocks are much better than clay bricks or not, by soft computing. The soft computing was done using one of the Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS) method. i.e. Chi-square test. Required data for the study was collected through questionnaires that were distributed among the respondents who work at various construction projects. Mainly Engineers, Consultants, Traders and Contractors were selected as a respondent to getting efficient and reliable technical data. Result of the survey proved that the AAC block are better compare to the clay bricks.
Poster Presentation: An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concret...A Makwana
An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concrete utility using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISING IMPORTANCE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ADOPTIO...A Makwana
In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to
availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour
why mainly focus of this area is taken into
consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index
technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are
produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric
components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as
toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach
is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute
to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected
factors of modular construction.
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUESA Makwana
Although buildings are often constructed using flexible materials, roof and
structural expansion joints are required when plan dimensions are large. It is not possible to
state exact requirements relative to distances between expansion joints because of the many
variables involved, such as ambient temperatures during construction and the expected
temperature range during the life of a building. Expansion joints are periodic breaks in the
structure of the buildings. An expansion joint is a gap in the building structure provided by
an architect or engineer to allow for the movement of the building due to temperature
changes. An expansion joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced
expansion and contraction of various construction materials. They are commonly found
between sections of slabs, bridges, and other structures. The “assembly” can be as simple as
a caulked separation between two sections of the same materials. More recently, expansion
joints have been included in the design of, or added to existing, brick exterior walls for
similar purposes. In concrete and concrete block construction, the term applied is “control
joint,” but serves similar purposes. Throughout the year, building faces and concrete slabs
will expand and contract due to the warming and cooling of our planet through the seasons.
The structures would crack under the stress of thermal expansion and contraction if
expansion joint gaps were not built into the structures. Even today the expansion joint gaps
are often neglected during the design process, and simple caulking is used to fill these gaps
to complete a project. This simple caulking cannot handle the thermal expansion due to the
changing seasons, ultimately leaving a leak point in the structure. This expansion joint
becomes the main source of leakages in the structure which can ruin the interiors of the
building if not sealed or treated confidently. Waterproofing these joints often an overlooked
aspect of waterproofing design and detailing.
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACHA Makwana
Every civil engineering structure is designed for a certain life period generally 100 years. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous and unstable, which may cause a severe impact and be a cause of many deaths. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. Before any demolition of any type is employed in an area, it is vital that the rescue phase has ended completely. The rescue teams must have given clear information to the contractors that their rescue phase is finished in the selected area, since any demolition work carried out may reveal survivors. Such situations are highly sensitive and must be respected. A major disaster has an economic effect on the local region since the loss of buildings, lifelines and infrastructure results in a slump in the local economy. It is therefore important to boost the economy by employing as much local expertise and workforce as possible. This creates a unity in rehabilitation in the community and results in a more stable recovery. Due to this scenario, the demolition work should be carried out by a consortium, especially set up to do the work rather than commissioning the work to individual companies. This consortium must be set up in regions of high seismic risk to ensure rapid formation after a disaster. This will combat the eventual competitiveness of the large financial investors in the community which could result in a monopoly controlled by certain individuals. It would therefore be preferable to have a local demolition joint-venture to generate the needed local income after a disaster. There will, however, be a certain need for outside managerial and consultancy aid, especially in the developing countries, and this must be acknowledged and respected. The cooperation with the outside aid must be extensive and at a high level in conjunction with the local representatives so as to maintain as much of the local culture and style as possible. The outside consultants must be cautious when introducing major resources, such as machinery, into the post-disaster phases since this may be seen as taking work away from local resources.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYA Makwana
Termites popularly known as white ants cause considerable damage to wood works,
furnishing etc. of buildings. The Latin name Isoptera means "equal wing" and refers to the
fact that the front set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shape to the hind
set. Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different
looking individuals (castes). There are more than 2,500 different types of termites in the world.
In some country the loss caused due to termites is estimated to be as high as 10% of the capital
outlay of the building. Anti-termite treatment is therefore necessary so that damages are either
reduced or stopped together. Through regular inspections, a termite specialist can help
identify common hot spots for activity and warning signs for a termite infestation, plus share
tips to help keep termites at bay. Termites can fit through cracks as thin as an average business
card (1/32 inch) so proper maintenance is crucial to seal up any gaps around the foundation
and roof/eaves. To identify the termite and its uniqueness, the life cycle of termite is necessary
to understand. Anti- termites are used to combat the problem. There are combinations of
methods depending on what sort of damage is done by the termites. The treatment has to be
implemented at the time of construction for effective and permanent solution.
INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF TODAYS WORLDA Makwana
A building that uses both technology and process to create a facility that is safe,
healthy and comfortable and enables productivity and well-being of its occupants. With lots
of energy crisis in today‟s world now it‟s important for architects, engineers and construction
managers to make buildings which are energy efficient and intelligent by its functions and as
well as its usage, too. Technologies applied in intelligent buildings will improve the building
environment and functionality for occupants, while reducing operational costs. Smart or
clever buildings, perhaps focus on control systems, but intelligent buildings go far beyond
this. An intelligent building has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user
requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation,
maintenance and optimization. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to
benefit present and future generations. An intelligent building system concept recognizes that
the true cost of the building is not its cost of construction; it must include the operating and
maintenance costs over the structure‟s life span. Intelligent buildings yield cost reductions
over all these areas by optimizing energy use through automated control, communication and
management systems. They also guard against repair costs, employee time, productivity loss,
revenue loss and the loss of customers to competitors. Now a day, all heard of „sickbuilding‟
syndrome and the misery this can inflict in the workplace in terms of poor health
and lost production. The notion of the Intelligent Building is the modern civil engineer's Big
Idea in tackling these and other such deficiencies. The intelligent building can adapt itself to
maintain an optimized environment. An intelligent building must be smart enough to vary the
environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of communication or
network regardless of whether it is internal or external. At an even more fundamental level
intelligent buildings can cope with social and technological change and also are adaptable to
human needs. This paper provides a review of research era in the area of Intelligent Building
with case studies.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
ASSESSMENT ON AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE BLOCKS USING FREQUENCY ANALYSIS THROUGH SPSS SOFTWARE IN CHAROTAR REGION OF CENTRAL GUJARAT
1. Journal of International
Academic Research for Multidisciplinary
ISSN 2320 -5083
A Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, Monthly, Open Access, Online Research Journal
Impact Factor – 1.393
VOLUME 1 ISSUE 10 NOVEMBER 2013
A GLOBAL SOCIETY FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
www.jiarm.com
A GREEN PUBLISHING HOUSE
2. Editorial Board
Dr. Kari Jabbour, Ph.D
Curriculum Developer,
American College of Technology,
Missouri, USA.
Er.Chandramohan, M.S
System Specialist - OGP
ABB Australia Pvt. Ltd., Australia.
Dr. S.K. Singh
Chief Scientist
Advanced Materials Technology Department
Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology
Bhubaneswar, India
Dr. Jake M. Laguador
Director, Research and Statistics Center,
Lyceum of the Philippines University,
Philippines.
Prof. Dr. Sharath Babu, LLM Ph.D
Dean. Faculty of Law,
Karnatak University Dharwad,
Karnataka, India
Dr.S.M Kadri, MBBS, MPH/ICHD,
FFP Fellow, Public Health Foundation of India
Epidemiologist Division of Epidemiology and Public Health,
Kashmir, India
Dr.Bhumika Talwar, BDS
Research Officer
State Institute of Health & Family Welfare
Jaipur, India
Dr. Tej Pratap Mall Ph.D
Head, Postgraduate Department of Botany,
Kisan P.G. College, Bahraich, India.
Dr. Arup Kanti Konar, Ph.D
Associate Professor of Economics Achhruram,
Memorial College,
SKB University, Jhalda,Purulia,
West Bengal. India
Dr. S.Raja Ph.D
Research Associate,
Madras Research Center of CMFR ,
Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
Chennai, India
Dr. Vijay Pithadia, Ph.D,
Director - Sri Aurobindo Institute of Management
Rajkot, India.
Er. R. Bhuvanewari Devi M. Tech, MCIHT
Highway Engineer, Infrastructure,
Ramboll, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Sanda Maican, Ph.D.
Senior Researcher,
Department of Ecology, Taxonomy and Nature Conservation
Institute of Biology of the Romanian Academy,
Bucharest, Romania
Dr. Reynalda B. Garcia
Professor, Graduate School &
College of Education, Arts and Sciences
Lyceum of the Philippines University
Philippines
Dr.Damarla Bala Venkata Ramana
Senior Scientist
Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA)
Hyderabad, A.P, India
PROF. Dr.S.V.Kshirsagar, M.B.B.S,M.S
Head - Department of Anatomy,
Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences,
Karnataka, India.
Dr Asifa Nazir, M.B.B.S, MD,
Assistant Professor, Dept of Microbiology
Government Medical College, Srinagar, India.
Dr.AmitaPuri, Ph.D
Officiating Principal
Army Inst. Of Education
New Delhi, India
Dr. Shobana Nelasco Ph.D
Associate Professor,
Fellow of Indian Council of Social Science
Research (On Deputation},
Department of Economics,
Bharathidasan University, Trichirappalli. India
M. Suresh Kumar, PHD
Assistant Manager,
Godrej Security Solution,
India.
Dr.T.Chandrasekarayya,Ph.D
Assistant Professor,
Dept Of Population Studies & Social Work,
S.V.University, Tirupati, India.
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ASSESSMENT ON AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE BLOCKSUSING
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS THROUGH SPSS SOFTWARE IN CHAROTAR REGION
OF CENTRAL GUJARAT
BHARAT G. BHUDIYA*
SANJAY S. NAROLA**
ASHISH H. MAKWANA***
JAYESHKUMAR PITRODA****
*Final year B. E. Civil Engineering, B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat India
**Final year B. E. Civil Engineering, B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat India
***Final year M.E. C. E. & M., B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat India
****Assistant Professor & Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, B.V.M. Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat India
ABSTRACT
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a lightweight concrete building material cut
into masonry blocks or formed larger planks and panels. Aerated concrete is relatively
homogeneous when compared to normal concrete, as it does not contain coarse aggregate
phase, yet shows vast variation in its properties. The properties of aerated concrete depend on
its microstructure (void± paste system) and composition, which are influenced by the type of
binder used, methods of pore-formation and curing. Although aerated concrete was initially
envisaged as a good insulation material, there has been renewed interest in its structural
characteristics in view of its lighter weight, savings in material and potential for large scale
utilization of wastes like pulverized fuel ash. Many researchers have been done in the last few
years however a deeper understanding is still needed to improve the quality of autoclaved
aerated block in the construction industry by studying the current market behavior. The aim
of this study is to get the latest information and to identify the key factors that affect on
autoclaved aerated block. Data’s are collected through questionnaires and distributed to
respondents who work on various projects in wide areas in the charotar region of central
Gujarat. Respondents were required to rate and analyze using their experience and the factors
were identified from past researches, which affects the project performance and then the level
is measured based on their effect. The data collected are analyzed using Microsoft Excel or
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics 17.0) software which is analytical
software.
KEYWORDS: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete, AAC Blocks, Construction Industry,
Respondents, Performance, SPSS, Frequency
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INTRODUCTION
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight concrete material that was
developed in Sweden approximately 85 years ago but only recently, as early as 1990 in the
Southeast, has it been used or produced in the United States (www.gostructural.com). It is a
lightweight building material that is easy to build with, has great thermal properties, and can
be easily produced from locally available materials. AAC is commonly found as masonry
block units or as larger planks that can be used as wall components or as roof or floor
components (Figure 1). AAC has a high percentage of air making up its volume and the
materials that are used to make it can be recycled from the waste AAC material. Recycled
AAC can be ground up finely and can be used as the aggregate in the new mixture. Also, the
energy that is required to produce AAC is much lower than other masonry products.
Figure 1: AAC Masonry Block and Plank/Panels
LITERATURE REVIEW
AAC is a lightweight, structural, precast building material of the uniform cellular structure. It
is formed by combining sand, lime, cement, gypsum, water, and an expanding agent, which
forms a porous, microstructure in the concrete. At one-fifth the weight of concrete, the most
solid units are easily placed and secured with a thin-bed mortar. With wood-like behavior,
blocks shape easily and fasten using common woodworking tools and fasteners. The
masonry-like units and reinforced panels are a part of a complete range of products that
enable a structure to be built entirely of AAC (Hebel, 1998). The entire structural shell
including, basements, walls, stairs, floors, and roofs are all made from precast autoclaved
aerated concrete products. AAC was used to build a seven story hotel in Atlanta in
preparation for the 1996 Olympic Games.
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AAC is manufactured from sand, cement, lime, gypsum, water, and an expanding agent.
Unlike lumber, all of these materials are readily available and are abundant natural resources.
Since the finished product is nearly five times the volume of the raw materials used in
manufacturing, this product uses resources very efficient. The mixture is poured into a large
mold and steam-baked in an autoclave. Following the autoclave process, the large block is cut
into precise blocks. Reinforced products follow the same process, but reinforcement is also
placed in the mold. The block is shaped to interlock with mating pieces following the
autoclave process.
DESIGN OF QUESTIONNAIRES
DATA ANALYSIS & DATA INTERPRETATION
Autoclaved Aerated Block questionnaires are designed with the suitable criteria with the
expert advice. Then through this survey questionnaire, it was supplied to AAC block
manufacturing plant for getting opinion for this research work and after that the whole survey
was completed based on decided AAC block manufacturing plant owners, Contractors,
Engineers, Consultants. Research data are analyzed with the frequency distribution method
through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics 17.0) software.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
A frequency distribution is a table that divides a set of data into a suitable number of classes,
showing also the number of items belonging to each class. Such a table sacrifices some of the
information contained in the data. Properties of frequency distribution relating to their shape
are best exhibited through the use of graph. The most common form of graphical presentation
of a frequency distribution is the histogram. The histogram of a frequency distribution is
constructed of adjacent rectangles; the heights of the rectangles represent the class
frequencies and the bases of the rectangles extend between successive classes boundaries. A
histogram extends between successive classes boundaries.
FREQUENCY TABLE
Sr.
No.
Variables Frequency (%)
Max. Min.
1. Age of employees working at AAC
block manufacturing plant
56.7% (30-50) 3.3% (50-65)
2. Residence of employees working at
AAC block manufacturing plant
50% (Anand) 10% (Rajkot)
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3. Employees with experience working in
AAC block manufacturing
96.7% (No experience) 3.3% (3-5 years)
4. Authority on AAC block manufacturing
plant
76.7% (other) 3.3% (Employee, Owner )
5. The AAC block manufacturing plant
built
40% (Before 2000) 6.7% (2004 - 2007, 2010 -
2013)
6. AAC block manufacturing plant near
major city
66.7% (Surat) 3.3% (Vadodara)
7. AAC Block production per year in m3
86.7% (50,000 –1,00,000) 13.3% (Below 50,000)
8. Single AAC blocks volume 43.3% (Very less) 3.3% (Very large)
9. Number of employees working in the
AAC block manufacturing plant
46.7% (20 to 50) 10.0% (Below 20)
10. Location play vital role for AAC block
manufacturing plant
50% (To a limited extent) 6.7% (No)
11. Size of area for AAC block
manufacturing plant
76.7% (Large) 6.7%(Medium)
12. AAC block load bearing capacity 76.7% (To a limited extent) 10% (Not much)
13. AAC blocks durability and strength
capacity
40% (Not much) 6.7% (No)
14. Use of AAC block in current trends in
market
34.6% (Less) 7.7% (More)
15. Cost of AAC blocks in current markets 50% (Medium) 6.7% (More)
16. Size of AAC blocks in current markets 46.7% (Less) 3.3% (More)
17. The primary raw material used in AAC
blocks
60% (Fly ash) 6.7% (Clay, Lime)
18. Profit of AAC block 56.7% (Less) 6.7 % (Very less, More)
19. AAC blocks increase flexibility in future
construction
66.7% (Yes) 6.7 % (No)
20. Vehicles used for transport AAC blocks 73.3% (Tractor) 26.7 % (Truck)
21. Type of plant used for AAC block
manufacturing
43.3% (Semi automatic) 6.7 % (Fully automatic)
22. Curing time of AAC block 46.7% (Very slowly) 3.3 % (More)
23. Weight of AAC block 56.7% (Medium) 6.7 (Very light)
24. AAC blocks reliable to purchase at
current market
43.3% (Little) 3.3% (Too much)
25. Cost of Lime used for AAC blocks 70% (Rs. 450) 6.7 % (Rs. 250)
26. Cost of quartz sand per cum used for
AAC blocks
66.7% (Rs. 600) 6.7 % (Rs. 330)
27. Cost of cement (50 kg per bag) used for 80% (Rs. 290) 10 % (Rs. 270, Rs. 280)
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AAC blocks
28. Cost of aluminium power used for AAC
blocks
43.3% (Rs.12,144 – 30,360) 13.3% (Rs. 5500 –7220)
29. AAC blocks earthquake resistance in
recent trends
46.7% (Yes) 3.3 % (Too much)
30. AAC blocks reduce construction time in
recent trends
40% (Yes) 6.7 % (Too much)
31. AAC blocks thermally insulated and
energy efficient
56.7% (Yes) 3.3% (Too much)
32. Time required for fire resistance process
in AAC block
80% (6 hours – 9 hours) 20% (3 hours – 6 hours)
33. Type of surface suitable for AAC block 93.3% (Rough surface) 6.7% (Polished surface)
34. The AAC block manufacturing process
involves casting, rising and pre-curing
46.7% (Little) 3.3% (Almost)
35. Getting equipment of AAC block
manufacturing plant from India
26.7% (Yes) 20% (No)
36. Grade of cement used in AAC block 50% (Other) 3.3% (PPC 53)
37. Easy to get skilled manpower for AAC
block manufacturing plants
60% (Yes) 6.7% (Almost)
38 The initial investment to build a new
AAC block manufacturing plant
40% (Rs. 50,000,00 to
100,000,00)
23.3% (Rs. 25,000,00 to
50,000,00)
39 Training program for AAC block
manufacturing technology
26.7% (Almost) 6.7% (No)
40 Brands available for AAC block 63.3% (Other) 3.3% (Deyi brand)
41 Development of the regions like Anand
city by building an AAC block
manufacturing plant
50% (Can’t Say) 10% (Very Good , Excellent)
ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCIES DISTRIBUTION METHOD
Frequency Distribution Histogram is mentioned below where research data analysis is based
on respondents’ opinion.
1. As per figure 2, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards Age
of employees working at an AAC block manufacturing plant are 56.7% (Age between
30-50 years) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 17 (highest) and 3.3% (Age between
50-65 years) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
2. As per figure 3, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards the
residence of employees working at an AAC block manufacturing plant are 50%
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(Anand) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 15 (highest) and 10% (Rajkot) at opinion
no. 3 which frequency is 3 (lowest) respectively.
3. As per figure 4, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards employees
experience working in AAC block manufacturing are 96.7% (No experience) at
opinion no. 1 which frequency is 29 (highest) and 3.3% (Between 3-5 years) at
opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
4. As per figure 5, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards authority on
AAC block manufacturing plant are 76.7% (other) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is
26 (highest) and 3.3% (Employ, Owner) at opinion no. 1, 2 which frequency is 1
(lowest) respectively.
5. As per figure 6, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards AAC block
manufacturing plant built are 40% (Before 2000) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is
12 (highest) and 6.7% ( 2004 - 2007, 2010 - 2013) at opinion no. 3, 5 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
6. As per figure 7, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards AAC block
manufacturing plant near major city are 66.7% (Surat) at opinion no. 2 which
frequency is 20 (highest) and 3.3% (Vadodara) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 1
(lowest) respectively.
7. As per figure 8, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards AAC block
production are 86.7% (50,000 –1,00,000) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 26
(highest) and 13.3% (Below 50,000) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 4 (lowest)
respectively.
8. As per figure 9, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards single AAC
block volume are 43.3% (Very less) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 13 (highest)
and 3.3% (Very large) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
9. As per figure 10, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards number of
employees working in the AAC block manufacturing plant are 46.7% (20 to 50) at
opinion no. 2 which frequency is 14 (highest) and 10.0% (Below 20) at opinion no. 1
which frequency is 3 (lowest) respectively.
10. As per figure 11, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards location
play vital role for AAC block manufacturing plant are 50% (To a limited extent) at
opinion no. 3 which frequency is 15 (highest) and 6.7% (No) at opinion no.4 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
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11. As per figure 12, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards size of area
for AAC block manufacturing plant are 76.7% (Large) at opinion no. 3 which
frequency is 23 (highest) and 6.7% (Medium) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 3
(lowest) respectively.
12. As per figure 13, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards AAC
block load bearing capacity are 76.7% (To a limited extent) at opinion no. 3 which
frequency is 23(highest) and 10% (Not much) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 3
(lowest) respectively.
13. As per figure 14, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards AAC block
durability and strength capacity are 40% (Not much) at opinion no. 2 which frequency
is 12 (highest) and 6.7% (No) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
14. As per figure 15, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards the use of
AAC block in current trends in the marketare 34.6% (less) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 12 (highest) and 7.7% (more) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 2
(lowest) respectively.
15. As per figure 16, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards the cost of
AAC block in current markets are 50% (medium) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is
15 (highest) and 6.7% (Less) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 2 more)
respectively.
16. As per figure 17, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards the size of
AAC block in current markets are 46.7% (less) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 14
(highest) and 3.3% (more) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1 (lowest).
17. As per figure 18, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards primary
raw material used for AAC block are 60% (fly ash) at opinion no. 1 which frequency
is 18 (highest) and 6.7% (clay and lime) at opinion no. 3 and 5 which frequency is 2
(lowest) respectively.
18. As per figure 19, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards the profit
of AAC block are 56.7% (less) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 17 (highest) and
6.7 % (very less and more) at opinion no. 1 & 4 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
19. As per figure 20, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards an AAC
block increase flexibility in future construction are 66.7% (yes) at opinion no. 1 which
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frequency is 20 (highest) and 6.7 % (no) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 2
(lowest) respectively.
20. As per figure 21, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards vehicle
used for the transport AAC block are 73.3% (tractor) at opinion no. 2 which
frequency is 22 (highest) and 26.7 % (truck) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 8
(lowest) respectively.
21. As per figure 22, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards type of
plant used for AAC block manufacturing are 43.3% (semi automatic) at opinion no. 2
which frequency is 13 (highest) and 6.7 % (fully automatic) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
22. As per figure 23, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards curing time
of AAC block are 46.7% (very slowly) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 14
(highest) and 3.3 % (more) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1 (lowest)
respectively.
23. As per figure 24, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards weight of
AAC block are 56.7% (medium) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 17 (highest) and
6.7 % (very light) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
24. As per figure 25, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards AAC block
reliable to purchase in the current market are 43.3% (little) at opinion no. 3 which
frequency is 13 (highest) and 3.3% (too much) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1
(lowest) respectively.
25. As per figure 26, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards the cost of
lime used for AAC block are 70% (Rs. 450) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 21
(highest) and 6.7 % (Rs. 250) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
26. As per figure 27, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards the cost of
quartz sand per cum used for AAC block are 66.7% (Rs. 600) at opinion no. 5 which
frequency is 20 (highest) and 6.7 % (Rs. 330) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 2
(lowest) respectively.
27. As per figure 28, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards cost of
cement (50 kg per bag) used for AAC block are 80% (Rs. 290) at opinion no. 5 which
frequency is 24 (highest) and 10 % (Rs. 270 and Rs. 280) at opinion no.3, 4 which
frequency is 3 (lowest) respectively.
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28. As per figure 29, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards the cost of
aluminium power used for AAC block are 43.3% (Rs. 12144 - 30360) at opinion no. 3
which frequency is 13 (highest) and 13.3% (Rs. 5500 –7520) at opinion no. 1 which
frequency is 4 (lowest) respectively.
29. As per figure 30, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards AAC block
earthquake resistance in recent trends are 46.7% (yes) at opinion no. 1 which
frequency is 14 (highest) and 3.3 % (too much) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1
(lowest) respectively.
30. As per figure 31, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards AAC block
reduce construction time in recent trends are 40% (yes) at opinion no. 1 which
frequency is 12 (highest) and 6.7 % (too much) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 2
(lowest) respectively.
31. As per figure 32, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards AAC block
thermally insulated and energy efficient are 56.7% (yes) at opinion no. 1 which
frequency is 17 (highest) and 3.3% (too much) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is
1(lowest) respectively.
32. As per figure 33, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards time
required for fire resistance process in AAC block are 80% (6 hrs – 9 hrs) at opinion
no. 3 which frequency is 24 (highest) and 20% (3 hrs – 6 hrs) at opinion no. 2 which
frequency is 6 (lowest) respectively.
33. As per figure 34, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards type of
surface suitable for AAC block are 93.3% (rough surface) at opinion no. 1 which
frequency is 28 (highest) and 6.7% (polished surface) at opinion no. 2 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
34. As per figure 35, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards AAC block
manufacturing process involves casting, rising and pre-curing are 46.7% (little) at
opinion no. 3 which frequency is 14 (highest) and 3.3% (almost) at opinion no. 5
which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
35. As per figure 36, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards getting
equipment of AAC block manufacturing plant from India are 26.7% (yes) at opinion
no. 5 which frequency is 8 (highest) and 20% (no) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is
6 (lowest) respectively.
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36. As per figure 37, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards grade of
cement used for AAC block are 50% (other) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 15
(highest) and 3.3% (PPC 53) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 1 (lowest)
respectively.
37. As per figure 38, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards easy to get
skilled manpower for AAC blocks manufacturing plant are 60% (yes) at opinion no. 1
which frequency is 18 (highest) and 6.7% (almost) at opinion no. 5 which frequency
is 2 (lowest) respectively.
38. As per figure 39, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards initial
investment to build a new AAC block manufacturing plantare 40% (50,000,00 to
100,000,00) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 12 (highest) and 23.3% (25,000,00 to
50,000,00) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 7 (lowest) respectively.
39. As per figure 40, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards training
program for AAC block manufacturing technology are 26.7% (almost) at opinion no.
5 which frequency is 8 (highest) and 6.7% (no) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 2
(lowest) respectively.
40. As per figure 41, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards brands
available for AAC block are 63.3% (other) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 19
(highest) and 3.3% (Deyi brand) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1 (lowest)
respectively.
41. As per figure 42, Respondents’ maximum and minimum opinions towards the
development of regions like Anand city by building AAC blocks manufacturing plant
are 50% (can’t Say) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 15 (highest) and 10% (very
Good , excellent) at opinion no. 2,3 which frequency is 3 (lowest) respectively.
Figure 2: Age of empployees working at AAC
block manufacturing plant
Figure 3: Residence of employees working at
AAC block manufacturing plant
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Figure 4: Employees experience working at AAC
block manufacturing
Figure 5: Authority on AAC block manufacturing
plant
Figure 6:
AAC block manufacturing plant built
Figu
re 7: AAC block manufacturing plant near major
city
Figure 8: AAC Block production per year in m3
Figure 9: Single AAC blocks volume
Figure 10: Number of employees working in the
AAC block manufacturing plant
Figure 11: Location play vital role for AAC block
manufacturing plant
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Figure 12: Size of area for AAC block
manufacturing plant
Figure 13: AAC block load bearing capacity
Figure 14: AAC block durability and strength
capacity
Figure 15: Use of AAC block in current trends in
market
Figure 16: Cost of AAC block in current markets
Figure 17: Size of AAC block in current markets
Figure 18: Primary raw material used for AAC
block
Figure 19: Profit of AAC block
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Figure 20: AAC block increase flexibility in
future construction Figure 21 : Vehicle used for transport AAC block
Figure 22: Type of plant used for AAC block
manufacturing
Figure 23: Curing time of AAC block
Figure 24: Weight of AAC block Figure 25: AAC block reliable to purchase in
current market
Figure 26: Cost of lime used for AAC block
Figure 27: Cost of quartz sand per cum used for
AAC block
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Figure 28: Cost of cement (50 kg per bag) used
for AAC block
Figure 29: Cost of aluminium power used for
AAC block
Figure 30: AAC block earthquake resistance in
recent trends
Figure 31: AAC block reduce construction time
in recent trends
Figure 32: AAC block thermally insulated and
energy efficient
Figure 33: Time required for fire resistance
process in AAC block
Figure 34: Type of surface suitable for AAC block Figure 35: AAC block manufacturing process
involves casting, rising and pre-curing
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Figure 36: Getting equipment of AAC block
manufacturing plant from India
Figure 37: Grade of cement used for AAC block
Figure 38: Easy to get skilled manpower for AAC
block manufacturing plant
Figure 39:Initial investment to build a new AAC
block manufacturing plant
Figure 40:Training program for AAC block
manufacturing technology
Figure 41:Brands available for AAC block
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Figure 42 : Development of regions like
An and city by building AAC block
manufacturing plant
CONCLUSIONS
Following conclusions are drawn from the frequency distribution analysis:
Respondent sage is between 30-50 years who are currently working in AAC blocks
manufacturing plant.
Respondents are almost from an and who are working in an AAC block manufacturing plant.
Respondents have no experience at 96.7% maximum level of opinion.
Respondents are almost non-technical who are working in AAC block manufacturing
plant and their maximum level of opinion is 76.7%.
Most of the respondents have built an AAC block manufacturing plant before 2000 and
their maximum level of opinion is 40.00%.
Most of the AAC block manufacturing plant is located near Surat and respondents’
maximum level of opinion is 66.70%.
Approximately 50,000 – 1,00,000 AAC block are manufactured on plant and respondents’
maximum level of opinion is 86.70%.
Single AAC block requires very less volume to plant and respondents’ maximum level of
opinion is 43.30%.
Number of employees working in AAC block manufacturing plants are 20 to 50 and
respondents’ maximum level of opinion is 46.70%.
Location play the vital role for AAC block manufacturing plant to a limited extent and
respondents’ maximum level of opinion is 50.00%.
Large area required for AAC block manufacturing plant and respondents’ maximum level
of opinion is 76.70%.
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AAC block possesses load bearing capacity to a limited extent and respondents’
maximum level of opinion is 76.70%.
AAC block can not possess much durability and strength capacity and respondents’
maximum level of opinion is 40.00%.
AAC block is less used in current trends in market and respondents’ maximum level of
opinion is 36.60%.
AAC blocks are medium costly in current markets and respondents’ maximum level of
opinion is 50.00%.
Size of AAC block is less in current markets and respondents’ maximum level of opinion
is 46.70%.
Primary raw material of AAC block is fly ash and respondents’ maximum level of opinion
is 60.00%.
Profit of AAC blocks are less and respondents’ maximum level of opinion is 56.70%.
AAC block will increase flexibility in future construction and respondents’ maximum
level of opinion is 66.70%.
Vehicles used for transport AAC blocks are tractor and respondents’ maximum level of
opinion is 73.30%.
AAC block are mostly manufactured in semi automatic plant and respondents’ maximum
level of opinion is 43.30%.
Curing time of AAC block is very slowly and respondents’ maximum level of opinion is
46.70%.
Weight of AAC block are medium and respondents’ maximum level of opinion is 56.70%.
In current markets AAC block are little reliable to purchase and respondents’ maximum
level of opinion is 43.30%.
Cost of lime used for AAC block is Rs. 450.00/- and respondents’ maximum level of
opinion is 70.00%.
Cost of Quartz sand used for AAC block is Rs. 600.00/- per cum and respondents’
maximum level of opinion is 66.70%.
Cost of Cement (50kg per bag) used for AAC is Rs. 290.00/- and respondents’ maximum
level of opinion is 80.00%.
Cost of Aluminium powder used for AAC block is Rs. 12144.00 – 30360.00/- and
respondents’ maximum level of opinion is 43.30%.
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AAC block are earchquake resistance in recent trends and respondents’ maximum level of
opinion is 46.70%.
AAC block can reduce construction time in recent trends and respondents’ maximum
level of opinion is 40.00%.
AAC block are thermally insulated and energy efficient and respondents’ maximum level
of opinion is 56.70%.
Fire resistance process time of AAC block is 6 years – 9 years and respondents’
maximum level of opinion is 80.00%.
Suitable construction of AAC block are required rough surface and respondents’
maximum level of opinion is 93.30%.
AAC block manufacturing process involves little casting, rising and pre-curing and
respondents’ maximum level of opinion is 46.70%.
Equipment of AAC block manufacturing plant can get from India and resondents’
maximum level of opinion is 26.70%.
Grade of cement used for AAC block are used based on customers requirement and
respondents’ maximum level of opinion is 50.00%.
There is easy to get skilled manpower for AAC block manufacturing plant and
respondents’ maximum level of opinion is 60.00%.
For build a new AAC block manufacturing plant initial cost is Rs. 50,000,00 to
100,000,00 and respondents’ maximum level of opinion is 40.00%.
There is almost required training program for AAC block manufacturing and
respondents’ maximum level of opinion is 26.70%.
Brands for AAC block manufacturing are available in different types and respondents’
maximum level of opinion is 63.30%.
There cannot say that development of regions like Anand city would consider by building
AAC block manufacturing plant and respondents’ maximum level of opinion is 50.00%.
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17. What is your primary raw material?
18. What is your profit of AAC block?
19. Will AAC block increase flexibility in future construction?
20. Which type of Vehicle used for the transport AAC block?
21. Which type of plant is used in AAC block?
22. How many time take for cure of AAC block?
23. How much approx. Weight of AAC block?
24. Is AAC block reliable to purchase in the current market?
25. How many cost of Lime used in AAC block?
26. How many cost of Quartz Sand per cum?
27. How many cost of the Cement (50 kg per bag) used in AAC block?
28. How many cost of aluminium powder used in AAC block?
29. Is AAC block Earthquake resistance in recent trends?
30. Are AAC blocks reducing construction time in recent trends?
31. Are AAC blocks thermally insulated & Energy efficient?
32. How many times required for fire resistance process in AAC block?
33. Which type of surface is suitable for AAC block?
34. Are AAC blocks manufacturing process involves casting, rising and pre-curing?
35. Can we get equipment/machinery of AAC plant from India?
36. Which grade of cement you used for AAC block?
37. Is that easy to get skilled manpower for AAC plant?
38. How many investments we need to build a new AAC plant?
39. Is there a training program for AAC technology?
40. Which brands are available?
41. How would you consider the development of regions like ANAND by building AAC plant?