The Indian Construction industry has been traditionally labour oriented. The pace of
mechanization in the past was very slow due to the availability of cheap and abundant labour,
lack of capital investment and highly fragmented nature of the construction sector. The Ready
Mixed Concrete is a dynamic resource for the construction industry, which must periodically
re-evaluate its position in relation to the economy, the nation, local industry, and especially
with the customer. Highly-developed economies bring changes in market conditions. A
change which has been occurring is the change from a product to a service-related market.
This change occurs earlier in mass consumer products and lags behind in more static products
like those in the construction industry. This conversion from product to service is taking
place now in the construction industry. The Ready Mixed Concrete Industry has traditionally
made its profit for Infrastructural development. Objective of this research paper is to prove
that Ready Mixed Concrete utilization is beneficial compare to Conventional Mixed Concrete
in Charotar Region of Central Gujarat. During this research work various factors interrelated
to Ready Mixed Concrete are being identified and converted into questionnaire to carry out
surveys. Software like Microsoft Excel and SPSS Statistics (Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences) are adopted to evaluate the responses collected from the people by Independent-
Samples T Test.
UNIFIED APPROACH FOR ENHANCING READY MIXED CONCRETE UTILITY BY ANALYTIC HIERA...A Makwana
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is very useful in involving several decisionmakers
with different conflicting objectives to arrive at a consensus decision. This method
was developed by Dr. Thomas L. Saaty in 1970s as a tool to help with solving technical and
managerial problems. Concrete is a mixture of three basic ingredients: sand, gravel (crushed
stone) and cement, as well as chemical compounds known as admixtures. Combining this
mixture with water causes the cement to undergo an exothermic chemical reaction called
hydration, turning cement into a hard paste that binds the sand and gravel together. Ready
Mixed Concrete: Concrete which is mixed with water at a plant and transported directly to a
construction site. Ready Mixed is a perishable product that needs to be delivered within an
hour and a half before it becomes too stiff to be workable. Concrete is also very cheap for its
weight. Present Approach of Ready Mixed Concrete selection has certain shortcomings.
Present Approach does not consider multiple objectives and not collect sufficient data to
evaluate the Ready Mixed Concrete. These shortcomings were improved by application of
scientific technique such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).
The VIKOR (the Serbian name is ‘Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno
Resenje’ which means multi-criteria optimization (MCO) and compromise solution) method
was mainly established by Zeleny (2002) and later advocated by Opricovic and Tzeng (2004;
2007). Concrete is the most widely used composite construction material. Ready mixed
concrete can enhance the speed of construction and improve the quality of concrete
components. The enormous advances in concrete technology now make it possible to obtain
Ready Mixed Concrete with high strengths. The constituent materials of Ready Mixed
Concrete (RMC), especially the fine aggregate, play a very important role for imparting
better properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened state. Quality of construction is the
most important aspect under consideration in the construction sector. Factory manufactured
items always play a vital role in the quality of products. Ready Mixed Concrete is a major
part of any concrete construction project. It is a convenient and efficient tool for building.
The concrete is delivered to the site mixed and ready to be cast which saves time and money.
A VALUE ADDED STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAWMATERIA...A Makwana
Engineering structures are composed of materials. These materials are known as
engineering materials. It is necessary for an engineer to become conversant with the
properties of such materials. The service condition of buildings demand a wide range of
materials and various properties are to be studied before making final selection of any
building material for a particular use. Various building materials form the living environment
of human beings, which reflects the cultural and scientific features of each era, becoming an
important symbol of humans’ material civilization. Building materials develop with the
improvement of the productivity and living standards. Variety of materials are used for
building construction. Strength and stability of any building depends upon construction
material. Building construction cost includes cost of material. As per type of finishing
material and interior decoration this cost may extend up to 55% or more. Generally locally
and easily available materials are used in construction work. Transportation cost of material
may increase the cost of material.
Strength characteristics of concrete containing post consumer metalized plast...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper represents results of strength tests conducted on concrete containing flakes of waste metalized plastics. The feasibility of post consumer plastic waste (PCMPW) was determined on the bases of tests results of compressive strength and split tensile strength. Ever increasing generation of PCMPW has raised littering issues and has become one of the major sources for landfills. The objective of the test program was to check the feasibility of PCMPW as concrete constituent and possible way of mitigating the environmental impacts occurring from insufficient and unsafe management of PCMPW. The strength tests were performed with three sizes of PCMPW in flaks and fiber form. PCMPW was added in the mixes with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% by volume of concrete mix. Test results reveled that strengths reduced with increased PCMPW flakes contents. However, up to 1% of addition of flakes the strength reduction was negligible for all flak sizes. Moreover, the PCMPW fiber with 1mmx17mm size improved the split tensile strength. Experimental results of compressive –split tensile strength were correlated by a standard analytical model and exhibited good agreement with the experimental results. Such concrete could be utilized in pavements, sub-structural components and in non-structural members. Key Words: Post consumer metalized plastic waste, Concrete, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Slump, Compaction factor.
Impact of varying the nozzle stand off distance on cutting temperature in t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
INGENIOUS STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAW MATERIALS ...A Makwana
In the field of construction and particularly in civil engineering, raw materials are
essentially perceived as bonding additives. A basic function of civil and construction
engineering is to provide and maintain the infrastructure needs of society. The infrastructure
includes buildings, water treatment and distribution systems, waste water removal and
processing, dams, and highway and airport bridges and pavements. Although some civil and
construction engineers are involved in the planning process, most are concerned with the
design, construction, and maintenance of facilities. The common denominator among these
responsibilities is the need to understand the behavior and performance of materials.
Although not all civil and construction engineers need to be material specialists, a basic
understanding of the material selection process, and the behavior of materials, is a
fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing design,
construction, and maintenance.
UNIFIED APPROACH FOR ENHANCING READY MIXED CONCRETE UTILITY BY ANALYTIC HIERA...A Makwana
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is very useful in involving several decisionmakers
with different conflicting objectives to arrive at a consensus decision. This method
was developed by Dr. Thomas L. Saaty in 1970s as a tool to help with solving technical and
managerial problems. Concrete is a mixture of three basic ingredients: sand, gravel (crushed
stone) and cement, as well as chemical compounds known as admixtures. Combining this
mixture with water causes the cement to undergo an exothermic chemical reaction called
hydration, turning cement into a hard paste that binds the sand and gravel together. Ready
Mixed Concrete: Concrete which is mixed with water at a plant and transported directly to a
construction site. Ready Mixed is a perishable product that needs to be delivered within an
hour and a half before it becomes too stiff to be workable. Concrete is also very cheap for its
weight. Present Approach of Ready Mixed Concrete selection has certain shortcomings.
Present Approach does not consider multiple objectives and not collect sufficient data to
evaluate the Ready Mixed Concrete. These shortcomings were improved by application of
scientific technique such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).
The VIKOR (the Serbian name is ‘Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno
Resenje’ which means multi-criteria optimization (MCO) and compromise solution) method
was mainly established by Zeleny (2002) and later advocated by Opricovic and Tzeng (2004;
2007). Concrete is the most widely used composite construction material. Ready mixed
concrete can enhance the speed of construction and improve the quality of concrete
components. The enormous advances in concrete technology now make it possible to obtain
Ready Mixed Concrete with high strengths. The constituent materials of Ready Mixed
Concrete (RMC), especially the fine aggregate, play a very important role for imparting
better properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened state. Quality of construction is the
most important aspect under consideration in the construction sector. Factory manufactured
items always play a vital role in the quality of products. Ready Mixed Concrete is a major
part of any concrete construction project. It is a convenient and efficient tool for building.
The concrete is delivered to the site mixed and ready to be cast which saves time and money.
A VALUE ADDED STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAWMATERIA...A Makwana
Engineering structures are composed of materials. These materials are known as
engineering materials. It is necessary for an engineer to become conversant with the
properties of such materials. The service condition of buildings demand a wide range of
materials and various properties are to be studied before making final selection of any
building material for a particular use. Various building materials form the living environment
of human beings, which reflects the cultural and scientific features of each era, becoming an
important symbol of humans’ material civilization. Building materials develop with the
improvement of the productivity and living standards. Variety of materials are used for
building construction. Strength and stability of any building depends upon construction
material. Building construction cost includes cost of material. As per type of finishing
material and interior decoration this cost may extend up to 55% or more. Generally locally
and easily available materials are used in construction work. Transportation cost of material
may increase the cost of material.
Strength characteristics of concrete containing post consumer metalized plast...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper represents results of strength tests conducted on concrete containing flakes of waste metalized plastics. The feasibility of post consumer plastic waste (PCMPW) was determined on the bases of tests results of compressive strength and split tensile strength. Ever increasing generation of PCMPW has raised littering issues and has become one of the major sources for landfills. The objective of the test program was to check the feasibility of PCMPW as concrete constituent and possible way of mitigating the environmental impacts occurring from insufficient and unsafe management of PCMPW. The strength tests were performed with three sizes of PCMPW in flaks and fiber form. PCMPW was added in the mixes with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% by volume of concrete mix. Test results reveled that strengths reduced with increased PCMPW flakes contents. However, up to 1% of addition of flakes the strength reduction was negligible for all flak sizes. Moreover, the PCMPW fiber with 1mmx17mm size improved the split tensile strength. Experimental results of compressive –split tensile strength were correlated by a standard analytical model and exhibited good agreement with the experimental results. Such concrete could be utilized in pavements, sub-structural components and in non-structural members. Key Words: Post consumer metalized plastic waste, Concrete, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Slump, Compaction factor.
Impact of varying the nozzle stand off distance on cutting temperature in t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
INGENIOUS STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAW MATERIALS ...A Makwana
In the field of construction and particularly in civil engineering, raw materials are
essentially perceived as bonding additives. A basic function of civil and construction
engineering is to provide and maintain the infrastructure needs of society. The infrastructure
includes buildings, water treatment and distribution systems, waste water removal and
processing, dams, and highway and airport bridges and pavements. Although some civil and
construction engineers are involved in the planning process, most are concerned with the
design, construction, and maintenance of facilities. The common denominator among these
responsibilities is the need to understand the behavior and performance of materials.
Although not all civil and construction engineers need to be material specialists, a basic
understanding of the material selection process, and the behavior of materials, is a
fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing design,
construction, and maintenance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ASSESSMENT ON AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE BLOCKS USING FREQUENCY ANALYSIS THR...A Makwana
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a lightweight concrete building material cut
into masonry blocks or formed larger planks and panels. Aerated concrete is relatively
homogeneous when compared to normal concrete, as it does not contain coarse aggregate
phase, yet shows vast variation in its properties. The properties of aerated concrete depend on
its microstructure (void± paste system) and composition, which are influenced by the type of
binder used, methods of pore-formation and curing. Although aerated concrete was initially
envisaged as a good insulation material, there has been renewed interest in its structural
characteristics in view of its lighter weight, savings in material and potential for large scale
utilization of wastes like pulverized fuel ash. Many researchers have been done in the last few
years however a deeper understanding is still needed to improve the quality of autoclaved
aerated block in the construction industry by studying the current market behavior. The aim
of this study is to get the latest information and to identify the key factors that affect on
autoclaved aerated block. Data’s are collected through questionnaires and distributed to
respondents who work on various projects in wide areas in the charotar region of central
Gujarat. Respondents were required to rate and analyze using their experience and the factors
were identified from past researches, which affects the project performance and then the level
is measured based on their effect. The data collected are analyzed using Microsoft Excel or
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics 17.0) software which is analytical
software.
A study on customer preferences and perceptions on quality and services of re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
BUILDING MATERIALS ASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION BASED ON FIGURE OF...IAEME Publication
Sustainability assessment and Engineering design in buildings call for effective decision
making in respect of material selection and construction methodology. A good sustainable
solution involves choosing most suitable material and construction techniques that produce
optimum results in terms of sustainability. Due to several choices available in material
selection for construction, there is a need for a tool which can assist the designer in making the
right choice of materials. Figure of Merit (FoM), as a tool is proposed here to meet this
requirement. FoM is a unique dimensionless parameter derived by integrating two critical
properties from Engineering and Economics. Engineering properties are Modulus of Elasticity
and Density of materials. Economic factors are unit cost of material and construction cost per
unit area. Concept of FoM was applied and study carried out on commonly used building
materials and graphs drawn in comparison with embodied energy, embodied carbon and
material density values. Outcome of the study indicated, “Lower the Figure of Merit; better is
the suitability of building materials in sustainable construction.” As an illustration, FoM
concept was also applied to one of the subsystems of a building namely formwork and found to
be in consistency with the findings. Hence, it is suggested that Figure of Merit can be used as a
quantitative tool for selection of materials
Review of behavioral study of structural elements through different destructi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The current paper reviews different results for the techniques of condition assessment on the real structure as well as different elements. Also comparison between different techniques has been taken into account for better precision and accuracy in the results. More than one tests are taken into account for different parameters calculation.
Keywords: Condition assessment, destructive and non-destructive tests
EFFICIENT COST MANAGEMENT OF MATERIALS IN CONVENTIONAL AND PRECAST CONSTRUCTIONIAEME Publication
Objective:To find out cost variations ofmaterials used for the conventional building and precast building, wastagepercentage in construction of a commercial building using conventional andprecast technology. And to find out the time and cost variations inconstruction of commercial building using conventional and precast technology.
Methods/Analysis:Outwardly the technique of using precast members inconstruction has played one of the key roles in the industry. This techniquehas been measured and speckled in terms of cost inference. A Model was carriedout on a Residential building project and the data was collected for study andconcluded that the use of precast members is a better tradable factor to thatof conventional system.
Findings:Precast construction saves time and cost whencompared to conventional type of construction.
Novelty/Improvement: The transformation and revolution in the technology was grown outof the demand of the clients/customers of both residential and commercialpurposes. Outwardly the technique of using precast members in construction hasplayed one of the key roles in the industry.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A fuzzy approach to evaluate suitability of infrastructure projects with safetyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The current project deals with safety management in highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads).The research is partly doctrinal and partly empirical in natural. Research tools used is fuzzy logic. The scope research has been to mainly cover highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads).The topic of construction includes the process of Highways, Building and society roads, construction and maintenance, including the design of respective construction, contracting, accomplishing, supervision, and maintenance of Highways, Building, society roads and related structures. Our study of project will fulfil the safety requirements by using Fuzzy logic that should be consider before starting highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads) and this study will be very helpful in construction industry. as this study will decrease the chances of accidents as well as to save lives. Today so many people lose their lives when traffic has to move through maintenance works and road construction every year also during the construction of Buildings. The cases of construction section injuries and accidental death are predicted to go even higher than now. Construction in highways and infrastructure (Building and Roads) covers various activities, techniques, materials and source of danger therefore because of this conditions the probability of accidents increases every time. The fact is construction industry has the most disappointing record of safety compare to all industrial sectors, with a risk of casualty 5 times higher than several other industry in the world. The higher rate of accidents and deaths in the construction industry compare to all other industries are may be due to the process of the construction work. The factors due to which the rate of accidents are high in construction industry are such as poor planning, lack of safety training, lack of supervision, lack of safety equipment , and lack of incident investigation helps to create more problems in future. Hence, by using Multi criteria decision making by Fuzzy logic will reduce the risk of accidents while construction of highways and infrastructure (Building and Roads).
Keywords: Highway and Infrastructure Safety, Defuzzification, Fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making, Expert Opinion, Linguistic Terms and Safety Potential Index
A fuzzy approach to evaluate suitability of infrastructure projects with safetyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The current project deals with safety management in highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads).The research is partly doctrinal and partly empirical in natural. Research tools used is fuzzy logic. The scope research has been to mainly cover highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads).The topic of construction includes the process of Highways, Building and society roads, construction and maintenance, including the design of respective construction, contracting, accomplishing, supervision, and maintenance of Highways, Building, society roads and related structures. Our study of project will fulfil the safety requirements by using Fuzzy logic that should be consider before starting highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads) and this study will be very helpful in construction industry. as this study will decrease the chances of accidents as well as to save lives. Today so many people lose their lives when traffic has to move through maintenance works and road construction every year also during the construction of Buildings. The cases of construction section injuries and accidental death are predicted to go even higher than now. Construction in highways and infrastructure (Building and Roads) covers various activities, techniques, materials and source of danger therefore because of this conditions the probability of accidents increases every time. The fact is construction industry has the most disappointing record of safety compare to all industrial sectors, with a risk of casualty 5 times higher than several other industry in the world. The higher rate of accidents and deaths in the construction industry compare to all other industries are may be due to the process of the construction work. The factors due to which the rate of accidents are high in construction industry are such as poor planning, lack of safety training, lack of supervision, lack of safety equipment , and lack of incident investigation helps to create more problems in future. Hence, by using Multi criteria decision making by Fuzzy logic will reduce the risk of accidents while construction of highways and infrastructure (Building and Roads).
Keywords: Highway and Infrastructure Safety, Defuzzification, Fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making, Expert Opinion, Linguistic Terms and Safety Potential Index
Strengthening Supply Chains for a Sustainable Housing Sector in Nepal : Facto...ijmvsc
EU’s main approach to sustainable housing is promoting green practices/products within the building
construction sectors SCs. EU Switch Asia program financed research conducted in Nepal, 2015, to
understand the organization of SCs, identify factors/barriers affecting SCM and existing relationships, the
reasons to adopt green concepts/approaches and recommend support for SMEs to strengthen the sector’s
management and sustainability. 109 companies, non-probabilistic snowball sampling and semi-closed
questionnaires used in the survey. Conclusions: Companies create SCs to increase customer satisfaction,
maintain long-term sales and retain clients. Size of company influences SCs organisation, SCM and
using/producing green products/services; majority of participants had a person in the company to manage
SC’s and had very good knowledge of SC, SCM and greening issues. SMEs need support with:
information/communication technology, promotion and improvement/development of green
products/services. Government should: increases awareness of green building products/services; develop
financial green incentives and simplify administrative procedures to buy solar products.
Construction is a vital connection to the infrastructure and growth of industry in India.
Building roads, bridges and other constructed facilities play an important role in shaping society’s
future. Consequently, the construction Industry produces a vast quantity of waste which is
environmentally unfriendly, and costly to project budgets. This study aimed to find out how much
construction waste is costing construction project budgets, and attempted to make recommendations
to the industry on how profits can be maximized and how the waste can be minimized. For the
empirical investigation, a mixed methodology was used which combined questionnaire and interview
data from stakeholders in the road construction sector, together with documentary and observational
data, to examine the issue of construction waste and cost management. The research revealed that a
number of construction companies in India, do not adhere to international best practices and
standards. Practices such as site waste management plan, waste minimization strategies were found
to be non- existent in these companies. A number of recommendations were made to improve the
practices of the construction firms as per the need to train every construction employee on waste
management and also recommended for government agencies to monitor and enforce rule of waste
management in the construction industry.
FACTORS AFFECTING GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN PRACTICES IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN INDIAIAEME Publication
Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has emerged as new management
strategy for automobile organizations to become more environmental friendly, cost
effective and competitive. The study focuses on green supply chain management
practices in Automotive Industry in India. Globally business environment is very
volatile in nature and is featured by uncertainties. Due to rising environmental issues,
awareness on environmental pollution issues combined with industrial development
should be addressed by supply chain management. Therefore Green Supply Chain
Management (GSCM) is an emerging agenda for the industrial organization to
improve their performance on different dimensions such as economic and
environment. GSCM has a parallel development to push green products in context to
the ever growing environmental concerns among the organizations .The objective of
the paper is to explore the factors affecting the Green supply Chain Management in
Automotive Industry in India
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ASSESSMENT ON AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE BLOCKS USING FREQUENCY ANALYSIS THR...A Makwana
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a lightweight concrete building material cut
into masonry blocks or formed larger planks and panels. Aerated concrete is relatively
homogeneous when compared to normal concrete, as it does not contain coarse aggregate
phase, yet shows vast variation in its properties. The properties of aerated concrete depend on
its microstructure (void± paste system) and composition, which are influenced by the type of
binder used, methods of pore-formation and curing. Although aerated concrete was initially
envisaged as a good insulation material, there has been renewed interest in its structural
characteristics in view of its lighter weight, savings in material and potential for large scale
utilization of wastes like pulverized fuel ash. Many researchers have been done in the last few
years however a deeper understanding is still needed to improve the quality of autoclaved
aerated block in the construction industry by studying the current market behavior. The aim
of this study is to get the latest information and to identify the key factors that affect on
autoclaved aerated block. Data’s are collected through questionnaires and distributed to
respondents who work on various projects in wide areas in the charotar region of central
Gujarat. Respondents were required to rate and analyze using their experience and the factors
were identified from past researches, which affects the project performance and then the level
is measured based on their effect. The data collected are analyzed using Microsoft Excel or
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics 17.0) software which is analytical
software.
A study on customer preferences and perceptions on quality and services of re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
BUILDING MATERIALS ASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION BASED ON FIGURE OF...IAEME Publication
Sustainability assessment and Engineering design in buildings call for effective decision
making in respect of material selection and construction methodology. A good sustainable
solution involves choosing most suitable material and construction techniques that produce
optimum results in terms of sustainability. Due to several choices available in material
selection for construction, there is a need for a tool which can assist the designer in making the
right choice of materials. Figure of Merit (FoM), as a tool is proposed here to meet this
requirement. FoM is a unique dimensionless parameter derived by integrating two critical
properties from Engineering and Economics. Engineering properties are Modulus of Elasticity
and Density of materials. Economic factors are unit cost of material and construction cost per
unit area. Concept of FoM was applied and study carried out on commonly used building
materials and graphs drawn in comparison with embodied energy, embodied carbon and
material density values. Outcome of the study indicated, “Lower the Figure of Merit; better is
the suitability of building materials in sustainable construction.” As an illustration, FoM
concept was also applied to one of the subsystems of a building namely formwork and found to
be in consistency with the findings. Hence, it is suggested that Figure of Merit can be used as a
quantitative tool for selection of materials
Review of behavioral study of structural elements through different destructi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The current paper reviews different results for the techniques of condition assessment on the real structure as well as different elements. Also comparison between different techniques has been taken into account for better precision and accuracy in the results. More than one tests are taken into account for different parameters calculation.
Keywords: Condition assessment, destructive and non-destructive tests
EFFICIENT COST MANAGEMENT OF MATERIALS IN CONVENTIONAL AND PRECAST CONSTRUCTIONIAEME Publication
Objective:To find out cost variations ofmaterials used for the conventional building and precast building, wastagepercentage in construction of a commercial building using conventional andprecast technology. And to find out the time and cost variations inconstruction of commercial building using conventional and precast technology.
Methods/Analysis:Outwardly the technique of using precast members inconstruction has played one of the key roles in the industry. This techniquehas been measured and speckled in terms of cost inference. A Model was carriedout on a Residential building project and the data was collected for study andconcluded that the use of precast members is a better tradable factor to thatof conventional system.
Findings:Precast construction saves time and cost whencompared to conventional type of construction.
Novelty/Improvement: The transformation and revolution in the technology was grown outof the demand of the clients/customers of both residential and commercialpurposes. Outwardly the technique of using precast members in construction hasplayed one of the key roles in the industry.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A fuzzy approach to evaluate suitability of infrastructure projects with safetyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The current project deals with safety management in highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads).The research is partly doctrinal and partly empirical in natural. Research tools used is fuzzy logic. The scope research has been to mainly cover highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads).The topic of construction includes the process of Highways, Building and society roads, construction and maintenance, including the design of respective construction, contracting, accomplishing, supervision, and maintenance of Highways, Building, society roads and related structures. Our study of project will fulfil the safety requirements by using Fuzzy logic that should be consider before starting highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads) and this study will be very helpful in construction industry. as this study will decrease the chances of accidents as well as to save lives. Today so many people lose their lives when traffic has to move through maintenance works and road construction every year also during the construction of Buildings. The cases of construction section injuries and accidental death are predicted to go even higher than now. Construction in highways and infrastructure (Building and Roads) covers various activities, techniques, materials and source of danger therefore because of this conditions the probability of accidents increases every time. The fact is construction industry has the most disappointing record of safety compare to all industrial sectors, with a risk of casualty 5 times higher than several other industry in the world. The higher rate of accidents and deaths in the construction industry compare to all other industries are may be due to the process of the construction work. The factors due to which the rate of accidents are high in construction industry are such as poor planning, lack of safety training, lack of supervision, lack of safety equipment , and lack of incident investigation helps to create more problems in future. Hence, by using Multi criteria decision making by Fuzzy logic will reduce the risk of accidents while construction of highways and infrastructure (Building and Roads).
Keywords: Highway and Infrastructure Safety, Defuzzification, Fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making, Expert Opinion, Linguistic Terms and Safety Potential Index
A fuzzy approach to evaluate suitability of infrastructure projects with safetyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The current project deals with safety management in highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads).The research is partly doctrinal and partly empirical in natural. Research tools used is fuzzy logic. The scope research has been to mainly cover highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads).The topic of construction includes the process of Highways, Building and society roads, construction and maintenance, including the design of respective construction, contracting, accomplishing, supervision, and maintenance of Highways, Building, society roads and related structures. Our study of project will fulfil the safety requirements by using Fuzzy logic that should be consider before starting highways and infrastructure (Buildings and Roads) and this study will be very helpful in construction industry. as this study will decrease the chances of accidents as well as to save lives. Today so many people lose their lives when traffic has to move through maintenance works and road construction every year also during the construction of Buildings. The cases of construction section injuries and accidental death are predicted to go even higher than now. Construction in highways and infrastructure (Building and Roads) covers various activities, techniques, materials and source of danger therefore because of this conditions the probability of accidents increases every time. The fact is construction industry has the most disappointing record of safety compare to all industrial sectors, with a risk of casualty 5 times higher than several other industry in the world. The higher rate of accidents and deaths in the construction industry compare to all other industries are may be due to the process of the construction work. The factors due to which the rate of accidents are high in construction industry are such as poor planning, lack of safety training, lack of supervision, lack of safety equipment , and lack of incident investigation helps to create more problems in future. Hence, by using Multi criteria decision making by Fuzzy logic will reduce the risk of accidents while construction of highways and infrastructure (Building and Roads).
Keywords: Highway and Infrastructure Safety, Defuzzification, Fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making, Expert Opinion, Linguistic Terms and Safety Potential Index
Strengthening Supply Chains for a Sustainable Housing Sector in Nepal : Facto...ijmvsc
EU’s main approach to sustainable housing is promoting green practices/products within the building
construction sectors SCs. EU Switch Asia program financed research conducted in Nepal, 2015, to
understand the organization of SCs, identify factors/barriers affecting SCM and existing relationships, the
reasons to adopt green concepts/approaches and recommend support for SMEs to strengthen the sector’s
management and sustainability. 109 companies, non-probabilistic snowball sampling and semi-closed
questionnaires used in the survey. Conclusions: Companies create SCs to increase customer satisfaction,
maintain long-term sales and retain clients. Size of company influences SCs organisation, SCM and
using/producing green products/services; majority of participants had a person in the company to manage
SC’s and had very good knowledge of SC, SCM and greening issues. SMEs need support with:
information/communication technology, promotion and improvement/development of green
products/services. Government should: increases awareness of green building products/services; develop
financial green incentives and simplify administrative procedures to buy solar products.
Construction is a vital connection to the infrastructure and growth of industry in India.
Building roads, bridges and other constructed facilities play an important role in shaping society’s
future. Consequently, the construction Industry produces a vast quantity of waste which is
environmentally unfriendly, and costly to project budgets. This study aimed to find out how much
construction waste is costing construction project budgets, and attempted to make recommendations
to the industry on how profits can be maximized and how the waste can be minimized. For the
empirical investigation, a mixed methodology was used which combined questionnaire and interview
data from stakeholders in the road construction sector, together with documentary and observational
data, to examine the issue of construction waste and cost management. The research revealed that a
number of construction companies in India, do not adhere to international best practices and
standards. Practices such as site waste management plan, waste minimization strategies were found
to be non- existent in these companies. A number of recommendations were made to improve the
practices of the construction firms as per the need to train every construction employee on waste
management and also recommended for government agencies to monitor and enforce rule of waste
management in the construction industry.
FACTORS AFFECTING GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN PRACTICES IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN INDIAIAEME Publication
Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has emerged as new management
strategy for automobile organizations to become more environmental friendly, cost
effective and competitive. The study focuses on green supply chain management
practices in Automotive Industry in India. Globally business environment is very
volatile in nature and is featured by uncertainties. Due to rising environmental issues,
awareness on environmental pollution issues combined with industrial development
should be addressed by supply chain management. Therefore Green Supply Chain
Management (GSCM) is an emerging agenda for the industrial organization to
improve their performance on different dimensions such as economic and
environment. GSCM has a parallel development to push green products in context to
the ever growing environmental concerns among the organizations .The objective of
the paper is to explore the factors affecting the Green supply Chain Management in
Automotive Industry in India
Similar to A STUDY ON READY MIXED CONCRETE USING INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST THROUGH SPSS SOFTWARE IN CHAROTAR REGION OF CENTRAL GUJARAT (20)
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Soft Computing: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block using Chi-Square Test throu...A Makwana
Achieving an economy in Construction nowadays takes a lot of effort. Various researches are being made to improve the quality of Concrete block so that it can achieve high strength in low weight. One such product was invented known as an Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block. Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block is attributed with properties such as a load-bearing, lightweight, high-insulating, and durable. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block consists of basic materials that are widely available including Sand, Cement, Fly Ash, Lime, Gypsum, Aluminium Powder Paste, Water and an Expansion agent. The major volume in Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) is covered by silica sand and it is one of the world’s most abundant natural resources. The finished product is up to five times the volume of the raw materials used, with an air content of 70% to 80% which makes them lightweight. The effort is made to fulfil the framed objective of this analytical research is to study, Engineer, Consultants and Trader’s perceptions towards the use of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block in construction projects and to analyse, the data collected as per questionnaire survey of targeted respondents study. This objective was achieved by a deriving conclusion about whether the AAC blocks are much better than clay bricks or not, by soft computing. The soft computing was done using one of the Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS) method. i.e. Chi-square test. Required data for the study was collected through questionnaires that were distributed among the respondents who work at various construction projects. Mainly Engineers, Consultants, Traders and Contractors were selected as a respondent to getting efficient and reliable technical data. Result of the survey proved that the AAC block are better compare to the clay bricks.
Poster Presentation: An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concret...A Makwana
An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concrete utility using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISING IMPORTANCE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ADOPTIO...A Makwana
In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to
availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour
why mainly focus of this area is taken into
consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index
technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are
produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric
components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as
toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach
is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute
to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected
factors of modular construction.
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUESA Makwana
Although buildings are often constructed using flexible materials, roof and
structural expansion joints are required when plan dimensions are large. It is not possible to
state exact requirements relative to distances between expansion joints because of the many
variables involved, such as ambient temperatures during construction and the expected
temperature range during the life of a building. Expansion joints are periodic breaks in the
structure of the buildings. An expansion joint is a gap in the building structure provided by
an architect or engineer to allow for the movement of the building due to temperature
changes. An expansion joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced
expansion and contraction of various construction materials. They are commonly found
between sections of slabs, bridges, and other structures. The “assembly” can be as simple as
a caulked separation between two sections of the same materials. More recently, expansion
joints have been included in the design of, or added to existing, brick exterior walls for
similar purposes. In concrete and concrete block construction, the term applied is “control
joint,” but serves similar purposes. Throughout the year, building faces and concrete slabs
will expand and contract due to the warming and cooling of our planet through the seasons.
The structures would crack under the stress of thermal expansion and contraction if
expansion joint gaps were not built into the structures. Even today the expansion joint gaps
are often neglected during the design process, and simple caulking is used to fill these gaps
to complete a project. This simple caulking cannot handle the thermal expansion due to the
changing seasons, ultimately leaving a leak point in the structure. This expansion joint
becomes the main source of leakages in the structure which can ruin the interiors of the
building if not sealed or treated confidently. Waterproofing these joints often an overlooked
aspect of waterproofing design and detailing.
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACHA Makwana
Every civil engineering structure is designed for a certain life period generally 100 years. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous and unstable, which may cause a severe impact and be a cause of many deaths. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. Before any demolition of any type is employed in an area, it is vital that the rescue phase has ended completely. The rescue teams must have given clear information to the contractors that their rescue phase is finished in the selected area, since any demolition work carried out may reveal survivors. Such situations are highly sensitive and must be respected. A major disaster has an economic effect on the local region since the loss of buildings, lifelines and infrastructure results in a slump in the local economy. It is therefore important to boost the economy by employing as much local expertise and workforce as possible. This creates a unity in rehabilitation in the community and results in a more stable recovery. Due to this scenario, the demolition work should be carried out by a consortium, especially set up to do the work rather than commissioning the work to individual companies. This consortium must be set up in regions of high seismic risk to ensure rapid formation after a disaster. This will combat the eventual competitiveness of the large financial investors in the community which could result in a monopoly controlled by certain individuals. It would therefore be preferable to have a local demolition joint-venture to generate the needed local income after a disaster. There will, however, be a certain need for outside managerial and consultancy aid, especially in the developing countries, and this must be acknowledged and respected. The cooperation with the outside aid must be extensive and at a high level in conjunction with the local representatives so as to maintain as much of the local culture and style as possible. The outside consultants must be cautious when introducing major resources, such as machinery, into the post-disaster phases since this may be seen as taking work away from local resources.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYA Makwana
Termites popularly known as white ants cause considerable damage to wood works,
furnishing etc. of buildings. The Latin name Isoptera means "equal wing" and refers to the
fact that the front set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shape to the hind
set. Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different
looking individuals (castes). There are more than 2,500 different types of termites in the world.
In some country the loss caused due to termites is estimated to be as high as 10% of the capital
outlay of the building. Anti-termite treatment is therefore necessary so that damages are either
reduced or stopped together. Through regular inspections, a termite specialist can help
identify common hot spots for activity and warning signs for a termite infestation, plus share
tips to help keep termites at bay. Termites can fit through cracks as thin as an average business
card (1/32 inch) so proper maintenance is crucial to seal up any gaps around the foundation
and roof/eaves. To identify the termite and its uniqueness, the life cycle of termite is necessary
to understand. Anti- termites are used to combat the problem. There are combinations of
methods depending on what sort of damage is done by the termites. The treatment has to be
implemented at the time of construction for effective and permanent solution.
INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF TODAYS WORLDA Makwana
A building that uses both technology and process to create a facility that is safe,
healthy and comfortable and enables productivity and well-being of its occupants. With lots
of energy crisis in today‟s world now it‟s important for architects, engineers and construction
managers to make buildings which are energy efficient and intelligent by its functions and as
well as its usage, too. Technologies applied in intelligent buildings will improve the building
environment and functionality for occupants, while reducing operational costs. Smart or
clever buildings, perhaps focus on control systems, but intelligent buildings go far beyond
this. An intelligent building has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user
requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation,
maintenance and optimization. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to
benefit present and future generations. An intelligent building system concept recognizes that
the true cost of the building is not its cost of construction; it must include the operating and
maintenance costs over the structure‟s life span. Intelligent buildings yield cost reductions
over all these areas by optimizing energy use through automated control, communication and
management systems. They also guard against repair costs, employee time, productivity loss,
revenue loss and the loss of customers to competitors. Now a day, all heard of „sickbuilding‟
syndrome and the misery this can inflict in the workplace in terms of poor health
and lost production. The notion of the Intelligent Building is the modern civil engineer's Big
Idea in tackling these and other such deficiencies. The intelligent building can adapt itself to
maintain an optimized environment. An intelligent building must be smart enough to vary the
environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of communication or
network regardless of whether it is internal or external. At an even more fundamental level
intelligent buildings can cope with social and technological change and also are adaptable to
human needs. This paper provides a review of research era in the area of Intelligent Building
with case studies.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.
A STUDY ON READY MIXED CONCRETE USING INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST THROUGH SPSS SOFTWARE IN CHAROTAR REGION OF CENTRAL GUJARAT
1. Journal of International
Academic Research for Multidisciplinary
ISSN 2320 -5083
A Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, Monthly, Open Access, Online Research Journal
Impact Factor – 1.393
VOLUME 1 ISSUE 11 DECEMBER 2013
A GLOBAL SOCIETY FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
www.jiarm.com
A GREEN PUBLISHING HOUSE
2. Editorial Board
Dr. Kari Jabbour, Ph.D
Curriculum Developer,
American College of Technology,
Missouri, USA.
Er.Chandramohan, M.S
System Specialist - OGP
ABB Australia Pvt. Ltd., Australia.
Dr. S.K. Singh
Chief Scientist
Advanced Materials Technology Department
Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology
Bhubaneswar, India
Dr. Jake M. Laguador
Director, Research and Statistics Center,
Lyceum of the Philippines University,
Philippines.
Prof. Dr. Sharath Babu, LLM Ph.D
Dean. Faculty of Law,
Karnatak University Dharwad,
Karnataka, India
Dr.S.M Kadri, MBBS, MPH/ICHD,
FFP Fellow, Public Health Foundation of India
Epidemiologist Division of Epidemiology and Public Health,
Kashmir, India
Dr.Bhumika Talwar, BDS
Research Officer
State Institute of Health & Family Welfare
Jaipur, India
Dr. Tej Pratap Mall Ph.D
Head, Postgraduate Department of Botany,
Kisan P.G. College, Bahraich, India.
Dr. Arup Kanti Konar, Ph.D
Associate Professor of Economics Achhruram,
Memorial College,
SKB University, Jhalda,Purulia,
West Bengal. India
Dr. S.Raja Ph.D
Research Associate,
Madras Research Center of CMFR ,
Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
Chennai, India
Dr. Vijay Pithadia, Ph.D,
Director - Sri Aurobindo Institute of Management
Rajkot, India.
Er. R. Bhuvanewari Devi M. Tech, MCIHT
Highway Engineer, Infrastructure,
Ramboll, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Sanda Maican, Ph.D.
Senior Researcher,
Department of Ecology, Taxonomy and Nature Conservation
Institute of Biology of the Romanian Academy,
Bucharest, Romania
Dr. Reynalda B. Garcia
Professor, Graduate School &
College of Education, Arts and Sciences
Lyceum of the Philippines University
Philippines
Dr.Damarla Bala Venkata Ramana
Senior Scientist
Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA)
Hyderabad, A.P, India
PROF. Dr.S.V.Kshirsagar, M.B.B.S,M.S
Head - Department of Anatomy,
Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences,
Karnataka, India.
Dr Asifa Nazir, M.B.B.S, MD,
Assistant Professor, Dept of Microbiology
Government Medical College, Srinagar, India.
Dr.AmitaPuri, Ph.D
Officiating Principal
Army Inst. Of Education
New Delhi, India
Dr. Shobana Nelasco Ph.D
Associate Professor,
Fellow of Indian Council of Social Science
Research (On Deputation},
Department of Economics,
Bharathidasan University, Trichirappalli. India
M. Suresh Kumar, PHD
Assistant Manager,
Godrej Security Solution,
India.
Dr.T.Chandrasekarayya,Ph.D
Assistant Professor,
Dept Of Population Studies & Social Work,
S.V.University, Tirupati, India.
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A STUDY ON READY MIXED CONCRETE USING INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST
THROUGH SPSS SOFTWARE IN CHAROTAR REGION OF CENTRAL GUJARAT
CHIRAG R. PARMAR*
ASHISH H. MAKWANA**
JAYESHKUMAR PITRODA***
JAYDEV J. BHAVSAR****
*Final Year B. E. Civil Engg., B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
**Final Year M.E. C. E. & M., B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
***Assistant Professor & Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg. B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
****Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg. B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT
The Indian Construction industry has been traditionally labour oriented. The pace of
mechanization in the past was very slow due to the availability of cheap and abundant labour,
lack of capital investment and highly fragmented nature of the construction sector. The Ready
Mixed Concrete is a dynamic resource for the construction industry, which must periodically
re-evaluate its position in relation to the economy, the nation, local industry, and especially
with the customer. Highly-developed economies bring changes in market conditions. A
change which has been occurring is the change from a product to a service-related market.
This change occurs earlier in mass consumer products and lags behind in more static products
like those in the construction industry. This conversion from product to service is taking
place now in the construction industry. The Ready Mixed Concrete Industry has traditionally
made its profit for Infrastructural development. Objective of this research paper is to prove
that Ready Mixed Concrete utilization is beneficial compare to Conventional Mixed Concrete
in Charotar Region of Central Gujarat. During this research work various factors interrelated
to Ready Mixed Concrete are being identified and converted into questionnaire to carry out
surveys. Software like Microsoft Excel and SPSS Statistics (Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences) are adopted to evaluate the responses collected from the people by Independent-
Samples T Test.
KEYWORDS: Ready Mixed Concrete, Construction Industry, Market Conditions,
Infrastructural Development, Management
INTRODUCTION
Ready Mixed Concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use concrete, with predetermined mixture of
cement, aggregates, additives and water. It is manufactured in a centrally located factory
(Batching plant) according to a set recipe or as per specifications of the client. It is then
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delivered to the client’s worksite, often in special trucks (Transit mixer) capable of mixing
the ingredients of the concrete. This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete
mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites.
RMC is preferred to on-site concrete mixing because of the precision of the mixture and
reduced worksite confusion. It facilitates speedy construction through programmed delivery
at site and mechanized operation with consequent economy. It also decreases labour, site
supervising cost and project time, thereby resulting in savings, proper control and economy in
the use of raw materials. It assures consistent quality through accurate computerized control
of aggregates and water as per mix designs. It minimizes cement wastage due to bulk
handling and there is no dust problem and therefore, pollution-free.
Ready Mixed Concrete is a modern technique of production of concrete in large quantities
away from the actual site of placing. It is very useful in cities where demand of concrete is
very high and construction sites are in congested areas, where mixing on site is not possible.
The Supervisory and labour costs associated with production of RMC is less, and the quality
of concrete is high. It is suitable for huge industrial and residential projects where time plays
a vital role.
Fig. 1: Modern Ready Mixed Concrete Plant
(Source: Dharti RMC Pvt Ltd., Anand-Sojitra Road, Near Sunav, At & Po. Sunav, Ta.
Petlad, Dist. Anand)
LITERATURE REVIEW
This method of mixing concrete was first invented and patented by Germans more than 100
years ago in 1903. But for a few years this method did not become popular as there was no
suitable method of transporting the concrete to construction sites. The first commercial
delivery of concrete was made in 1913 in Baltimore, USA using a small drum type transit
mixer and the first ready mix concrete plant was set up at Heathrow airport site in London in 1931.
The Ready mix concrete business in India is still in its infancy; where as in developed
countries, nearly 80% of cement consumption is in the form of ready mix concrete and 20%
in the form of recast. In India, ready mix concrete accounts for less than 5% of consumption,
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and as much as 82% of cement consumption is in the form of site-mixed concrete. While
70% of cement produced in a developed country like Japan is used by RMC business, in
India, only around 2% of total cement production is used by RMC.At the present, the cost
differential between Ready-mixed concrete and site mixed concrete is proving major
constraint in its growth. This problem will be resolved with the increasing awareness about
the advantages of RMC by the end consumers.
ABOUTINDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-TEST
The Independent-Samples T Test procedure compares means for two or more groups of
cases. Ideally, for this test, the subjects should be randomly assigned to two groups, so that
any difference in response is due to the treatment and not to other factors. This is not the case
if you compare average income for males and females. A person is not randomly assigned to
be a male or female. In such situations, you should ensure that differences in other factors are
not masking or enhancing a significant difference in means. Differences in average income
may be influenced by factors such as education. In the calculation of Independent-samples T
TEST, replacing calculated value greater than null hypothesis value with a plus sign and each
small value less then null hypothesis value with a minus sign.
Null hypothesis (H0) - Ready Mixed Concrete utilization is beneficial compare to
Conventional Mixed Concrete in Charotar Region of Central Gujarat. (α 0.05)
Alternative hypothesis (H1) - Ready Mixed Concrete utilization is not beneficial compare to
Conventional Mixed Concrete in Charotar Region of Central Gujarat. (α> 0.05)
INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST DEFINE GROUPS
For numeric grouping variables, define the two groups for the T test by specifying two values
or a cut point:
Use specified values: Enter a value for Group 1 and another value for Group 2. Cases
with any other values are excluded from the analysis. Numbers need not be integers
(for example, 6.25 and 12.5 are valid).
Cutpoint: Enter a number that splits the values of the grouping variable into two sets.
All cases with values that are less than the cutpoint form one group, and cases with
values that are greater than or equal to the cutpoint form the other group.
For string grouping variables, enter a string for Group 1 and another value for Group 2, such
as yes and no. Cases with other strings are excluded from the analysis.
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INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST OPTIONS
Confidence Interval: By default, a 95% confidence interval for the difference in means is
displayed. Enter a value between 1 and 99 to request a different confidence level.
Missing Values: When you test several variables, and data are missing for one or more
variables, you can tell the procedure which cases to include (or exclude).
Exclude cases analysis by analysis. Each t test uses all cases that have valid data for
the tested variables. Sample sizes may vary from test to test.
Exclude cases list wise. Each t test uses only cases that have valid data for all
variables that are used in the requested t tests. The sample size is constant across tests.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Table 1: Independent-Samples T Test
Level of
significance
(α)
Values of Criterion details Result Hypothesis
Calculated Tabulated
PART1: a] Material and Equipment cost; b] Staff and their Salary; c] Labours and their wages; d]
Ready Mixed Concrete Plant with capital Investment and Production; e] various concrete grade cost”
- Data analysis and interpretation regarding RMC Plant Manager point of view:
1: Cost of OPC per Ton
0.05 0.572 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis
if (Calculated)> 1.313, the
value of for 29-1= 28
degree of freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
2: Cost of Sand (per Ton)
0.05 2.299 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Not
Accepted
3: Cost of Aggregate (10 mm) per Ton
0.05 1.664 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.313, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
4: Cost of Aggregate (20 mm) per Ton
0.05 0.278 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
5: Cost of Fly ash (per Ton)
0.05 0.385 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
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6: Cost of Superticizer (per lit.)
0.05 0.634 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis
if (Calculated)> 1.313, the
value of for 29-1= 28
degree of freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
7: No. of Technical staff of RMC Plant
0.05 0.350 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
8: Salary of One Technical Person (per month) working at RMC plant
0.05 0.572 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis
if (Calculated)> 1.701, the
value of for 29-1= 28
degree of freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
9: No. of Labours required for RMC plant
0.05 0.438 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
10: Wages of One Labour (per day) of RMC plant
0.05 0.253 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
11: Size of transit mixer used for RMC delivery to customer’s construction site
0.05 0.784 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
12: Maximum distance required for RMC delivery to customer’s construction site
0.05 0.819 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
> 1.701, the
value of for 29-1= 28
degree of freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
13: Owning cost of RMC transit mixture
0.05 0.185 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
14: Operating cost of RMC transit mixture (capacity 8 cum.) per 25 km
0.05 0.319 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.313, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
15: Cost of pump used for placing of RMC
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0.05 1.007 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis
if (Calculated)> 1.701, the
value of for 29-1= 28
degree of freedom
rejected Accepted
16: Approx. production of RMC per day
0.05 0.766 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of or 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
17: Capital investment of RMC plant
0.05 0.226 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
18: Cost of M 10 grade RMC per cum.
0.05 0.014 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
19: Cost of M 15 grade RMC per cum
0.05 0.626 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.313, the value
of or 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
20: Cost of M 20 grade RMC per cum.
0.05 0.677 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of or 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
21: Cost of M 25 grade RMC per cum.
0.05 0.021 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of or 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
22: Cost of M 30 grade RMC per cum.
0.008 1.644 2.547 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
PART 2: “a] Delivery; b] Quality; c] Quantity; d] Testing; e] Supervision; f] Placement of RMC; g]
Application and Availability of RMC”:Data analysis and interpretation regarding Contractor
and Consultant point of view
23: Get RMC Delivery in proper time
0.05 0.599 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of or 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
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24: Get RMC in better Quality
0.05 0.467 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
25: Get RMC in required Quantity
0.05 2.036 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.313, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Not
Accepted
26: Testing of RMC
0.05 0.009 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of or 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
27: Supervision necessary at the time of placing of RMC
0.05 0.106 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of or 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
28: Problem while placing RMC in the Formwork
0.05 0.129 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.313, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
29: Any type of action preferred when RMC hardened before Placing
0.05 1.448 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of or 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
30: Possible to use RMC for small projects
0.05 0.739 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.313, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
31: Possible to use RMC in under water construction work
0.05 0.100 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of or 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
32: Type of response get from RMC plant Manager
0.05 0.500 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
33: Uniform size of aggregate used in RMC
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0.006 1.339 2.669 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of or 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
34: Wastage produced of RMC at the time of placing
0.05 0.395 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.313, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
35: Change in quality of RMC when mixing admixture
0.05 0.022 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
36: Availability of RMC in Charotar region
0.05 0.493 1.701 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 1.701, the value
of for 29-1= 28 degree of
freedom
Cannot
be
rejected
Accepted
CONCLUSIONS
Following conclusions are drawn of Ready Mixed Concrete by Independent - Samples T Test:
In Independent-Samples T Test, 3 Categories (Ready Mixed Concrete plant manager,
Contractor, Consultant) are considered as a grouping variable and after the analysis
concluded that 94.44% variables are accepted at ≤ 5% level of significance ( ) and
5.56% variables are not accepted.
So, Hypothesis (Ready Mixed Concrete utilization is beneficial compare to
Conventional Mixed Concrete in Charotar Region of Central Gujarat.) is successfully
proved by Independent-Samples T Test.
REFERENCES
1. A K Jain, India, “Ready-Mixed Concrete growth prospects in India”, Grasim Industries
Ltd,27th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE & STRUCTURES: 29 - 30 August
2002, Singapore.
2. A.R.Santhkumar, “Concrete Technology”, Oxford higher education.
3. Ashish H. Makwana, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, “A Study on Region wise Price Variation of
Construction Raw Materials using Frequency Analysis through SPSS Software”, International
Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), Impact Factor 0.537, ISSN: 2231-
5381, Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2013, Pg. 3233 – 3242.
4. Bharat G. Bhudiya, Sanjay S. Narola, Ashish H. Makwana, Jayeshkumar Pitroda,
“Assessment on Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks using Frequency Analysis through
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