This document provides an overview of assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy based on a review of literature from 1985-2001. It finds that while clinical assessment of clients is addressed, there is little literature on broader topics like program evaluation or meta-evaluation of music therapy practice. Information tends to be fragmented and incomplete from an evaluation perspective. However, interest in assessment topics is growing, as seen in special journal issues and conferences on the topic. The author aims to organize information, propose a taxonomy of evaluation research areas, and promote further study of assessment in music therapy.
Music therapy has been used historically as a therapeutic tool to impact emotions and physiology. A literature review identified 49 peer-reviewed studies from 1990-2012 investigating the effects of music therapy on variables like anxiety, pain, vital signs, and biochemical markers. The studies represented a variety of clinical settings and populations. The review found that music therapy reduced anxiety and sedative requirements in 42 studies, impacted vital signs in 30 studies, reduced pain and analgesic use in 22 studies, and influenced mood and biochemical markers in some studies. The evidence suggests music therapy may be useful as an adjuvant therapy in many clinical contexts by positively influencing physiological stress and pain responses.
Home-based music therapy (HBMT) is an innovative service that is being used increasingly for patients who require care at home. A systematic review identified 20 studies on HBMT from several countries. The majority of studies involved elderly patients living at home or those needing hospice/palliative care. While settings varied, music listening programs were most common. Studies found HBMT effective in reducing symptoms like depression and pain and improving quality of life and caregiver relationships. HBMT shows promise as an accessible therapeutic option for those receiving home healthcare.
This master's thesis examines music therapy assessments for patients with schizophrenia. The study analyzed assessments of two schizophrenic patients undergoing music therapy, including sessions with the therapist and supervisor. It also analyzed questionnaires completed by six nursing staff members working with the patients. The main focuses of the analysis were the music-related interactions between patients and therapists during assessments and the achievement of a flexible working alliance. According to the results, the core process of music therapy assessments for schizophrenic patients is achieving a flexible alliance. The interactions during assessments produced situations that demonstrated and described flexibility and alliance formation. The nursing staff also found the assessment reports to be an important source of new information and knowledge about the patients.
GE2026Unit 2 AS2 Annotated Bibliography Assignment and Reference MatthewTennant613
GE2026Unit 2 AS2: Annotated Bibliography Assignment and Reference Tips
WHAT IS AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY?
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 250-500 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraphs, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.
ANNOTATIONS VS. ABSTRACTS
Abstracts are the purely descriptive summaries often found at the beginning of scholarly journal articles or in periodical indexes. Annotations are descriptive and critical; they may describe the author's point of view, authority, or clarity and appropriateness of expression.
THE PROCESS
· Creating an annotated bibliography calls for the application of a variety of intellectual skills: concise exposition, succinct analysis, and informed library research.
· First, locate and record citations to articles that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic. Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.
· Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style.
· Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or article. Include one or more sentences that (a) evaluate the authority or background of the author, (b) comment on the intended audience, (c) compare or contrast this work with another you have cited, or (d) explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.
YOUR ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Your annotated bibliography must include at least 10 articles. Keep in mind that the annotated bibliography will help you with your entire project and serves as the foundation of your literature review.
SAMPLE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY FOR A JOURNAL ARTICLE
The following example uses APA style (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, 2010) for the journal citation:
Waite, L. J., Goldschneider, F. K., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review,51, 541-554.
The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.
Modified from Research & Learning Services, Olin Library, Cornell ...
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review literature on music and biomarkers of stress in order to (1) Identify music interventions and (2) Detail the biomarkers of stress associated with music. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed in performing this systematic review. Studies published from January 1995 to January 2020 that pertain to biomarkers of stress and music were identified through the use of the PubMed database, using the keywords: ‘music’ AND ‘biomarker’ OR ‘marker’ OR ‘hormone’. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on 16 studies that met the specific selection criteria and passed the study quality checks. Results: The reviewed studies were all randomized controlled trials. Reviewed music interventions included Music Listening (ML), Meditational Music (MM), ‘Guided Imagery and Music’ (GIM), and Singing. The studies showed that music is associated with a decreasing trend in cortisol, salivary α-amylase, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as an increasing trend in Immunoglobulin A (IgA), oxytocin, and EEG theta wave, while testosterone was associated with sex-related differences. Conclusion: Music is associated with significant changes in biomarkers of stress, suggesting that it could be utilized for the development of stress reduction tools.
American Music Therapy Association Habilitation Music Therapy Research And E...Kim Daniels
Music therapy is an established health profession that uses music to achieve therapeutic goals such as developing communication skills, improving mood, and enhancing quality of life. Research supports the use of music therapy for habilitation (helping individuals attain skills) in areas like speech/singing connections, memory, and mood/behavior regulation. Studies show music therapy can help develop skills for those with chronic conditions and disabilities, and maintain functioning. It is commonly used in special education and as part of multidisciplinary teams. Music therapy interventions are documented and individualized, with typical outcomes like improved social/communication skills and reduced problem behaviors.
Music Therapy in Consultation-Liaison PsychiatryJoana Novo
This document discusses the use of music therapy in consultation-liaison psychiatry at Hahnemann University Hospital. It describes how music therapy has been integrated into the consultation-liaison psychiatry service to provide intervention for medical and surgical patients with mental health issues. The music therapist plays an integral role in the consultation-liaison service by providing input during patient discussions and treatment planning. Music therapy sessions generally involve the use of various instruments and engaging patients in music experiences like improvisation, singing, and songwriting to support psychotherapy and facilitate expression of feelings. Examples provided illustrate how music therapy can help change patients' moods and increase involvement and coping during hospitalization.
The outcome of psychotherapy yesterday, today and tomorrow (psychotherapy in ...Daryl Chow
In 1963, the first issue of the journal Psychotherapy appeared. Responding to findings reported in a previous publication by Eysenck (1952), Strupp wrote of the ‘staggering research problems’ confronting the field and the necessity of conducting ‘properly planned and executed studies’ to resolve questions about the process and outcome of psychotherapy. Today, both the efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy has been well established. Despite the consistent findings substantiating the field’s worth, a significant question remains the subject of debate: How does psychotherapy work? On this subject, debate continues to divide the profession. In this paper, a ‘way out’ is proposed informed by research on the therapist’s contribution to treatment outcome and findings from studies on the acquisition of expertise.
Music therapy has been used historically as a therapeutic tool to impact emotions and physiology. A literature review identified 49 peer-reviewed studies from 1990-2012 investigating the effects of music therapy on variables like anxiety, pain, vital signs, and biochemical markers. The studies represented a variety of clinical settings and populations. The review found that music therapy reduced anxiety and sedative requirements in 42 studies, impacted vital signs in 30 studies, reduced pain and analgesic use in 22 studies, and influenced mood and biochemical markers in some studies. The evidence suggests music therapy may be useful as an adjuvant therapy in many clinical contexts by positively influencing physiological stress and pain responses.
Home-based music therapy (HBMT) is an innovative service that is being used increasingly for patients who require care at home. A systematic review identified 20 studies on HBMT from several countries. The majority of studies involved elderly patients living at home or those needing hospice/palliative care. While settings varied, music listening programs were most common. Studies found HBMT effective in reducing symptoms like depression and pain and improving quality of life and caregiver relationships. HBMT shows promise as an accessible therapeutic option for those receiving home healthcare.
This master's thesis examines music therapy assessments for patients with schizophrenia. The study analyzed assessments of two schizophrenic patients undergoing music therapy, including sessions with the therapist and supervisor. It also analyzed questionnaires completed by six nursing staff members working with the patients. The main focuses of the analysis were the music-related interactions between patients and therapists during assessments and the achievement of a flexible working alliance. According to the results, the core process of music therapy assessments for schizophrenic patients is achieving a flexible alliance. The interactions during assessments produced situations that demonstrated and described flexibility and alliance formation. The nursing staff also found the assessment reports to be an important source of new information and knowledge about the patients.
GE2026Unit 2 AS2 Annotated Bibliography Assignment and Reference MatthewTennant613
GE2026Unit 2 AS2: Annotated Bibliography Assignment and Reference Tips
WHAT IS AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY?
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 250-500 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraphs, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.
ANNOTATIONS VS. ABSTRACTS
Abstracts are the purely descriptive summaries often found at the beginning of scholarly journal articles or in periodical indexes. Annotations are descriptive and critical; they may describe the author's point of view, authority, or clarity and appropriateness of expression.
THE PROCESS
· Creating an annotated bibliography calls for the application of a variety of intellectual skills: concise exposition, succinct analysis, and informed library research.
· First, locate and record citations to articles that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic. Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.
· Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style.
· Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or article. Include one or more sentences that (a) evaluate the authority or background of the author, (b) comment on the intended audience, (c) compare or contrast this work with another you have cited, or (d) explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.
YOUR ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Your annotated bibliography must include at least 10 articles. Keep in mind that the annotated bibliography will help you with your entire project and serves as the foundation of your literature review.
SAMPLE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY FOR A JOURNAL ARTICLE
The following example uses APA style (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, 2010) for the journal citation:
Waite, L. J., Goldschneider, F. K., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review,51, 541-554.
The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.
Modified from Research & Learning Services, Olin Library, Cornell ...
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review literature on music and biomarkers of stress in order to (1) Identify music interventions and (2) Detail the biomarkers of stress associated with music. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed in performing this systematic review. Studies published from January 1995 to January 2020 that pertain to biomarkers of stress and music were identified through the use of the PubMed database, using the keywords: ‘music’ AND ‘biomarker’ OR ‘marker’ OR ‘hormone’. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on 16 studies that met the specific selection criteria and passed the study quality checks. Results: The reviewed studies were all randomized controlled trials. Reviewed music interventions included Music Listening (ML), Meditational Music (MM), ‘Guided Imagery and Music’ (GIM), and Singing. The studies showed that music is associated with a decreasing trend in cortisol, salivary α-amylase, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as an increasing trend in Immunoglobulin A (IgA), oxytocin, and EEG theta wave, while testosterone was associated with sex-related differences. Conclusion: Music is associated with significant changes in biomarkers of stress, suggesting that it could be utilized for the development of stress reduction tools.
American Music Therapy Association Habilitation Music Therapy Research And E...Kim Daniels
Music therapy is an established health profession that uses music to achieve therapeutic goals such as developing communication skills, improving mood, and enhancing quality of life. Research supports the use of music therapy for habilitation (helping individuals attain skills) in areas like speech/singing connections, memory, and mood/behavior regulation. Studies show music therapy can help develop skills for those with chronic conditions and disabilities, and maintain functioning. It is commonly used in special education and as part of multidisciplinary teams. Music therapy interventions are documented and individualized, with typical outcomes like improved social/communication skills and reduced problem behaviors.
Music Therapy in Consultation-Liaison PsychiatryJoana Novo
This document discusses the use of music therapy in consultation-liaison psychiatry at Hahnemann University Hospital. It describes how music therapy has been integrated into the consultation-liaison psychiatry service to provide intervention for medical and surgical patients with mental health issues. The music therapist plays an integral role in the consultation-liaison service by providing input during patient discussions and treatment planning. Music therapy sessions generally involve the use of various instruments and engaging patients in music experiences like improvisation, singing, and songwriting to support psychotherapy and facilitate expression of feelings. Examples provided illustrate how music therapy can help change patients' moods and increase involvement and coping during hospitalization.
The outcome of psychotherapy yesterday, today and tomorrow (psychotherapy in ...Daryl Chow
In 1963, the first issue of the journal Psychotherapy appeared. Responding to findings reported in a previous publication by Eysenck (1952), Strupp wrote of the ‘staggering research problems’ confronting the field and the necessity of conducting ‘properly planned and executed studies’ to resolve questions about the process and outcome of psychotherapy. Today, both the efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy has been well established. Despite the consistent findings substantiating the field’s worth, a significant question remains the subject of debate: How does psychotherapy work? On this subject, debate continues to divide the profession. In this paper, a ‘way out’ is proposed informed by research on the therapist’s contribution to treatment outcome and findings from studies on the acquisition of expertise.
This chapter discusses the history of music therapy, including its origins in ancient times when music was used for medicinal purposes by shamans and witch doctors who believed music could heal illnesses caused by supernatural spirits. The chapter then covers the development of music therapy through the Renaissance, 19th century, and 20th century when technologies like MIDI allowed computers to capture musical material. It discusses how music therapy is now used for a wide variety of psychological and physical disabilities, using music within a therapeutic relationship. The role of the modern music therapist and developments in research are also summarized.
Bibliometric analysis of acupuncture research through the Web of Science data...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: The main points of focus of bibliometric analysis of acupuncture treatment of diseases include pain (headache, low back pain), insomnia, and knee osteoarthritis, for example. In this paper, we analyze the frontiers, hotspots, and research trends of acupuncture over the past 30 years and compare them for each of three 10-year periods. Methods: All the studies on acupuncture research in three different periods (1990–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2019) were collected from the Web of Science database. The evolution of the research, hotspots, and trends in acupuncture were explored intuitively by analyzing the frequency, betweenness centrality, and subject word clustering of the three periods. Results: (1) 1990–1999, the main content relating to research was the mechanism of research of acupuncture treatment of pain. Naloxone was the high-frequency subject word, and centrality included, for example, the spinal cord, enkephalin, smoking cessation, and detoxification. The results of keyword cluster analysis showed that the main research content included capsaicin-induced neurogenic edema, chemical dependency treatment, afferent fiber, and sufferers from xerostomia. (2) 2000–2009, during this stage, the frequency of keywords appeared in new research content such as randomized controlled trials of acupuncture and low back pain, but pain still dominated the main research content. From the perspective of intermediary centrality, along with the rise in randomized controlled trials, there were many important meta-analyses, as well as the management of acupuncture treatment. The main elements of the keyword cluster analysis included, for example, systematic review, randomized controlled pilot study, add-on therapy, brief overview, and ovarian morphology. (3) 2010–2019, during this period, compared with the previous two stages, there was increased frequency of keywords, a growth in clinical randomized controlled trials, and distribution of centrality was evident in the emergence of acupuncture in care, osteoarthritis treatment, and breast cancer research. The keyword clustering covered, for example, neural specificity, inflammatory reaction, chronic pain, sleep pattern, and consort statement. Conclusion: This article summarizes the trend of development of acupuncture from 1990 to 2019 and compares the main research categories and hotspots in each of three different 10-year periods within this span, thereby helping elucidate the research direction within the field.
Adaptation Of Music Therapists Practice To The Outset Of The COVID-19 Pandem...Rachel Doty
This document summarizes a scoping review that explored how music therapists adapted their in-person practice to remote forms of therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. The review included 10 sources describing music therapists' experiences providing synchronous video therapy sessions over the internet or an outdoor concert. It reported challenges in adapting instruments, hours, technology, goals and client preparation to remote formats. Music therapists needed more flexibility, collaboration, and attention to boundaries in remote work. Sources stated that when used as a short-term measure, online music therapy can work sufficiently while allowing services to continue during lockdowns. However, many benefits were directly linked to the pandemic context.
The Outcome of Psychotherapy: Yesterday, Today, and TomorrowΕιρηνη Κουτσοδοντη
1) The article discusses the ongoing debate within the psychotherapy field about how psychotherapy works and what factors contribute to positive outcomes.
2) While efficacy of psychotherapy is now well-established, there is still disagreement between those who view it as similar to medicine with specific ingredients/treatments for conditions, and those who emphasize nonspecific relationship factors as most important.
3) After 50 years of research, the field has not reached consensus on the "independent variable" responsible for client change, and this limits improvements to outcomes and the profession's standing.
Music Therapy Essay. Trinitas School of NursingAshley Opokuaa
This document discusses the challenges and complexities involved in writing an essay about music therapy. It notes that an effective essay on this topic must:
1) Provide an overview of the historical development and theoretical foundations of music therapy, as well as examine real-life case studies.
2) Explore the diverse contexts where music therapy is applied, such as mental health, rehabilitation, and palliative care.
3) Convey the profound emotional and transformative impact of music therapy by blending research, anecdotes, and descriptive language.
Music therapy is an effective treatment for depression that works by addressing outward behaviors and regulating mood. It involves using music to accomplish individualized therapeutic goals under the guidance of a credentialed music therapist. Research shows that music therapy improves observable behaviors for clients with major depressive disorder better than unguided coping strategies. Further study is needed to understand why music therapy is effective and to develop new treatment techniques.
This project explored the criteria that defined authority in a set of nursing education textbooks that were used in a hospital-based registered nurse program, c. 1930s
The document summarizes a study that constructed a rank-ordered list of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Eminence was measured using 6 variables: journal citation frequency, introductory psychology textbook citation frequency, survey responses, National Academy of Sciences membership, election as APA president or receiving the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and having one's surname used as an eponym. Scores on the 6 variables were combined to produce a composite score that was used to rank psychologists. The study aimed to provide a more comprehensive and inclusive list than previous studies by using multiple criteria and spanning the entire 20th century.
Music therapy is an effective form of therapy that uses music to improve mental, physical, and emotional well-being. It has been used for over 60 years in medical settings to help patients reduce stress, anxiety, and pain. Music therapy also benefits those with autism, dementia, and other conditions by improving communication, social interaction, and decreasing problem behaviors. Studies show music lowers stress hormones and reduces the need for pain medication in surgery patients. Music therapists design customized music sessions to meet individual client needs and treat a wide range of issues.
Music Therapy's Impact in Palliative Care| IAPCON2024| Dr. Tara RajendranTara Rajendran
Music Therapy's Impact in Palliative Care|31st Annual International Conference of the Indian Association of Palliative Care (IAPCON 2024), 11 February 2024 Sunday, Gujarat Cancer Research Institute (GCRI), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Music therapy has a long history dating back to ancient times. It grew as a recognized field after World War II when musicians began visiting veterans' hospitals. Formal training programs were established in the 1940s and various organizations were formed to promote music therapy. It developed further in the 1950s-1970s with more programs and research. Music therapy can be used to address physical, cognitive, social, and emotional goals and is practiced with a variety of populations in multiple settings. Therapists employ different techniques including singing, playing instruments, improvisation, and rhythmic entrainment to facilitate changes in clients. [END SUMMARY]
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)Hemangi Narvekar
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), offers a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.
This document provides background information on a study investigating the efficacy of music as an aid to smoking cessation. It includes an acknowledgements section, abstract, introduction covering related literature and key concepts, and outlines the research methods used including collecting data via a questionnaire from 7-10 participants on their music preferences and perceptions of smoking. The findings are summarized, conclusions discussed, and recommendations provided for professional practice and future research.
Mt & parkinson's disease slides for mmsDaniel Tague
Music therapy is a research-based healthcare profession that uses music interventions within a therapeutic relationship to achieve outcomes in various clinical domains such as psychological, physical, and social. It is commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease by maintaining speech and motor skills through techniques like voice training and rhythmic auditory stimulation. Research shows music therapy improves variables related to singing ability, speech intelligibility, vocal intensity, mood, and gait in individuals with Parkinson's disease. It is a promising treatment approach supported by a growing evidence base.
Why have the artists created these works and what are they.docxphilipnelson29183
Why have the artists created these works and what are they saying about their culture?
Explain how each artist has used the following to make that statement.visual elements (shape or form, line texture, light, value, color, space and movement) principles of design
(unity and variety, balance, focal point, scale, proportion, and rhythm) subject mattermaterials and techniques
Sample Essay 1 (25 points) Compare and contrast these works in terms of:
High Renaissance
Raphael, School of Athens, 1509-10. Fresco, 200 x 300 “.
Photorealism
Chuck Close, Big Self-Portrait, 1967-68.
Acrylic on canvas. 107 ½“x 83 1/2”.
*
Why have the artists created these works and what are they saying about their culture?
Explain how each artist has used the following to make that statement.visual elements (shape or form, line texture, light, value, color, space and movement) principles of design
(unity and variety, balance, focal point, scale, proportion, and rhythm) subject mattermaterials and techniques
Sample Essay 2 (25 points) Compare and contrast these works in terms of:
Boticelli
Birth of Venus, 1486. Tempera on canvas, 67.9 × 109.6 ”
Kees Van Dongen
Femme Fatale. Oil on canvas, 32 X 24”.
German Expressionism, 1905
*
Integrative and Biopsychosocial Approaches in Contemporary Clinical Psychology
Chapter Objective
· To highlight and outline how contemporary clinical psychology integrates the major theoretical models using a biopsychosocial approach.
Chapter Outline
· The Call to Integration
· Biopsychosocial Integration
· Synthesizing Biological, Psychological, and Social Factors in Contemporary Integration
· Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist: Stephanie Pinder-Amaker, PhD
· Application of the Biopsychosocial Perspective to Contemporary Clinical Psychology Problems
· Conclusion
Having now reviewed the four major theoretical and historical models in psychology in Chapter 5, this chapter illustrates how integration is achieved in the actual science and practice of clinical psychology. In addition to psychological perspectives per se, a full integration of human functioning demands a synthesis of psychological factors with both biological and social elements. This combination of biological, psychological, and social factors comprises an example of contemporary integration in the form of the biopsychosocial perspective. This chapter describes the evolution of individual psychological perspectives into a more comprehensive biopsychosocial synthesis, perhaps first touched upon 2,500 years ago by the Greeks.
The Call to Integration
While there are over 400 different types of approaches to psychotherapy and other professional services offered by clinical psychologists (Karasu, 1986), the major schools of thought reviewed and illustrated in Chapter 5 have emerged during the past century as the primary perspectives in clinical psychology. As mentioned, these include the psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and family s.
Music therapy in paediatric and adolescent cancer patients a scoping reviewJavier González de Dios
La musicoterapia consiste en usar las respuestas y conexiones de una persona con la música para estimular cambios positivos en el estado de ánimo y el bienestar general. Puede ayudar a mejorar la confianza en uno mismo, la comunicación, la independencia, la autoconciencia y la conciencia de los demás y la capacidad de concentración y atención.
La terapia musical puede incluir crear música con instrumentos de todo tipo, cantar, moverse con la música o simplemente escucharla. La interacción musical entre una persona y su terapeuta es importante durante la terapia musical. La improvisación también pueden ser una parte clave de la terapia musical; esto consiste en hacer música en el momento, respondiendo a un estado de ánimo o a un tema.
El uso de la música para terapia y curación se hunde en la historia de la humanidad, aunque es prevalente en la Antigua Grecia, y su uso terapéutico actual empezó a ser consistente en el siglo XX, después de que terminara la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La referencia más antigua a la terapia musical viene de un artículo de 1789 titulado “Consideración física de la música”. En el siglo XIX devino el crecimiento de la investigación médica sobre la capacidad terapéutica de la música, y desde 1940 las universidades empezaron a ofrecer programas de terapia musical. Ahora, existen muchas asociaciones de musicoterapia en todo el mundo y los terapeutas musicales trabajan en consultorios privados, escuelas, centros de atención social y también en centros sanitarios, como es el caso que nos convoca.
Porque hoy os presentamos uno de los artículos generados en la Tesis doctoral que el Dr. Román Rodríguez está desarrollando en nuestro Servicio de Pediatría, bajo el título de “ “ y cuyo objetivo es el de estudiar el valor de la música en los niños y adolescentes con cáncer, en sus familias y también en los propios profesionales sanitarios,
Y en este artículo que compartimos en este enlace y debajo, se realiza una revisión (scoping review) del valor de la musicoterapia en niños y adolescentes con cáncer.
Music Therapy in End of Life Care Literature ReviewKim Best
This document provides an overview of music therapy in end of life care based on literature. It discusses the history of music therapy beginning in hospice care in the 1970s. Goals of music therapy in end of life care include physical, emotional, and spiritual support for patients and bereavement support for families. Common music therapy interventions include songwriting, lyric analysis, improvisation, singing, instrument playing, and music listening, which are tailored to individual patient needs and goals. The overall aim of music therapy is to improve quality of life for patients and provide comfort during the dying process.
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 73 randomized controlled trials found that music reduced postoperative pain, anxiety, and analgesia use in surgical patients, while increasing patient satisfaction. Music had no effect on length of hospital stay. Subgroup analyses showed that choice of music and timing of the intervention did not significantly impact outcomes. Music was found to be an effective intervention for improving postoperative recovery, even when patients were under general anesthesia.
8 Pcs Vintage Lotus Letter Paper Stationery Writing PKim Daniels
The Articles of Confederation established the first government of the United States and unified the 13
original states as a confederation. It allowed the states to work together during the Revolutionary War
by giving certain powers to the Continental Congress. The Articles also defined state boundaries and
sovereignty, establishing the framework for how the new nation would be governed until it was
replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.
Essay Writing Words 100 Useful Words And PhraseKim Daniels
The document discusses how Anzac Day became a sacred holiday in 1921 to commemorate and honor New Zealanders who fought in World War I. Anzac Day is celebrated annually on April 25th to remember those killed in the Gallipoli landing campaign and to honor returned service members. The day has become an important tradition in New Zealand to reflect on the sacrifices made during the war.
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Similar to Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy An Overview From Literature And Clinical Practice
This chapter discusses the history of music therapy, including its origins in ancient times when music was used for medicinal purposes by shamans and witch doctors who believed music could heal illnesses caused by supernatural spirits. The chapter then covers the development of music therapy through the Renaissance, 19th century, and 20th century when technologies like MIDI allowed computers to capture musical material. It discusses how music therapy is now used for a wide variety of psychological and physical disabilities, using music within a therapeutic relationship. The role of the modern music therapist and developments in research are also summarized.
Bibliometric analysis of acupuncture research through the Web of Science data...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: The main points of focus of bibliometric analysis of acupuncture treatment of diseases include pain (headache, low back pain), insomnia, and knee osteoarthritis, for example. In this paper, we analyze the frontiers, hotspots, and research trends of acupuncture over the past 30 years and compare them for each of three 10-year periods. Methods: All the studies on acupuncture research in three different periods (1990–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2019) were collected from the Web of Science database. The evolution of the research, hotspots, and trends in acupuncture were explored intuitively by analyzing the frequency, betweenness centrality, and subject word clustering of the three periods. Results: (1) 1990–1999, the main content relating to research was the mechanism of research of acupuncture treatment of pain. Naloxone was the high-frequency subject word, and centrality included, for example, the spinal cord, enkephalin, smoking cessation, and detoxification. The results of keyword cluster analysis showed that the main research content included capsaicin-induced neurogenic edema, chemical dependency treatment, afferent fiber, and sufferers from xerostomia. (2) 2000–2009, during this stage, the frequency of keywords appeared in new research content such as randomized controlled trials of acupuncture and low back pain, but pain still dominated the main research content. From the perspective of intermediary centrality, along with the rise in randomized controlled trials, there were many important meta-analyses, as well as the management of acupuncture treatment. The main elements of the keyword cluster analysis included, for example, systematic review, randomized controlled pilot study, add-on therapy, brief overview, and ovarian morphology. (3) 2010–2019, during this period, compared with the previous two stages, there was increased frequency of keywords, a growth in clinical randomized controlled trials, and distribution of centrality was evident in the emergence of acupuncture in care, osteoarthritis treatment, and breast cancer research. The keyword clustering covered, for example, neural specificity, inflammatory reaction, chronic pain, sleep pattern, and consort statement. Conclusion: This article summarizes the trend of development of acupuncture from 1990 to 2019 and compares the main research categories and hotspots in each of three different 10-year periods within this span, thereby helping elucidate the research direction within the field.
Adaptation Of Music Therapists Practice To The Outset Of The COVID-19 Pandem...Rachel Doty
This document summarizes a scoping review that explored how music therapists adapted their in-person practice to remote forms of therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. The review included 10 sources describing music therapists' experiences providing synchronous video therapy sessions over the internet or an outdoor concert. It reported challenges in adapting instruments, hours, technology, goals and client preparation to remote formats. Music therapists needed more flexibility, collaboration, and attention to boundaries in remote work. Sources stated that when used as a short-term measure, online music therapy can work sufficiently while allowing services to continue during lockdowns. However, many benefits were directly linked to the pandemic context.
The Outcome of Psychotherapy: Yesterday, Today, and TomorrowΕιρηνη Κουτσοδοντη
1) The article discusses the ongoing debate within the psychotherapy field about how psychotherapy works and what factors contribute to positive outcomes.
2) While efficacy of psychotherapy is now well-established, there is still disagreement between those who view it as similar to medicine with specific ingredients/treatments for conditions, and those who emphasize nonspecific relationship factors as most important.
3) After 50 years of research, the field has not reached consensus on the "independent variable" responsible for client change, and this limits improvements to outcomes and the profession's standing.
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2) Explore the diverse contexts where music therapy is applied, such as mental health, rehabilitation, and palliative care.
3) Convey the profound emotional and transformative impact of music therapy by blending research, anecdotes, and descriptive language.
Music therapy is an effective treatment for depression that works by addressing outward behaviors and regulating mood. It involves using music to accomplish individualized therapeutic goals under the guidance of a credentialed music therapist. Research shows that music therapy improves observable behaviors for clients with major depressive disorder better than unguided coping strategies. Further study is needed to understand why music therapy is effective and to develop new treatment techniques.
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Music therapy is an effective form of therapy that uses music to improve mental, physical, and emotional well-being. It has been used for over 60 years in medical settings to help patients reduce stress, anxiety, and pain. Music therapy also benefits those with autism, dementia, and other conditions by improving communication, social interaction, and decreasing problem behaviors. Studies show music lowers stress hormones and reduces the need for pain medication in surgery patients. Music therapists design customized music sessions to meet individual client needs and treat a wide range of issues.
Music Therapy's Impact in Palliative Care| IAPCON2024| Dr. Tara RajendranTara Rajendran
Music Therapy's Impact in Palliative Care|31st Annual International Conference of the Indian Association of Palliative Care (IAPCON 2024), 11 February 2024 Sunday, Gujarat Cancer Research Institute (GCRI), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Music therapy has a long history dating back to ancient times. It grew as a recognized field after World War II when musicians began visiting veterans' hospitals. Formal training programs were established in the 1940s and various organizations were formed to promote music therapy. It developed further in the 1950s-1970s with more programs and research. Music therapy can be used to address physical, cognitive, social, and emotional goals and is practiced with a variety of populations in multiple settings. Therapists employ different techniques including singing, playing instruments, improvisation, and rhythmic entrainment to facilitate changes in clients. [END SUMMARY]
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Music therapy is a research-based healthcare profession that uses music interventions within a therapeutic relationship to achieve outcomes in various clinical domains such as psychological, physical, and social. It is commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease by maintaining speech and motor skills through techniques like voice training and rhythmic auditory stimulation. Research shows music therapy improves variables related to singing ability, speech intelligibility, vocal intensity, mood, and gait in individuals with Parkinson's disease. It is a promising treatment approach supported by a growing evidence base.
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Why have the artists created these works and what are they saying about their culture?
Explain how each artist has used the following to make that statement.visual elements (shape or form, line texture, light, value, color, space and movement) principles of design
(unity and variety, balance, focal point, scale, proportion, and rhythm) subject mattermaterials and techniques
Sample Essay 1 (25 points) Compare and contrast these works in terms of:
High Renaissance
Raphael, School of Athens, 1509-10. Fresco, 200 x 300 “.
Photorealism
Chuck Close, Big Self-Portrait, 1967-68.
Acrylic on canvas. 107 ½“x 83 1/2”.
*
Why have the artists created these works and what are they saying about their culture?
Explain how each artist has used the following to make that statement.visual elements (shape or form, line texture, light, value, color, space and movement) principles of design
(unity and variety, balance, focal point, scale, proportion, and rhythm) subject mattermaterials and techniques
Sample Essay 2 (25 points) Compare and contrast these works in terms of:
Boticelli
Birth of Venus, 1486. Tempera on canvas, 67.9 × 109.6 ”
Kees Van Dongen
Femme Fatale. Oil on canvas, 32 X 24”.
German Expressionism, 1905
*
Integrative and Biopsychosocial Approaches in Contemporary Clinical Psychology
Chapter Objective
· To highlight and outline how contemporary clinical psychology integrates the major theoretical models using a biopsychosocial approach.
Chapter Outline
· The Call to Integration
· Biopsychosocial Integration
· Synthesizing Biological, Psychological, and Social Factors in Contemporary Integration
· Highlight of a Contemporary Clinical Psychologist: Stephanie Pinder-Amaker, PhD
· Application of the Biopsychosocial Perspective to Contemporary Clinical Psychology Problems
· Conclusion
Having now reviewed the four major theoretical and historical models in psychology in Chapter 5, this chapter illustrates how integration is achieved in the actual science and practice of clinical psychology. In addition to psychological perspectives per se, a full integration of human functioning demands a synthesis of psychological factors with both biological and social elements. This combination of biological, psychological, and social factors comprises an example of contemporary integration in the form of the biopsychosocial perspective. This chapter describes the evolution of individual psychological perspectives into a more comprehensive biopsychosocial synthesis, perhaps first touched upon 2,500 years ago by the Greeks.
The Call to Integration
While there are over 400 different types of approaches to psychotherapy and other professional services offered by clinical psychologists (Karasu, 1986), the major schools of thought reviewed and illustrated in Chapter 5 have emerged during the past century as the primary perspectives in clinical psychology. As mentioned, these include the psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and family s.
Music therapy in paediatric and adolescent cancer patients a scoping reviewJavier González de Dios
La musicoterapia consiste en usar las respuestas y conexiones de una persona con la música para estimular cambios positivos en el estado de ánimo y el bienestar general. Puede ayudar a mejorar la confianza en uno mismo, la comunicación, la independencia, la autoconciencia y la conciencia de los demás y la capacidad de concentración y atención.
La terapia musical puede incluir crear música con instrumentos de todo tipo, cantar, moverse con la música o simplemente escucharla. La interacción musical entre una persona y su terapeuta es importante durante la terapia musical. La improvisación también pueden ser una parte clave de la terapia musical; esto consiste en hacer música en el momento, respondiendo a un estado de ánimo o a un tema.
El uso de la música para terapia y curación se hunde en la historia de la humanidad, aunque es prevalente en la Antigua Grecia, y su uso terapéutico actual empezó a ser consistente en el siglo XX, después de que terminara la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La referencia más antigua a la terapia musical viene de un artículo de 1789 titulado “Consideración física de la música”. En el siglo XIX devino el crecimiento de la investigación médica sobre la capacidad terapéutica de la música, y desde 1940 las universidades empezaron a ofrecer programas de terapia musical. Ahora, existen muchas asociaciones de musicoterapia en todo el mundo y los terapeutas musicales trabajan en consultorios privados, escuelas, centros de atención social y también en centros sanitarios, como es el caso que nos convoca.
Porque hoy os presentamos uno de los artículos generados en la Tesis doctoral que el Dr. Román Rodríguez está desarrollando en nuestro Servicio de Pediatría, bajo el título de “ “ y cuyo objetivo es el de estudiar el valor de la música en los niños y adolescentes con cáncer, en sus familias y también en los propios profesionales sanitarios,
Y en este artículo que compartimos en este enlace y debajo, se realiza una revisión (scoping review) del valor de la musicoterapia en niños y adolescentes con cáncer.
Music Therapy in End of Life Care Literature ReviewKim Best
This document provides an overview of music therapy in end of life care based on literature. It discusses the history of music therapy beginning in hospice care in the 1970s. Goals of music therapy in end of life care include physical, emotional, and spiritual support for patients and bereavement support for families. Common music therapy interventions include songwriting, lyric analysis, improvisation, singing, instrument playing, and music listening, which are tailored to individual patient needs and goals. The overall aim of music therapy is to improve quality of life for patients and provide comfort during the dying process.
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 73 randomized controlled trials found that music reduced postoperative pain, anxiety, and analgesia use in surgical patients, while increasing patient satisfaction. Music had no effect on length of hospital stay. Subgroup analyses showed that choice of music and timing of the intervention did not significantly impact outcomes. Music was found to be an effective intervention for improving postoperative recovery, even when patients were under general anesthesia.
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Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy An Overview From Literature And Clinical Practice
1. Music Therapy Today
Vol. V (1) Jan. 2004
1
Assessment and Clinical
Evaluation in Music
Therapy: An Overview
from Literature and
Clinical Practice
Patricia E. Sabbatella
University of Cadiz, Spain
patricia.sabbatella@uca.es
SUMMARY
Assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy are increasingly
addressed as a topic of research from a theoretical and methodological
perspective. At the beginning of the 21st century there is a considerable
amount of music therapy literature to be found on a variety of topics,
perceiving music therapy as a discipline or a profession. But there is not
much literature available specifically on theory and method of assess-
ment and clinical evaluation. Based on the results of a previous literature
review in assessment and evaluation (Sabbatella, 1998a; 1998b, 1999) a
new extensive review was made of papers published between 1985-2001
in order to update references to this topic. The objective of this article is
to report and summarize the results of the literature review presenting a
current overview of contemporary ideas on the status of music therapy
assessment and clinical evaluation, and to propose a taxonomy of litera-
ture reviewed and research topics related to evaluation in clinical prac-
tice, in order to promote its study from an evaluation perspective.
2. 1.- INTRODUCTION 2
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
1.- INTRODUCTION
Assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy are increasingly
addressed as a topic of research from a theoretical and methodological
perspective. Although in clinical practice more and more music therapists
are asked about the assessment tools they use and the reliability and
validity of these instruments to document the music therapy process (data
collection, measurement of data, analysis - interpretation and reports),
nowadays not all assessment and clinical evaluation protocols used are
based on standardised or systematic assessment models (test or evidence
based assessment). This approach is more common in the USA; however,
according to the methods used by most Latin American and European
music therapists, client assessment and evaluation within this context is
made through a more flexible model of assessment (Sabbatella, 2003).
At the beginning of the 21st century, there is a considerable amount of
music therapy literature to be found on a variety of topics, perceiving
music therapy as a discipline or as a profession. But there is not much lit-
erature available specifically on theory, method and research of assess-
ment and clinical evaluation. Based on the results of a previous literature
review in assessment and evaluation (Sabbatella, 1998a; 1998b, 1999) a
new extensive review was made of papers published between 1985-2001.
Results of this review are presented in this article:
1. to report and summarize the results of the literature review presenting
a current overview of contemporary ideas on the status of music ther-
apy assessment and clinical evaluation
2. to organise information about assessment and clinical evaluation in
music therapy that usually appears fragmented and not published
within a unique criterion, and
3. to propose a taxonomy of literature reviewed and topics of research
related to evaluation in music therapy clinical practice in order to pro-
mote its study from an evaluation perspective -as the field of evalua-
tion includes many substantial and well-recognised sub-areas such as
3. 2.- REVIEWING THE LITERATURE 3
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
product evaluation, personnel evaluation, program evaluation, meta-
evaluation, etc. (Scriven, 1991).
2.- REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
Assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy are new research
topic that started to develop in the late nineties. During the seventies,
eighties, and nineties the music therapy literature seemed to be more
focused on topics related to treatment studies - focus on methods of treat-
ment intervention, role of music-, and profession research topics.
Although articles were published on different topics about assessment
and evaluation (Bruscia, 1988; Cassity y Cassity, 1991; Grant, 1995;
Isenberg-Grzeda, 1988; Wigram, 1996) not much was written about it
from an evaluative perspective. A classification of the way authors report
information about assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy
literature published until 1999 was reported previously (Sabbatella,
1998b; 1999) (table 1).
TABLE 1. Classification of the way in which authors report information on
assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy literature published until 1999
INFORMATION ON ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL EVALUATION
GENERAL INFORMATION SPECIFIC INFORMATION
IN CASE ANALYSIS DESCRIBING
TREATMENT PROCESS
Aldridge, 1999; Benenzon, 1998a; Bruscia,
1991; Di Franco y Facchini, 1995; Hoskyns
1995; Martín, 1998; Magee, 1995; Muller &
Warwick, 1995; Olfield, 1995; Smeijsters &
Van del Hurk, 1993; Wagner 1996a).
DESCRIBING METHODOLOGICAL
INFORMATION THAT INCLUDE GEN-
ERAL INFORMATION ABOUT ASSESS-
MENT AND EVALUATION IN MUSIC
THERAPY
Andsell, 1991; Benenzon, 1971, 1998;
Bruscia, 1987; Davis y col., 1992; Griggs-
Drane y Wheeler, 1997; Hanser, 1987; Isen-
berg-Grezda, 1988; Loureiro, 1998;
Maranto, 1993; Olfield, 1993; Oliveira
Curz, 1998; Poch, 1999; Rejane, 1999; Sab-
batella, 1988a, 1998b, 1999; Wigram, 1996.
4. 2.- REVIEWING THE LITERATURE 4
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
This preliminary literature reviewed showed that:
• authors address, mainly, clinical assessment and evaluation of clients
but not other topics related to evaluation such as programme evalua-
tion or meta-evaluation of evaluation of music therapy clinical prac-
tice,
• the organization of the information appear fragmented and incomplete
from the point of view of clinical evaluation as a methodological pro-
cess (objectives, criterion, data collection and categorization, standard-
ization of instruments, areas of evaluation, relationships between
assessment and evaluation, reports style, evaluation of treatment effec-
tiveness, etc.), and
• most authors of publications have an Anglo-Saxon versus Ibero-Ameri-
can background 1
.
DESCRIBING AND ANALYSING THE
MUSICAL PROCESS IN MUSIC THER-
APY
Aldridge, 1999; Bergstrom-Nielsen 1993,
1999; Gainza, 1997a,b; Lee, 1989, 1990,
1995, 1996; Pavlicevic, 1990, 1995a,
1995b; Rodríguez Espada, 1988; Sabbatella,
1993; Towse, 1997.
DESCRIBING ASSESSMENT AND
EVALUATION PROCEDURES USED IN
CLINICAL MUSIC THERAPY PRAC-
TICE
Andsell 1991; Bruscia, 1991; Cassity y Cas-
sity, 1991; Galizzi y col., 1996; Gfeller &
Baumann, 1988; Grant 1995; Griggs-Drane
y Wheeler, 1997; Krouth, 1986; Nordoff &
Robbins, 1977, 1982; Olfield & Adams,
1995; Poch, 1999; Sagasti y Bernaola, 1998;
Van Colle & Williams, 1995; Wagner,
1996b, 1998; Wigram, 1995, 1996.
INFORMATION ON EVALUATION OF
MUSICAL BEHAVIOURS RELATED TO
MUSIC THERAPY
Blasco, 1996; Sikstrom y Skille, 1995;
Smeijsters, 1995; Gainza, 1982, 1996a,b.
SUPERVISION IN MUSIC THERAPY
Brown, 1997; Benenzon, 1998b; Bruscia,
1998; Di Franco, 1996; Dvorkin, 1998;
Frhone-Hagemann, 1999.
TABLE 1. Classification of the way in which authors report information on
assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy literature published until 1999
1. Contemporary Music Therapy is diverse in theoretical and methodological
approaches to clinical practice. This situation is based on social, political, cultural,
professional and geographic elements that influenced its development. According to
this it is possible to distinguish two different professional contexts: Anglo-saxon, -
English scientific language-, and Iberaomerican, Spanish scientific language-
5. 2.1.- METHOD 5
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
However this trend seems to be changing, and more and more music ther-
apists are interested in studies reporting relevant information about
assessment and clinical evaluation. The celebration of the Assessment
Institute co-sponsored by the Research Committee of the American
Music Therapy Association during the IX World Congress of Music
Therapy in Washington, DC (1999), could be considered a landmark in
this field as it was the first event addressing assessment at an interna-
tional music therapy congress. After this event two special issues on
assessment were edited by the Journal of Music Therapy (2000, vol.
XXXVII, Issue 2) and the Music Therapy Perspectives (2000, vol. XVIII,
Issue 1) and several papers with a focus on music therapy assessment were
published.
2.1.- METHOD
The population for this second analysis of literature was defined as all
published references in music therapy written in Spanish, English and
Portuguese addressing the general topic of assessment and evaluation in
music therapy. Covering articles and papers published between 1985 and
2001, the procedures to locate the published studies followed the steps
listed below:
• On-line data base searchers including CAIRS, Music Therapy World
Databases, Eric, Medline, PsycoINFO and RILM.
• Individual hand searchers on Spanish, Portuguese and English music
therapy journals (Table 2 on page 6).
• A complete search of the American Music Therapy Journals on CD-
Rom including the special issues on assessment of the Journal of
Music Therapy (2000, vol. XXXVII, Issue 2) and Music Therapy Per-
spectives (2000, vol. XVIII, Issue 1).
• Individual hand searchers on conference proceedings and books of
abstracts of World, European and Latin American music therapy con-
gresses and conferences held between 1993 and 2001 (Table 3 on
page 7).
6. 2.1.- METHOD 6
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
The parameters for the search (keywords) were extended to include:
• Assessment and evaluation of clients
• Evaluation of treatment effectiveness
• Assessment tools (including test and observation)
• Analysis of improvisation
• Assessment analysis
• Assessment report
Keywords not included were:
• effect - results - musical behaviours, because the information offered
could not be specifically related to assessment and clinical evaluation,
and
• supervision, because authors still do not offer information from the
point of view of supervision as meta-evaluation of the music therapy
process.
TABLE 2. List of Music Therapy Journals reviewed (1985-2001)
MUSIC THERAPY JOURNALS REVIEWED
7. 2.1.- METHOD 7
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
SPANISH ENGLISH PORTUGUESE
MÚSICA, TERAPIA Y COMUNI-
CACIÓN
(Centro de Investigación Musicote-
rapéutica, Spain, since 1987 to
present, one issue per annum)
MÚSICA, ARTE Y PROCESO
(Asociación Música, Arte y Pro-
ceso. Spain , 1996-1999)
REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE MUSI-
COTERAPIA
(Asociación Catalana de Musicotera-
pia. Spain, 1999 to present, one issue
per annum)
ANUARIOS 1988-89 / 1990-91
(AMURA - Asociación de Musico-
terapeutas Universitarios de la
República Argentina)
REVISTA INTERNACIONAL
LATINOAMERICANA DE MUSI-
COTERAPIA
(ADIMU - Asociación Docencia e
Investigación en Musicoterapia.
Argentine, since 1995 to present, one
issue per annum)
ICMUS, INVESTIGACIÓN Y
CLÍNICA MUSICOTERAPÉU-
TICA (Seminario de Musicoterapia
Clínica. Argentine, since 1998 to
present, one issue per annum)
JOURNAL OF MUSIC THERAPY
(National Association for Music
Therapy. USA, since 1964 to
present, published quarterly)
MUSIC THERAPY
(American Association for Music
Therapy. USA, 1981-1996)
MUSIC THERAPY PERSPEC-
TIVES
(National Association for Music
Therapy. USA, 1981-1984; since
1986 to present , two issues per
annum)
BRISTISH JOURNAL OF MUSIC
THERAPY
(Association of Professional Music
Therapists - British Society for
Music Therapy. UK, since 1987 to
present, two issues per annum)
REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE
MUSICOTERAPIA
(UBAM - Unión Brasilera de Asoci-
aciones de Musicoterapia. Brasil,
since 1996 to present, one issue per
annum)
TABLE 2. List of Music Therapy Journals reviewed (1985-2001)
TABLE 3. Conference Proceedings and Books of Abstracts reviewed (1993-2001)
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AND BOOKS OF ABSTRACTS REVIEWED
8. 2.2.- RESULTS 8
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
A total of 76 references were identified:
• 40 references published in music therapy journals
• 36 references published in conference proceedings and books of
abstracts of music therapy congresses and conferences
References published were categorized according to these areas:
• Theoretical papers: literature review; methods of assessment; develop-
ment of assessment tools; methods of analysis
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients
• Evaluation of music improvisation or musical behaviours related to
music therapy
• Treatment effectiveness
2.2.- RESULTS
2.2.1.- MUSIC
THERAPY
JOURNALS
Table 2 on page 6 shows that a total of eleven music therapy journals
were reviewed:
WORLD CONGRESS EUROPEANCONGRESS
LATIN-AMERICAN
CONFERENCES
VII WORLD CONGRESS
OF MUSIC THERAPY.
Vitoria, Spain, 1993.
VIII WORLD CONGRESS
OF MUSIC THERAPY.
Hamburg, Germany, 1996.
IX WORLD CONGRESS
OF MUSIC THERAPY.
Washington, USA, 1999.
III EUROPEAN MUSIC
THERAPY CONFER-
ENCE. Aalborg, Denmark,
1995.
IV EUROPEAN MUSIC
THERAPY CONGRESS.
Leuven, Belgium, 1998.
V EUROPEAN MUSIC
THERAPY CONGRESS.
Napoly, Italia, 2001.
I LATIN AMERICAN
MEETING OF MUSIC
THERAPY. Río de Janeiro,
Brasil, 1996.
II LATIN AMERICAN
MEETING OF MUSIC
THERAPY. Río de Janeiro,
Brasil, 1998.
TABLE 3. Conference Proceedings and Books of Abstracts reviewed (1993-2001)
9. 2.2.- RESULTS 9
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
• six journals written in Spanish
• four journals written in English
• one journal written in Portuguese
A total of 41 references were published in music therapy journals
between 1985 and 2001. Thirty eight references were identified in English
journals; only three references in Spanish journals and no references were
located in Portuguese. References published were categorized according
to the areas addressed:
• Theoretical papers ( n= 21)
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=16)
• Evaluation of music improvisation or musical behaviours related to
music therapy (n=2)
• Treatment effectiveness (n=2)
Table 4 gives a complete list in chronological order of the references
located between 1985-2001 in music therapy journals including
author(s), year of publication and content of the article.
TABLE 4. Complete list of articles published on assessment and clinical evaluation in music
therapy journals (1985-2001
PUBLISHED ARTICLES ON ASSESSMENT AND CLINICLAL EVALUATION (1985-
2001)
JOURNAL
Nº of
articles AUTHOR - YEAR VOL
CONTENT OF THE
ARTICLE
MÚSICA, TERA-
PIA COMUNI-
CACIÓN
1 Sabbatella (1998a) 18 Theoretical literature review
MÚSICA, ARTE Y
PROCESO
1 Wigram (1996) 1 Assessment autism
REVISTA INTER-
NACIONAL LATI-
NOAMERICANA
DE MUSICOTE-
RPIA
1 Metzner (2000) 6 (2) Analysis improvisation
10. 2.2.- RESULTS 10
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
JOURNAL OF
MUSICTHERAPY
17 Braswell y col.
(1986)
23 (3) Assessment psychiatric patients
Jones (1986) 23 (3 Assessment mentally retarded
Insberg-Grezda
(1988)
25 (3) Theoretical assessment
Gfeller y Bauman
(1988)
25 (4) Assessment hearing impaired
Hunter (1989) 26 (2) Assessment melodic-rhythmic
discrimination mentally
retarded
Cassity y Theobold
(1990
27 (4) Assessment domestic violence
Darrow (1991) 28 (1) Assessment preference for tim-
bre hearing impaired
Heaney (1992) 29 (2 Treatment effectiveness
Cassity y Cassity
(1994)
31 (1) Assessment psychiatric patients
Miller y Orsmond
(1994)
31 (4) Analysis musical structure dis-
abilities
York (1994) 31 (4) Music Skills Test Alzheimer
Orsmond y Miller
(1995)
32 (3) Analysis improvisation dis-
abilities
Lipe (1995) 32 (3) Assessment Dementia
Gregory (2000a) 37 (2) Literature review test instru-
ments
Wilson y Smith
(2000)
37 (2) Literature review assessment
school settings
Robb (2000) 37 (2) Treatment effectiveness
Lee (2000) 37 (2) Analysis improvisation
TABLE 4. Complete list of articles published on assessment and clinical evaluation in music
therapy journals (1985-2001
11. 2.2.- RESULTS 11
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
MUSICTHERAPY
PERSPECTIVES
13 James (1986) 3 Motor skill assessment
Sandrock y James
(1989)
7 Assessment instruments relax-
ation
Browning y col.
(1990)
8 Assessment CVA
Griggs-Danne y
Wheeler (1997)
15 (2) Assessment autism
Wigram (2000b) 18 (1) Assessment autism
Scalenghe y Murphy
(2000)
18 (1) Assessment managed care
Hintz (2000) 18 (1) Geriatric assessment
Gantt (2000) 18 (1) Assessment Creative Arts
Therapies
Brunk y Coleman
(2000)
18 (1) Assessment Special Education
Loewy (2000) 18 (1) Descriptive analysis in assess-
ment
Gregory (2000b) 18 (1) Technological application
assessment
Michel (2000) 18 (1) Assessment of MT as profes-
sion
Bruscia (2001) 19 (1) Analysis improvisation
MUSICTHERAPY 1 Bergstroem-Nielsen
(1993)
12 (1) Improvisation description
TABLE 4. Complete list of articles published on assessment and clinical evaluation in music
therapy journals (1985-2001
12. 2.2.- RESULTS 12
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
Spanish language Journals . No references were located in Revista
Española de Musicoterapia, Anuarios AMURA and ICMUS. Three refer-
ences were published in Música, Terapia y Comunicación, Música, Arte y
Proceso and Revista Internacional Latinoamericana de Musicoterapia:
1. Theoretical papers (n=2): Sabbatella, 1998; Metzner 2000
2. Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=1): Wigram, 1996
English Language Journals . Seventeen references were published in
the Journal of Music Therapy, four of them included in the special issue
Assessment in Music Therapy:
1. Theoretical papers (n=4): Isengberg-Grzeda, 1988; Wilson y Smith,
2000; Gregory, 2000a; Lee, 2000.
2. Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=9)
2.1. Psychiatric clients (n=3) : Braswell y col. 1986; Cassity y
Theobold, 1990; Cassity y Cassity, 1994.
2.2. Hearing-impaired clients (n=2): Gfeller y Baumann, 1988; Dar-
row, 1991.
2.3. Mentally retarded clients (n=2): Jones, 1986; Hunter, 1989.
2.4. Geriatric clients (n=2): York, 1984; Lipe, 1995.
3. Evaluation of musical behaviours – improvisation (n=2): Miller y Ors-
mond (1994); Orsmond y Miller (1995).
4. Treatment effectiveness (n=2): Heaney, 1992; Robb, 2000.
BRITISH JOUR-
NAL OF MUSIC
THERAPY
7 Bunt y col. (1987) 1(2) Assessment psychiatric patients
Lee (1989) 3 (2) Analysis improvisation
Lee (1990) 4 (1) Analysis improvisation
Ansdell (1991) 5 (2) Improvisation description
Olfield (1993) 7 (1) Analysis of MT work
Magee (1995) 9 (2) Assessment Huntington's Dis-
ease
Towse (1997) 11(2) Analysis improvisation
TABLE 4. Complete list of articles published on assessment and clinical evaluation in music
therapy journals (1985-2001
13. 2.2.- RESULTS 13
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
Thirteen references were located in the Music Therapy Perspectives,
eight of them included in the special issue about Assessment in Music
Therapy:
1. Theoretical papers (n=9): James, 1986; Sandrock y James, 1989;
Scalenghe y Murphy, 2000; Loewy, 2000; Brunk y Coleman, 2000;
Gantt, 2000; Gregory, 2000b; Michel, 2000; Bruscia, 2001.
2. Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=4)
2.1. Cerebro-vascular accident (n=1) : Browning y col., 1990.
2.2. Autistic clients (n=2): Griggs-Danne y Wheeler, 1997;
Wigram, 2000b.
2.3. Geriatric clients (n=1): Hintz, 2000.
Seven articles were included in the British Journal of Music Therapy:
1. Theoretical papers (n=6): Bunt y col., 1987; Lee, 1989, 1990; Ansdell,
1991; Towse, 1997; Olfield, 1993.
2. Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=1): Magee, 1995
Despite the progress that has been made, a literature review shows that
only a few publications in music therapy literature deal specifically with
assessment and clinical evaluation, and literature available on this topic
remains sparse. From 1985 to 1999 the number of publications was low,
ranging from 0 to 3 per year, in 2000 there was a considerable increase to
13 publications as a consequence of the special issue on assessment of
the Journal of Music Therapy and the Music Therapy Perspectives, and
then again only one article in 2001.
Literature analysis shows that in comparison with other therapeutic pro-
fessions the specific area of assessment and evaluation in music therapy
is still weak. Most of the information is related to assessment and evalua-
tion of clients as part of treatment processes and there is a lack of stan-
dardised or systematic assessment tools; authors did not specifically
address music therapy evaluation methodological processes (data collec-
tion, data categories and measurement, areas of evaluation, interpretation
14. 2.2.- RESULTS 14
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
and reports, relation between assessment and evaluation, evaluation of
treatment effectiveness, etc).
The literature review shows that most authors belong to the Anglo-Saxon
context, and references are published in English.
2.2.2. CONFERENCE
PROCEEDINGS AND
BOOKS OF
ABSTRACTS
A total of 31 references were published in international, European and
Latin Americanconference proceedings and books of abstracts of music
therapy congresses and conferences between 1993 and 2001. Table 5 on
page 14 gives a complete list of the references located, including all pre-
sentations and papers presented on assessment and evaluation.
A total of 36 references were identified:
• 22 references presented at World Music Therapy Congress
• 8 references presented at European Music Therapy Congress
• 2 references presented at Latin-American music therapy meetings
TABLE 5. Papers on assessment and clinical evaluation located in conference
proceedings and books of abstracts reviewed (1993-2001)
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AND BOOKS OF ABSTRACTS:
PAPERS ON ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL EVALUATION
PRESENT
A-TIONS
WORLD CONGRESS
EUROPEAN
CONGRESS
LATIN –
AMERICAN
MEETINGS
VII
(1993)
VIII
(1996)
IX
(1999)
III
(1995)
IV
(1998)
V
(2001)
I
(1996)
II
(1998)
TOTAL
NUMBER
239 224 352 104 133 139 80 130
ASSESSM
ENT-
EVALUAT
ION
2 7 13 2 2 4 - 2
15. 2.2.- RESULTS 15
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
References located were categorized according to these areas:
• Theoretical papers (n=15)
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=11)
• Analysis of clinical improvisation (n=4)
• Treatment effectiveness (n=2)
Music Therapy World Congress. A total of 239 papers were presented
at the VII World Congress of Music Therapy (Vitoria, 1993) and only
two papers focused on clinical assessment or evaluation:
• Theoretical (n=1): De Michele y Facchini, 1993 (sound proyective test).
• Analysis of clinical improvisation (n=1): Sabbatella, 1993 (analysis of
music improvisation).
A total of 224 papers were presented at the VIII World Congress of
Music Therapy (Hamburg, 1996), and seven papers focused on clinical
assessment or evaluation:
• Theoretical (n=2): Forestier, 1996 (observation and evaluation); Sabba-
tella, 1996 (model of evaluation report).
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=4): Hooper, 1996
(assessment of learning disabilities); Sloboda, 1996 (assessment of psy-
chiatric clients); Stige, 1996 (music therapy assessment, intervention and
evaluation from a transactional perspective with clients with learning
disabilities); Körlin y Wrangsj, 1996 (GIM effectiveness with psychiat-
ric clients).
• Analysis of clinical improvisation (n=1): Lee, 1996 (structural analysis
of improvisations).
A total of 352 papers were presented at the IX World Congress of Music
Therapy (Washington, 1999), and 13 papers focused on clinical assess-
ment:
• Theoretical (n=7): Madden y Goodman, 1999 (Music Therapy Assess-
ment for the I.E.P); Bokatsh y McGuire, 1999 (model of data collec-
tion and assessment report for music therapy practicum students);
Nolan, Robbins y Scheiby, 1999 (Clinical musical models of tape
analysis); Lecourt, 1999 (scale for evaluating the sonorous and musi-
cal world of persons with autism); Kuppershmitt, 1999 (projective
16. 2.2.- RESULTS 16
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
interval perception test); Meadows, 1999 (scale for a session respon-
siveness to GIM); Sabbatella, 1999 (assessment and evaluation in music
therapy).
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=2): Matilla, 1999
(holistic music therapeutic assessment for children with disabilities);
Olfield, 1999 (Music Therapy Assessment in Child Psychiatry).
• Analysis of clinical improvisation (n=2): Hakes, 1999 (electroacoustic
analysis of musical improvisation in group psychotherapy); Tocantis,
1999 (Semiotical analysis of musical discourse).
• Treatment effectiveness (n=2): Codding, 1999 (client progress and pro-
gram effectiveness in correctional setting); Behrens, 1999 (methods for
evaluating results of single-subject research).
European Music Therapy Congress. A total of 104 papers were pre-
sented at the III European Music Therapy Conference (Aalborg, 1995),
and only two papers focused on clinical assessment or evaluation:
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=2): Werger, 1995
(method of observation for assessment of psychiatric clients);
Wigram, 1995b (Rett Syndrome assessment).
A total of 133 papers were presented at the IV European Music Therapy
Congress (Leuven, 1998), and only two papers focused on clinical
assessment or evaluation:
• Theoretical (n=1): Sabbatella, 1998b (research in assessment and eval-
uation)
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=1): Schumacher, 1998
(evaluation of interpersonal relationship with autistic children).
A total of 139 papers were presented at the V European Music Therapy
Congress (Napoly, 2001), and four papers focused on clinical assessment
or evaluation:
• Theoretical (n=2): Matila, 2001 (Overall assessment: study of the
therapist's clinical work); De Batista, 2001 (observing our observation
in assessing children with communication disorders).
• Assessment and clinical evaluation of clients (n=2): Sagi y Sagi, 2001
(qualitative assessment for senile dementia); Rittner, 2001 (sounding
systems - different approaches to the evaluation of music psychotherapy
groups).
17. 3.- CONCLUSION 17
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
Latin American Meetings. No papers about assessment or evaluation
were presented at the I Latin American Music Therapy Meeting (Río de
Janeiro, 1996).
A total of 130 papers were presented at the II Latin American Music
Therapy Meeting (Río de Janeiro, 1998), and 2 papers focused on clini-
cal assessment:
• Theoretical (n=2): Loureiro, 1998 (methods of data collection); Sabba-
tella, 1998c (assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy).
Only a few papers on assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy
were presented at Music Therapy Congresses during the nineties. Paper
presentations about assessment and evaluation were rare, ranging from 0
to 4 except during the VII World Congress (7 papers) and IX World Con-
gress (13 papers). Most authors of publications belong to theAnglo-Saxon
context as the literature review shows.
3.- CONCLUSION
A comprehensive literature review on assessment and clinical evaluation
in music therapy revealed that research in this area started basically in the
late nineties and is growing. Although a considerable number of refer-
ences with the highest number of publications on the topic was found in
2000, not much literature is available on theory and method of assess-
ment and clinical evaluation.
The literature review shows that most authors belong to the Anglo-Saxon
context, and references are published in English. There is an absence of
specific literature and studies on assessment and clinical evaluation in
Ibero-American countries and published in Spanish or Portuguese.
18. 3.- CONCLUSION 18
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
The literature review shows that authors address clinical assessment and
evaluation of clients, but not other topics related to evaluation, such as
programme evaluation or meta-evaluation of evaluation of clinical music
therapy practice. Most of the information is related to assessment and
evaluation of clients as part of treatment processes, and there is a lack of
studies that specifically address methodological processes in music ther-
apy evaluation (data collection, data categories and measurement, areas
of evaluation, interpretation and reports, relation between assessment and
evaluation, evaluation of treatment effectiveness, etc).
As in other disciplines, a complete overview of evaluation as a system-
atic process underlines the importance of evaluation process in music
therapy. Evaluation is not the mere accumulation and summarising of
data, the field of evaluation includes many substantial and well-recogn-
ised subareas such as product evaluation, personnel evaluation, program
evaluation and so forth (Scriven, 1991). Accordingly, another objective
of this article was to propose a taxonomy of literature reviewed and top-
ics of research related to evaluation in clinical music therapy practice in
order to promote its study from an evaluation perspective. Table 6 on
page 18 gives an overview of topics of research in assessment and clini-
cal evaluation in music therapy from an evaluative perspective.
TABLE 6. Topics of research in assessment and clinical evaluation in music
therapy from an evaluative perspective
AREAS OF MUSIC THERAPY EVALUATION
EVALUATION OF CLINICAL PRACTICE
REGARDING THE CLIENT (MUSIC THERAPIST)
• Assessment and evaluation of clients
• Evaluation of treatment procedures, strategies and techniques used
• Evaluation of treatment effectiveness
19. 3.- CONCLUSION 19
Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And Clini-
cal Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available at http://musictherapyworld.net
The focus of this article represents a first step to summarize and organize
information that usually appears fragmented in literature and does not
specifically address the topic from an evaluation perspective. The literature
analysis shows that - in comparison with other therapeutic disciplines -
theory, method and research in assessment and clinical evaluation in
music therapy are in progress. At the beginning of the 21st century,
music therapy as a discipline needs to develop assessment tools at a more
scientific level and to increase in number and quality studies related to
different music therapy evaluation areas.
REGARDING THE MUSIC THERAPIST
(SELF-EVALUATION / EXTERNAL EVALUATION)
• Evaluation of interpersonal settings in the therapeutic process
• Evaluation of treatment procedures, strategies and techniques used
REGARDING THE TREATMENT PROCESS
(EXTERNAL EVALUATION / SUPERVISION)
• Supervision of clinical practice: includes evaluation of client, music therapist, and
therapy process
REGARDING THE EVALUATION OF THE PROCESSES
OF ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL EVALUATION
• Meta-evaluation: methodological processes necessary to evaluate music therapy
META-EVALUATION OF MUSIC THERAPY
Evaluation designs of music therapy applications (programme evaluation, evaluation of
the processes of evaluation in music therapy, institutional satisfaction, etc.)
• Supervision of clinical practice
TABLE 6. Topics of research in assessment and clinical evaluation in music
therapy from an evaluative perspective
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This article can be cited as: Sabbatella, P. E. (2004) Assessment And
Clinical Evaluation In Music Therapy: an Overview From Literature And
Clinical Practice. Music Therapy Today (online) Vol. V, Issue 1, available
at http://musictherapyworld.net