Sporozoite is the asexual stage of the Plasmodium. It is the infectious stage that infects humans. Sporozoites get transmitted from the female Anopheles to humans when the infected mosquito bites. The sporozoites reach the human liver cells and mature into schizonts.
Sponges,are pore bearing,multicellular,diploblastic animals that belong to phylum Porifera
Body of all sponges is perforated by large number of pores called ostia through which water enters Inside body and flows through a system of criss-crossing canals known as canal system
Three main types of canal systems in the order of increasing complexity are Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid type.
The sporozoite, schizont and trophozoites are asexual stages, whereas gametocytes, zygote, ookinetes and oocyst are the sexual stages in the lifecycle of Plasmodium.
Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green algae. In this presentation the systematic position, occurrence, structure and different types of reproduction is being explained. palmella stage in vegetative reproduction is one of the outstanding character found among the other algae.
Sponges,are pore bearing,multicellular,diploblastic animals that belong to phylum Porifera
Body of all sponges is perforated by large number of pores called ostia through which water enters Inside body and flows through a system of criss-crossing canals known as canal system
Three main types of canal systems in the order of increasing complexity are Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid type.
The sporozoite, schizont and trophozoites are asexual stages, whereas gametocytes, zygote, ookinetes and oocyst are the sexual stages in the lifecycle of Plasmodium.
Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green algae. In this presentation the systematic position, occurrence, structure and different types of reproduction is being explained. palmella stage in vegetative reproduction is one of the outstanding character found among the other algae.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
Cyanobacteria are important in the nitrogen cycle.
Cyanobacteria are very important organisms for the health and growth of many plants. They are one of very few groups of organisms that can convert inert atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form, such as nitrate or ammonia.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
Cyanobacteria are important in the nitrogen cycle.
Cyanobacteria are very important organisms for the health and growth of many plants. They are one of very few groups of organisms that can convert inert atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form, such as nitrate or ammonia.
Approximately 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood in the peritubular capillaries & Only 1% of filtrate urine.
Reabsorbed substances not lost in the urine, but are carried by the peritubular capillaries to the venous system → heart
Some reabsorption is passive & most is active transport
this PPT includes
what is malaria
life cycle of malaria that content- about plasmodium, their transmission and infection in human (sexual and asexual cycle both)
symptom,diagnosis,treatment and prevention of malaria and
Basic discussion on Coccidian parasites with a focus on Cryptosporidiosis -morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and laboratory diagnosis and management.
Detailed description of malarial parasites especially P. falciparum with regards to their Morphology, Life cycle, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical manifestations and complications and Laboratory diagnosis including modern methods and treatment.
Cryptosporidium exhibits a monoxenous lifecycle and affects both humans and animals. Infected domestic animals are reservoirs for susceptible humans. in the lifecycle of the cryptosporidium, Thin-wall oocyst (used for autoinfection) and Thick wall oocyst are (thrown into the environment for infecting another host). Invaginate cell membrane and forming #bi-layered membranous vacuole (parasitophorous vacuolar membrane) creates a conducive environment for the parasite for escaping the host immune system.
able of ContentsIntroductionObjectives of Giemsa stainPrincipleReagents UsedProcedureStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingStaining Procedure 2: Thick Film StainingResultsInterpretation/ConclusionApplications Giemsa stainAdvantagesLimitationsReferencesFour Charged in Plot to Kidnap an Iranian Journalist in New YorkIntroductionGiemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria.It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin Y and they performed on an air-dried slide that is post-fixed with methanol. Romanowsky stains are applied in the differentiation of cells, pathological examinations of samples like blood and bone marrow films and demonstration of parasites e.g malaria. There are four types of Romanoswsky stains:Giemsa stainJenner StainWright stainMay-Grunwald StainLeishman stainObjectives of Giemsa stainTo accurately prepare the Giemsa stain stock solutionTo stain and identify blood cellsTo differentiate blood cells nuclei from the cytoplasmPrincipleGiemsa stain is a gold standard staining technique that is used for both thin and thick smears to examine blood for malaria parasites, a routine check-up for other blood parasites and to morphologically differentiate the nuclear and cytoplasm of Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets and parasites.Like any type of Romanowsky stains, it composed of both the Acidic and Basic dyes, in relation to affinities of acidity and basicity for blood cells. Azure and methylene blue, a basic dye binds to the acid nucleus producing blue-purple color. Eosin is an acidic dye that is attracted to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic granules which are alkaline-producing red coloration. The stain must be buffered with water to pH 6.8 or 7.2, to precipitate the dyes to bind simple materials.Classically, Giemsa stain is a differential stain which is made up of a combination of reagents (Azure, Methylene blue, and Eosin dye) used widely in cytogenetics and histopathology for the diagnosis of:Malaria, spirochetes and other blood parasitesChlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodiesBorrelia sppYersinia pestisHistoplasma sppPneumocystis jiroveci cystsReagents UsedMethanolGiemsa powderGlycerinWater (Buffer)ProcedurePreparation of the Giemsa Stain Stock solution (500ml)Into 250ml of methanol, add 3.8g of Giemsa powder and dissolve.Heat the solution up to ~60oCThen, add 250ml of glycerin to the solution, slowly.Filter the solution and leave it to stand for about 1-2 months before use.Preparation of Working solutionAdd 10ml of stock solution to 80ml of distilled water and 10ml of methanolStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingOn a clean dry microscopic glass slide, make a thin film of the specimen (blood) and leave to air dry.dip the smear (2-3 dips) into pure methanol for fixation of the
Describe the stages of malaria and the site of protozoal activity on.pdfmohdjakirfb
Describe the stages of malaria and the site of protozoal activity on each.
Solution
The life cycle is almost the same for all the five species that infect humans and follows three
stages:
(I) ifection of a human with sporozoites
(II) asexual reproduction
(III) sexual reproduction
The human contamination starts The point when a contaminated female anopheles mosque
nibbles an individual and injects contaminated with sporozoites spit under the blood coursing
library. That is the principal existence stage of plasmodium (stage from claiming infection).
The following phase done intestinal sickness life cycle may be the a standout amongst agamic
generation that is isolated under different phases: those pre- erythrocytic (or better,
exoerythrocytic) and the erythrocytic period. Inside best 30- 60 minutes after those parasites
inoculation, sporozoites Figure their approach through blood coursing library will their principal
target, those liver. Those sporozoites enter the liver phones Also start isolating prompting
schizonts creation in 6- 7 days. Each schizont provides for conception on many merozoites
(exoerythrocytic schizogony) that need aid At that point discharged under the blood stream
checking those end of the exoerythrocytic period of the agamic regenerative stage.
It is worth specifying that, concerning p. Vivax and p. Ovale, sporozoites might not take after the
propagation cost step and sit tight lethargic (hypnozoites) in the liver; they might be actuated
then afterward quite a while prompting relapses entering those blood stream (as merozoites)
following weeks, months alternately Significantly A long time. Those exoerythrocytic stage may
be not pathogenic Also doesn\'t prepare manifestations alternately indications of the malady. Its
span may be not the same to the greater part parasite species.
Merozoites discharged under the blood stream, are guided towards their second target, those red
platelets (RBCs). Concerning illustration they attack under those cells, they Stamp those starting
of the erythrocytic stage. Those 1st stage after intrusion may be a ring stage that evolves under a
trophozoite. The trophozoites would not capable on digest the haem Along these lines they
change over it clinched alongside haemozoine Furthermore digest the globin that is utilized
Concerning illustration a hotspot from claiming aminoacids for their propagation cost. The
following cell division stage is those erythrocytic schizont (initially adolescent et cetera full
grown schizont). Each develop schizont provides for conception should new era merozoites
(erythrocytic schizogony) that, after RBCs rupture, are discharged in the blood stream in place
will attack different RBCs. This is At parasitaemia happens Furthermore cinical manifestations
show up. Those liver period happens main When same time those erythrocytic stage undergoes
various cycles; the merozoites arrival then afterward every cycle makes the febrile waves.
A second situation under those RBCs i.
Similar to Asexual Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax (20)
A pest is any organism harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own purposes and are intolerant of other creatures occupying the same space when their activities impact adversely on human objectives. Thus, an elephant is unobjectionable in its natural habitat but a pest when it tramples crops.
Some animals are disliked because they bite or sting; snakes, wasps, ants, bed bugs, fleas and ticks belong in this category. Others enter the home; these include houseflies, which land on and contaminate food, beetles, which tunnel into the woodwork, and other animals that scuttle about on the floor at night, like cockroaches, which are often associated with unsanitary conditions. Agricultural and horticultural crops are attacked by a wide variety of pests, the most important being insects, mites, nematodes and gastropod molluscs. The damage they do results both from the direct injury they cause to the plants and from the indirect consequences of the fungal, bacterial or viral infections they transmit. Plants have their own defences against these attacks but these may be overwhelmed, especially in habitats where the plants are already stressed, or where the pests have been accidentally introduced and may have no natural enemies. The pests affecting trees are predominantly insects, and many of these have also been introduced inadvertently and lack natural enemies, and some have transmitted novel fungal diseases with devastating results.
Humans have traditionally performed pest control in agriculture and forestry by the use of pesticides; however, other methods exist such as mechanical control, and recently developed biological controls.Plants may be considered pests, for example, if they are invasive species or weeds. There is no universal definition of what makes a plant a pest. Some governments, such as that of Western Australia, permit their authorities to prescribe as a pest plant "any plant that, in the local government authority's opinion, is likely to adversely affect the environment of the district, the value of property in the district, or the health, comfort or convenience of the district's inhabitants."[12] An example of such a plant prescribed under this regulation is caltrop, Tribulus terrestris, which can cause poisoning in sheep and goats, but is mainly a nuisance around buildings, roadsides and recreation areas because of its uncomfortably sharp spiny burrs.Animals are considered pests or vermin when they injure people or damage crops, forestry, or buildings. Elephants are regarded as pests by the farmers whose crops they raid and trample. Mosquitoes and ticks are vectors that can transmit ailments but are also pests because of the distress caused by their bites. Grasshoppers are usually solitary herbivores of little economic importance. Many of the anima
The blood circulatory system (cardiovascular system) delivers nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body. It consists of the heart and the blood vessels running through the entire body. The arteries carry blood away from the heart; the veins carry it back to the heart. The system of blood vessels resembles a tree: The “trunk” – the main artery (aorta) – branches into large arteries, which lead to smaller and smaller vessels. The smallest arteries end in a network of tiny vessels known as the capillary network.
There isn't only one blood circulatory system in the human body, but two, which are connected: The systemic circulation provides organs, tissues and cells with blood so that they get oxygen and other vital substances. The pulmonary circulation is where the fresh oxygen we breathe in enters the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide is released from the blood.
Illustration: Pulmonary and systemic circulation
Blood circulation starts when the heart relaxes between two heartbeats: The blood flows from both atria (the upper two chambers of the heart) into the ventricles (the lower two chambers), which then expand. The following phase is called the ejection period, which is when both ventricles pump the blood into the large arteries. In the systemic circulation, the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood into the main artery (aorta). The blood travels from the main artery to larger and smaller arteries and into the capillary network. There the blood drops off oxygen, nutrients and other important substances and picks up carbon dioxide and waste products. The blood, which is now low in oxygen, is collected in veins and travels to the right atrium and into the right ventricle.
This is where pulmonary circulation begins: The right ventricle pumps low-oxygen blood into the pulmonary artery, which branches off into smaller and smaller arteries and capillaries. The capillaries form a fine network around the pulmonary vesicles (grape-like air sacs at the end of the airways). This is where carbon dioxide is released from the blood into the air inside the pulmonary vesicles, and fresh oxygen enters the bloodstream. When we breathe out, carbon dioxide leaves our body. Oxygen-rich blood travels through the pulmonary veins and the left atrium into the left ventricle. The next heartbeat starts a new cycle of systemic circulation. The pulmonary circuit: This circuit carries blood without oxygen from the heart to the lungs. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the heart.
The systemic circuit: In this circuit, blood with oxygen, nutrients and hormones travels from the heart to the rest of the body. In the veins, the blood picks up waste products as the body uses up the oxygen, nutrients and hormones.
The coronary circuit: Coronary refers to your heart’s arteries. This circuit provides the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. The coronary circuit then returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart’s right upper chamber (atrium).
The lungs and respiratory system allow us to breathe. They bring oxygen into our bodies (called inspiration, or inhalation) and send carbon dioxide out (called expiration, or exhalation). This exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is called respiration. The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, throat, voice box, windpipe, and lungs.
Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or the mouth. If it goes in the nostrils (also called nares), the air is warmed and humidified. Tiny hairs called cilia (pronounced: SIL-ee-uh) protect the nasal passageways and other parts of the respiratory tract, filtering out dust and other particles that enter the nose through the breathed air.
The two openings of the airway (the nasal cavity and the mouth) meet at the pharynx (pronounced: FAR-inks), or throat, at the back of the nose and mouth. The pharynx is part of the digestive system as well as the respiratory system because it carries both food and air.
At the bottom of the pharynx, this pathway divides in two, one for food — the esophagus (pronounced: ih-SAH-fuh-gus), which leads to the stomach — and the other for air. The epiglottis (pronounced: eh-pih-GLAH-tus), a small flap of tissue, covers the air-only passage when we swallow, keeping food and liquid from going into the lungs.
The larynx, or voice box, is the top part of the air-only pipe. This short tube contains a pair of vocal cords, which vibrate to make sounds.
The trachea, or windpipe, is the continuation of the airway below the larynx. The walls of the trachea (pronounced: TRAY-kee-uh) are strengthened by stiff rings of cartilage to keep it open. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluids and foreign particles out of the airway so that they stay out of the lungs.
At its bottom end, the trachea divides into left and right air tubes called bronchi (pronounced: BRAHN-kye), which connect to the lungs. Within the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and even smaller tubes called bronchioles (pronounced: BRAHN-kee-olz). Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide actually takes place. Each person has hundreds of millions of alveoli in their lungs. This network of alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi is known as the bronchial tree.
The lungs also contain elastic tissues that allow them to inflate and deflate without losing shape. They're covered by a thin lining called the pleura (pronounced: PLUR-uh).
The chest cavity, or thorax (pronounced: THOR-aks), is the airtight box that houses the bronchial tree, lungs, heart, and other structures. The top and sides of the thorax are formed by the ribs and attached muscles, and the bottom is formed by a large muscle called the diaphragm (pronounced: DYE-uh-fram). The chest walls form a protective cage around the lungs and other contents of the chest cavity. In the tiny capillaries of the body tissues, oxygen is freed from the hemoglobin and moves into the cells.
Malpighian tubules are responsible for excretion. Glandular and ciliated cells line each tubule. They take in nitrogenous waste and convert it to uric acid, which is then expelled through the hindgut. As a result, this bug is known as uricotelic. The uricose glands and fat body nephrocytes also aid in excretion.
The respiratory system of cockroach is well developed and elaborate like those of the other terrestrial insects to compensate the absence of respiratory pigment in the blood.
It consists of a system of air tubes or tracheae through which every tissue of their body remains in direct contact with the environmental air for gaseous exchange. The environmental air enters into and escapes from the tracheae through the spiracles or stigmata.
The alimentary canal starts from mouth and it consists of the preoral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard forming the foregut or stomodaeum; the mesenteron forming the midgut and the ileum, colon and rectum constituting the hindgut or proctodaeum.
The stomodaeum and proctodaeum are ectodermal in origin and lined internally by the continuation of the exoskeletal cuticle, while the mesenteron is endodermal in origin and without cuticular lining.
The phylum Arthropoda contains a wide diversity of animals with hard exoskeletons and jointed appendages. Many familiar species belong to the phylum Arthropoda—insects, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, and millipedes on land; crabs, crayfish, shrimp, lobsters, and barnacles in water.
Ovaries, oviducts, and vagina make up the female reproductive system of the leech. There is a single pair of ovaries present on the ventral side of the 11th segment. Each ovary is formed like a coiled ribbon-shaped structure.
The ova are developed from the ovary. A short oviduct runs from each ovary. The oviducts from both sides connect to form a common oviduct.
The common oviduct opens into a pear-shaped vagina in the posterior half of the11th segment, located mid-ventrally.
The human nervous system consists of billions of nerve cells (or neurons)plus supporting (neuroglial) cells. Neurons are able to respond to stimuli (such as touch, sound, light, and so on), conduct impulses, and communicate with each other (and with other types of cells like muscle cells).
Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) is a platyhelminth (flatworm) that is bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and dorso-ventrally flattened. They are unsegmented and acoelomates. They are trematodes belonging to subclass digenea. Thus, they are endoparasites with two suckers without hooks.
African Trypanosomiasis, also known as “sleeping sickness”, is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei. It is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which is found only in sub-Saharan Africa.
Amebiasis is an intestinal (bowel) illness caused by a microscopic (tiny) parasite called Entamoeba histolytica, which is spread through human feces (poop). Often there are no symptoms, but, sometimes it causes diarrhea (loose stool/poop), nausea (a feeling of sickness in the stomach), and weight loss.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable. There are 5 parasite species that cause malaria in humans, and 2 of these species – Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax – pose the greatest threat.
Many students choice B.Sc., M.Sc in Zoology. After completion UG and PG but not option any job opportunity. Many students confused in that subject. So, I am smallest try to solve the problem of students. Thank u, Best of Luck.
More from Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly. Dist. Buldana (14)
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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2. Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax
Life cycle of P. vivax is digenetic, that requires two hosts to complete its life
cycle.
One vertebrate host is man or any other vertebrate animal.
Second invertebrate host is female Anopheles mosquito.
It is reproduces both sexually as well as asexually.
1. Asexual cycle or schizogony:
Occurs in the body of man where the parasite occurs inside liver cells and RBC.
2. Sexual cycle or sporogony:
Occurs in the body of female Anopheles mosquito, where parasite occurs in the
alimentary canal and salivary glands.
Female Anopheles mosquito serve as the vector, which transfers the parasite
from one man to another.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
3. Asexual cycle of Plasmodium vivax in Man:
It is occurs in the body of man.
Parasites occurs inside liver cells and RBC.
Reproduction occurs in asexual method known as schizogony.
1) Infection to the host or transmission of parasites:
Infected female Anopheles mosquito bites a healthy person → to suck the blood → it
injects some saliva into the blood stream of host (man) → Along with saliva thousands
of sporozoites of Plasmodium are inoculated into the blood of host.
Beginning of asexual life cycle.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
4. 2) Sporozoites:
It is infective stage of the parasites.
It is minute, motile, slightly curved or sickle shaped organism, tapering at both ends.
It contains vesicular nucleus and mitochondria.
Anterior end cup like depression called apical cup.
A pair of secretory organelles opens into the apical cup, which secretes proteolytic enzymes.
This enzymatic secretion facilitate the penetration or entry of sporozoites into host cells.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
5. Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
6. 3) Schizogony:
In about half an hour after infection, sporozoites disappear from blood stream.
Do not appear there again until 6 days.
During this period they enter liver cells.
Where reproduce by asexual method known as schizogony.
Schizogony includes two phases: I) Liver schizogony II) Erythrocytic schizogony
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
7. I) Liver schizogony:
A. Pre-erythrocytic phase:
Inside liver cell, sporozoite becomes spherical and non-pigmented known as cryptozoite.
Nucleus divides several times to form a multinucleate known as schizont.
Schizont ruptures and liberate several thousand small, uninucleate cryptomerozoites in
liver.
Mature pre-erythrocytic schizont produces 12,000 cryptomerozoites.
They pass into the blood circulation, attack on erythrocytes and begin erythrocytic cycle.
Or they enter fresh liver cells to continue exo-erythrocytic cycle.
This phase lasts for 8 days in P. vivax.
Pre-patent period:
The duration between the initial sporozoite infection or mosquito bite and the first
appearance of the parasites in the blood is known as pre-patent period. (Range from 5 to
15 days.)
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
8. Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
9. B) Exo-erythrocytic phase:
When cryptomerozoites of pre-erythrocytic phase enters into fresh liver cell then start exo-
erythrocytic phase.
In liver cell cryptomerozoite becomes spherical or round and non-pigmented known as
metacryptozoite or phanerozoites.
Its nucleus divides to form multinucleate schizont.
When schizont ruptures, then produces several thousand meta-cryptomerozoites.
Meta-cryptomerozoites are two types:
i) Micro-metacryptomerozoites:
Cryptomerozoites are smaller, more numbers. They enter the RBCs to start erythrocytic cycle.
ii) Macro-metacryptomerozoites:
Cryptomerozoites are larger, less numbers. They remain in liver, attack on fresh liver cells and
continue exo-erythrocytic cycle.
This cycle repeated several times.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
10. Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
11. Relapse:
When the immunity or the resistance of the host falls down, the parasites from the
reservoirs may re-infect the blood and cause malaria, which is known as relapse.
II) Erythrocytic Schizogony:
It is begins when the erythrocytes (RBCs) are attacked either by pre-erythrocytic
cryptomerozoites or by exo-erythrocytic micro-metacryptomerozoites.
A) Trophozoite:
After entering into RBCs , micro-metacryptomerozoite becomes rounded, disc like in
shape, known as trophozoite.
It has single large nucleus.
It grows by ingesting the haemoglobin of RBCs.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
12. B) Signet ring stage:
Trophozoite ingest large amount of cytoplasm of RBCS, due to
vacuoles appears in parasite.
Vacuole gradually increase in size and pushes the nucleus to one side
in the peripheral cytoplasm. This refer to as signet ring stage.
Number of pinocytic vesicles also appear at periphery of the
parasites.
Digestive enzymes are secreted into vacuole and vesicles.
Ingested haemoglobin is decomposed into amino acids and
haematin.
This amino acid are used by parasites to synthesize its own proteins
and heamatin forms yellowish brown or black toxic malarial
pigments known as haemozoin.
Haemozoin are responsible for malarial fever.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
13. C) Amoeboid stage:
In this stage, vacuole disappears and the parasite becomes amoeboid in shape.
RBCs becomes large (double its original size) and slightly paler due to loss its haemoglobin.
On surface of parasite develops numerous, fine and charactristics granules known as Schuffner
granules.
D) Schizont:
After active feeding, amoeboid trophozoite becomes rounded known as shizont.
It multiplies asexually by process known as erythrocytic schizogony or merogony.
Its nucleus divides by multiple fission to form 6 to 24 daughter nuclei, which now called
schizont.
These nuclei come to on periphery region, while the haemozoin granules accumulate at the
center.
Thus, many small, oval, uninucleate parasites called erythrocytic merozoites or schizoites are
formed.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
14. E) Rosette Stage:
Erythrocytic merozoites are arranged like petals of rose flower or cluster of grapes
known as rosette stage.
At the end, RBCs bursts/ ruptures and merozoites along with toxic haemozoin granules
are set in blood plasma.
One complete erythrocytic cycle takes 48 hours in P. vivax.
Some merozoites attack on fresh RBCs and the erythrocytic cycle is repeated.
Haemozoin granules released in blood cause malarial fever to the host.
The patient becomes anaemic due to destruction of RBCs.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
15. 4) Post-erythrocytic schizogony:
Sometimes erythrocytic merozoites reach liver cells and divide by schizogony which is
referred to as post-erythrocytic schizogony.
5) Incubation Period:
The interval between mosquito bite or introduction of sporozoites into the human blood
and appearance of malarial symptoms is known as incubation period.
It ranges from 8-48 days, according to species.
About 14 days in P. vivax.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana
16. 6) Formation of Gametocytes:
Gametocytes are of two types:
a) Male or Microgametocytes:
These are smaller, less numerous.
It has laterally placed, large nucleus and cytoplasm.
b) Female or Macrogametocytes:
These are larger, more numerous.
It has small peripherally placed, compact nucleus and food laden cytoplasm.
Mr. Shantaram Bhoye, Assistant Professor, Shri Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Dist. Buldana